Earl Warren

Earl Warren
14th Chief Justice of the United States
In office October 5, 1953[1] – June 23, 1969
Nominated by	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by	Fred M. Vinson
Succeeded by	Warren E. Burger
30th Governor of California
In office January 4, 1943 – October 5, 1953
Lieutenant	Frederick Houser (1943–1947) Goodwin Knight (1947–1953)
Preceded by	Culbert Olson
Succeeded by	Goodwin Knight
20th Attorney General of California
In office January 3, 1939 – January 4, 1943
Governor	Culbert Olson
Preceded by	Ulysses S. Webb
Succeeded by	Robert W. Kenny
Alameda County District Attorney
In office 1925–1939
Preceded by	Ezra Decoto
Succeeded by	Ralph E. Hoyt
Personal details
Born	(1891-03-19)March 19, 1891 Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Died	July 9, 1974(1974-07-09) (aged 83) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Spouse(s)	Nina Elisabeth Palmquist Meyers
Children	Virginia Warren
Alma mater	University of California, Berkeley
Religion	Christianity (Methodist )
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1917–1918
Rank	First Lieutenant
Unit	91st Division

Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was an American jurist and politician who served as the 14th Chief Justice of the United States (1953–1969) and the 30th Governor of California.

He is best known for the decisions of the Warren Court, which ended school segregation and transformed many areas of American law, especially regarding the rights of the accused, ending public-school-sponsored prayer, and requiring "one-man-one vote" rules of apportionment. He made the Court a power center on a more even base with Congress and the presidency especially through four landmark decisions: Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), Reynolds v. Sims (1964), and Miranda v. Arizona (1966).

Warren is one of only two people to be elected Governor of California three times, the other being Jerry Brown. Before holding these positions, he was a district attorney for Alameda County, California, and Attorney General of California.

Warren was also the vice-presidential nominee of the Republican Party in 1948, and chaired the Warren Commission, which was formed to investigate the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy.

Alongside that of John Marshall, Warren's tenure as Chief Justice is often seen as a high point of the power of the American judicial branch.

Education, early career, and military service

Earl Warren was born in Los Angeles, California, on March 19, 1891, to Methias H. Warren, a Norwegian immigrant whose original family name was Varren,^[2] and Crystal (Hernlund), a Swedish immigrant. Methias Warren was a longtime employee of the Southern Pacific Railroad. After the father was blacklisted for joining in a strike, the family moved to Bakersfield, California, in 1894, where the father worked in a railroad repair yard, and the son had summer jobs in railroading.

Earl grew up in Bakersfield, California, where he attended Washington Junior High and Kern County High School (now called Bakersfield High School). It was in Bakersfield that Warren's father was murdered during a robbery by an unknown killer. Warren graduated from the University of California, Berkeley, (B.A. 1912) in Legal Studies, and Boalt Hall, LL.B. in 1914. He was a member of The Gun Club secret society,^[3] and the Sigma Phi Society, a fraternity with which he maintained lifelong ties. As an undergraduate, Warren also played clarinet in the Cal Band.^[4] Warren maintained a lifelong friendship with fellow Cal student and future University of California president, Robert Gordon Sproul. In 1948, at the Republican National Convention, Sproul would nominate Warren for Vice President. Warren was admitted to the California bar in 1914. He was strongly influenced by Hiram Johnson and other leaders of the Progressive Era to oppose corruption and promote democracy.^[5]

Warren worked a year for Associated Oil Company in San Francisco, then joined Robinson & Robinson, a law firm in Oakland. In August 1917, Warren enlisted in the U.S. Army for World War I service. Assigned to the 91st Division at Camp Lewis, Washington, 1st Lieutenant Earl Warren was discharged in 1918. He served as a clerk of the Judicial Committee for the 1919 Session of the California State Assembly (1919–1920), and as the deputy city attorney of Oakland (1920–25). At this time, Warren came to the attention of powerful Republican Joseph R. Knowland, publisher of The Oakland Tribune. In 1925, Warren was appointed district attorney of Alameda County. Warren was re-elected to three four-year terms. Warren vigorously investigated allegations that a deputy sheriff was taking bribes in connection with street-paving arrangements. He was a tough-on-crime district attorney (1925–1939) who professionalized the DA's office. Warren cracked down on bootlegging and had a reputation for high-handedness, but none of his convictions were overturned on appeal. On the other hand, the Warren Court later declared unconstitutional some of the standard techniques he and other DAs used in the 1920s, such as coerced confessions and wiretapping.^[6]

Warren soon gained a statewide reputation as a tough, no-nonsense district attorney who fought corruption in government; in a 1931 survey, voters listed him as the best district attorney in the country. He ran his office in a nonpartisan manner and strongly supported the autonomy of law enforcement agencies. But he also believed that police and prosecutors had to act fairly, and much of what would later lie at the heart of the Warren Court's revolution in criminal justice can be traced back to his days as an active prosecuting attorney.^[7]

Family and social life

Warren married Swedish-born widow Nina Elisabeth Palmquist Meyers on October 4, 1925, and had six children. Mrs. Warren died in Washington, at age 100 on April 24, 1993. Warren is the father of Virginia Warren; she married veteran radio and television personality John Charles Daly, on December 22, 1960.

Warren was very active after 1919 in such groups as the American Legion, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the Masons. Each one introduced Warren to new friends and political connections. He rose through the ranks in the Masons culminating in his election in 1935 as the grand master of the Freemasons for the state of California. Biographer Jim Newton says that Warren, "thrived in the Masons because he shared their ideals, but those ideals also helped shape him, nurturing his commitment to service, deepening his conviction that society's problems were best addressed by small groups of enlightened, well-meaning citizens. Those ideals knitted together Warren's Progressivism, his Republicanism, and his Masonry." ^[8]

Attorney General of California

In 1938, Warren won the primaries in all major parties, thanks to a system called "cross filing," and was elected without serious opposition. Once elected, he organized state law enforcement officials into regions and led a statewide anti-crime effort. One of his major initiatives was to crack down on gambling ships operating off the coast of Southern California.^[9]

Japanese-American internment

As Attorney General, Warren is most remembered for being the moving force behind Japanese internment during the war: the compulsory removal of people of Japanese descent to inland internment camps out of fear that they might sabotage military bases on the coast. Following the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Warren organized the state's civilian defense program, warning in January 1942 that, "The Japanese situation as it exists in this state today may well be the Achilles heel of the entire civilian defense effort."^[10][11] He later said he:

"since deeply regretted the removal order and my own testimony advocating it, because it was not in keeping with our American concept of freedom and the rights of citizens...Whenever I thought of the innocent little children who were torn from home, school friends, and congenial surroundings, I was conscience-stricken...[i]t was wrong to react so impulsively, without positive evidence of disloyalty"

—The Memoirs of Earl Warren (1977)^[12]

Governor of California

Running as a Republican, Warren was elected Governor of California on November 3, 1942, defeating incumbent Culbert Olson, a liberal Democrat. Thanks to cross-filing, he won all the 1946 primaries and was nominated as a candidate by both the Republican and Democratic parties, the only California governor to have done so.^[13] He was re-elected with over 90% of the vote against minor candidates. He was elected to a third term (as a Republican) in 1950 becoming the first person elected governor of California three times. Warren is the only person who has been sent to office in three consecutive California gubernatorial elections. An amendment passed in 1990 sets a limit of two terms for governor. (In 2010, Jerry Brown became the second person to be elected three times, in 1974, 1978, and 2010. As he served before the amendment was passed, he was not prohibited from serving another term.)

As governor, Warren modernized the office of governor, and state government generally. Like most progressives, Warren believed in efficiency and planning. During World War II, he aggressively pursued postwar economic planning. Fearing another postwar decline that would rival the depression years, Governor Earl Warren initiated public works projects similar to those of the New Deal to capitalize on wartime tax surpluses and provide jobs for returning veterans. Warren also built up the state's higher education system based on the University of California and its vast network of small universities and community colleges.^[14] For example, his support of the Collier-Burns Act in 1947 raised gasoline taxes that funded a massive program of freeway construction. Unlike states where tolls or bonds funded highway construction, California's gasoline taxes were earmarked for building the system. Warren's support for the bill was crucial because his status as a popular governor strengthened his views, in contrast with opposition from trucking, oil, and gas lobbyists. The Collier-Burns Act helped influence passage of the Federal-Aid Highway Act in 1956, setting a pattern for national highway construction.^[15]

Warren ran for Vice President of the United States in 1948 on the Republican ticket with Thomas E. Dewey, his gubernatorial counterpart from the state of New York. Heavily favored to win, they lost in a stunning upset to the incumbent Democratic President Harry S. Truman and his VP running mate Alben W. Barkley.

U.S. Supreme Court

Appointed to Supreme Court

In 1952, Warren stood as a "favorite son" candidate of California for the Republican nomination for President, hoping to be a power broker in a convention that might be deadlocked. But Warren had to head off a revolt by Senator Richard Nixon, who supported General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower and Nixon were elected, and the bad blood between Warren and Nixon was apparent. Eisenhower offered, and Warren accepted, the post of solicitor general, with the promise of a seat on the Supreme Court. But before it was announced, Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson died suddenly in September 1953 and Eisenhower picked Warren to replace him as Chief Justice of the United States.^[16][17] The president wanted what he felt was an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren "represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court.... He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court".^[18] In the next few years, Warren led the Court in a series of liberal decisions that revolutionized the role of the Court. Eisenhower is often said to have remarked that his appointment was "the biggest fool mistake I ever made."^[19] Eisenhower biographer Jean Edward Smith countered this perception by stating, "The problem is that Eisenhower never said that. I have no evidence that he ever made such a statement."^[20] Eisenhower gave Warren a recess appointment that began on October 1, 1953. It was made permanent when the Senate acted on March 1, 1954. No serious opposition had appeared and he was confirmed by unanimous voice vote.^[21]

As of 2013, Warren was the last Supreme Court justice to have served as governor of a U.S. state, the last justice to have been elected to statewide elected office, and the last serving politician to be elevated to the Supreme Court.

As Chief Justice, Warren swore in President Dwight D Eisenhower in his second inauguration in 1957 and his successor John F Kennedy in 1961. However, Warren did not swear in Kennedy's successor Lyndon B Johnson when he first became President, because Warren was not immediately available at the time of Kennedy's assassination in Dallas on November 22, 1963. Warren would eventually swear in Johnson at his inauguration in 1965, and his one-time rival Nixon in 1969.

The Warren Court

Warren took his seat October 5, 1953, on a recess appointment; the Senate confirmed him on March 1, 1954. Despite his lack of judicial experience, his years in the Alameda County district attorney's office and as state attorney general gave him far more knowledge of the law in practice than most other members of the Court had. Warren's greatest asset, what made him in the eyes of many of his admirers "Super Chief," was his political skill in manipulating the other justices. Over the years his ability to lead the Court, to forge majorities in support of major decisions, and to inspire liberal forces around the nation, outweighed his intellectual weaknesses. Warren realized his weakness and asked the senior associate justice, Hugo L. Black, to preside over conferences until he became accustomed to the drill. A quick study, Warren soon was in fact, as well as in name, the Court's chief justice.^[22]

All the justices had been appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt or Truman, and all were committed New Deal liberals. They disagreed about the role that the courts should play in achieving liberal goals. The Court was split between two warring factions. Felix Frankfurter and Robert H. Jackson led one faction, which insisted upon judicial self-restraint and insisted courts should defer to the policymaking prerogatives of the White House and Congress. Hugo Black and William O. Douglas led the opposing faction; they agreed the court should defer to Congress in matters of economic policy, but felt the judicial agenda had been transformed from questions of property rights to those of individual liberties, and in this area, courts should play a more activist role. Warren's belief that the judiciary must seek to do justice placed him with the activists, although he did not have a solid majority until after Frankfurter's retirement in 1962.^[23]

Constitutional historian Melvin I. Urofsky concludes that "Scholars agree that as a judge, Warren does not rank with Louis Brandeis, Black, or Brennan in terms of jurisprudence. His opinions were not always clearly written, and his legal logic was often muddled."^[24][25][26] His strength lay in his public gravitas, his leadership skills and in his firm belief that the Constitution guaranteed natural rights and that the Court had a unique role in protecting those rights.^[27][28]

Political conservatives attacked his rulings as inappropriate and have called for courts to be deferential to the elected political branches. Political liberals sometimes argued^[29][30] that the Warren Court went too far in some areas, but insist that most of its controversial decisions struck a responsive chord in the nation and have become embedded in the law.^[31]

Decisions

Warren was a more liberal justice than anyone had anticipated.^[32] Warren was able to craft a long series of landmark decisions because he built a winning coalition. When Frankfurter retired in 1962 and President John F. Kennedy named labor lawyer Arthur Goldberg to replace him, Warren finally had the fifth liberal vote for his majority. William J. Brennan, Jr., a liberal Democrat appointed by Eisenhower in 1956, was the intellectual leader of the activist faction that included Black and Douglas. Brennan complemented Warren's political skills with the strong legal skills Warren lacked. Warren and Brennan met before the regular conferences to plan out their strategy.^[33]

Brown (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education 347 U.S. 483 (1954) banned the segregation of public schools. The very first case put Warren's leadership skills to an extraordinary test. The NAACP had been waging a systematic legal fight against the "separate but equal" doctrine enunciated in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and finally had challenged Plessy in a series of five related cases, which had been argued before the Court in the spring of 1953. However the justices had been unable to decide the issue and ordered a reargument of the case in fall 1953, with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools by the states for whites and blacks.^[34]

While all but one justice personally rejected segregation, the self-restraint faction questioned whether the Constitution gave the Court the power to order its end, especially since the Court, in several cases decided after Plessy, had upheld the doctrine of "separate but equal" as constitutional.^[35] The activist faction believed the Fourteenth Amendment did give the necessary authority and were pushing to go ahead. Warren, who held only a recess appointment, held his tongue until the Senate, dominated by southerners, confirmed his appointment. Warren told his colleagues after oral argument that he believed racial segregation violated the Constitution and that only if one considered African Americans inferior to whites could the practice be upheld. But he did not push for a vote. Instead, he talked with the justices and encouraged them to talk with each other as he sought a common ground on which all could stand. Finally he had eight votes, and the last holdout, Stanley Reed of Kentucky, agreed to join the rest. Warren drafted the basic opinion in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and kept circulating and revising it until he had an opinion endorsed by all the members of the Court.^[36]

The unanimity Warren achieved helped speed the drive to desegregate public schools, which mostly came about under President Richard Nixon. Throughout his years as Chief, Warren succeeded in keeping all decisions concerning segregation unanimous. Brown applied to schools, but soon the Court enlarged the concept to other state actions, striking down racial classification in many areas. Congress ratified the process in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Warren did compromise by agreeing to Frankfurter's demand that the Court go slowly in implementing desegregation; Warren used Frankfurter's suggestion that a 1955 decision (Brown II) include the phrase "all deliberate speed."^[37]

The Brown decision of 1954 marked, in dramatic fashion, the radical shift in the Court's—and the nation's—priorities from issues of property rights to civil liberties. Under Warren the courts became an active partner in governing the nation, although still not coequal. Warren never saw the courts as a backward-looking branch of government.

The Brown decision was a powerful moral statement clad in a weak constitutional analysis; Warren was never a legal scholar on a par with Frankfurter or a great advocate of particular doctrines, as was Black. Instead, he believed that in all branches of government common sense, decency, and elemental justice were decisive, not stare decisis, tradition or the text of the Constitution. He wanted results. He never felt that doctrine alone should be allowed to deprive people of justice. He felt racial segregation was simply wrong, and Brown, whatever its doctrinal defects, remains a landmark decision primarily because of Warren's interpretation of the equal protection clause to mean that children should not be shunted to a separate world reserved for minorities.^[38]

Reapportionment

The "one man, one vote" cases (Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims) of 1962–1964 had the effect of ending the over-representation of rural areas in state legislatures, as well as the under-representation of suburbs. Central cities—which had long been under-represented—were now losing population to the suburbs and were not greatly affected.

Warren's priority on fairness shaped other major decisions. In 1962, over the strong objections of Frankfurter, the Court agreed that questions regarding malapportionment in state legislatures were not political issues, and thus were not outside the Court's purview. For years, underpopulated rural areas had deprived metropolitan centers of equal representation in state legislatures. In Warren's California, Los Angeles County had only one state senator. Cities had long since passed their peak, and now it was the middle class suburbs that were underrepresented. Frankfurter insisted that the Court should avoid this "political thicket" and warned that the Court would never be able to find a clear formula to guide lower courts in the rash of lawsuits sure to follow. But Douglas found such a formula: "one man, one vote."^[39]

In the key apportionment case Reynolds v. Sims (1964)^[40] Warren delivered a civics lesson: "To the extent that a citizen's right to vote is debased, he is that much less a citizen," Warren declared. "The weight of a citizen's vote cannot be made to depend on where he lives. This is the clear and strong command of our Constitution's Equal Protection Clause." Unlike the desegregation cases, in this instance, the Court ordered immediate action, and despite loud outcries from rural legislators, Congress failed to reach the two-thirds needed pass a constitutional amendment. The states complied, reapportioned their legislatures quickly and with minimal troubles. Numerous commentators have concluded reapportionment was the Warren Court's great "success" story.^[41]

Due process and rights of defendants (1963–66)

In Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) the Court held that the Sixth Amendment required that all indigent criminal defendants receive publicly funded counsel (Florida law, consistent with then-existing Supreme Court precedent reflected in the case of Powell v. Alabama, required the assignment of free counsel to indigent defendants only in capital cases); Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966) required that certain rights of a person interrogated while in police custody be clearly explained, including the right to an attorney (often called the "Miranda warning").

While most Americans eventually agreed that the Court's desegregation and apportionment decisions were fair and right, disagreement about the "due process revolution" continues into the 21st century. Warren took the lead in criminal justice; despite his years as a tough prosecutor, he always insisted that the police must play fair or the accused should go free. Warren was privately outraged at what he considered police abuses that ranged from warrantless searches to forced confessions.

Warren’s Court ordered lawyers for indigent defendants in Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), and prevented prosecutors from using evidence seized in illegal searches, in Mapp v. Ohio (1961). The famous case of Miranda v. Arizona (1966) summed up Warren's philosophy.^[42] Everyone, even one accused of crimes, still enjoyed constitutionally protected rights, and the police had to respect those rights and issue a specific warning when making an arrest. Warren did not believe in coddling criminals; thus in Terry v. Ohio (1968) he gave police officers leeway to stop and frisk those they had reason to believe held weapons.

Conservatives angrily denounced the "handcuffing of the police."^[43] They attacked Warren using official FBI statistics that showed violent crime and homicide rates shooting up nationwide; in New York City, for example, after steady to declining trends until the early 1960s, the homicide rate doubled in the period from 1964 to 1974 from just under 5 per 100,000 at the beginning of that period to just under 10 per 100,000 in 1974. After 1992 the homicide rates fell sharply.^[44]

First Amendment

The Warren Court's activism stretched into a new turf, especially First Amendment rights. The Court's decision outlawing mandatory school prayer in Engel v. Vitale (1962) brought vehement complaints that echoed into the next century.^[45]

Warren worked to nationalize the Bill of Rights by applying it to the states. Moreover, in one of the landmark cases decided by the Court, Griswold v. Connecticut (1963), the Warren Court announced a constitutionally protected right of privacy.^[46]

With the exception of the desegregation decisions, few decisions were unanimous. The eminent scholar Justice John Marshall Harlan II took Frankfurter's place as the Court's self-constraint spokesman, often joined by Potter Stewart and Byron R. White. But with the appointment of Thurgood Marshall, the first black justice, and Abe Fortas (replacing Goldberg), Warren could count on six votes in most cases.^[47]

Retirement delayed

In June 1968, Warren, fearing that Nixon would be elected president that year, worked out a retirement deal with President Johnson. Associate Justice Abe Fortas, who was secretly Johnson's top adviser, brokered the deal in which Fortas would become chief justice. The plan was foiled by the Senate, which ripped into Fortas's record and refused to confirm him. Warren remained on the Court, and Nixon was elected. In 1969 Warren learned that Fortas had made a secret lifetime contract for $20,000 a year to provide private legal advice to Louis Wolfson, a friend and financier in deep legal trouble; Warren immediately asked Fortas to resign.^[48]

Warren presided over the Court's October 1968 term and retired in spring 1969; Nixon named Warren E. Burger to succeed him. Burger, despite his distinguished profile and conservative reputation, was not effective in stopping Brennan's liberalism, so the "Warren Court" remained effective until about 1986, when William Rehnquist became Chief Justice and took control of the agenda.^[49]

Warren Commission

President Johnson demanded in the name of patriotic duty that Warren head the governmental commission that investigated the assassination of John F. Kennedy. It was an unhappy experience for Warren, who did not want the assignment. As a judge, he valued candor and justice, but as a politician he recognized the need for secrecy in some matters. He insisted that the commission report should be unanimous, and so he compromised on a number of issues in order to get all the members to sign the final version. But many conspiracy theorists have attacked the commission's findings ever since, claiming that key evidence is missing or distorted and that there are many inconsistencies in the report. The Commission concluded that the assassination was the result of a single individual, Lee Harvey Oswald, acting alone.^[50][51] Fears of possible Soviet or Cuban foreign involvement in the assassination necessitated the establishment of a bipartisan commission that, in turn, sought to depoliticize Oswald's role by downplaying his Communist affiliations. The commission weakened its findings by not sharing the government's deepest secrets. The report's lack of candor furthered antigovernment cynicism, which in turn stimulated conspiracy theorists who propounded any number of alternative scenarios, all mutually contradictory.^[52][53]

Legacy

Earl Warren had a profound impact on the Supreme Court and United States of America. As Chief Justice, his term of office was marked by numerous rulings on civil rights, separation of church and state, and police arrest procedure in the United States.

His critics found him a boring person. "Although Warren was an important and courageous figure and although he inspired passionate devotion among his followers...he was a dull man and a dull judge," wrote Dennis J. Hutchinson.^[54]

Warren retired from the Supreme Court in 1969. He was affectionately known by many as the "Superchief", although he became a lightning rod for controversy among conservatives: signs declaring "Impeach Earl Warren" could be seen around the country throughout the 1960s. The unsuccessful impeachment drive was a major focus of the John Birch Society.^[55]

As Chief Justice, he swore in Presidents Eisenhower (in 1957), Kennedy (in 1961), Johnson (in 1965) and Nixon (in 1969).

Death

Five years after his retirement, Warren died in Washington, D.C., on July 9, 1974.^[56] His funeral was held at Washington National Cathedral and his body was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.^[57][58]

Honors

On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady of California Maria Shriver inducted Warren into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.^[59] The Earl Warren Bill of Rights Project is named in his honor. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously in 1981. An extensive collection of Warren's papers, including case files from his Supreme Court service, is located at the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. Most of the collection is open for research.

A number of educational and governmental institutions have been named for Warren. In 1977, Fourth College, one of the six undergraduate colleges at the University of California, San Diego, was renamed Earl Warren College in his honor. The California State Building in San Francisco; Earl Warren Middle School in Solana Beach, California; elementary schools in Garden Grove, and Lake Elsinore, California; a junior high school in his home town of Bakersfield, California; high schools in San Antonio, Texas (Earl Warren High School), and Downey, California (Warren High School (Downey, California)); and a building at the high school he attended (Bakersfield High School) are named for him, as are the showgrounds in Santa Barbara, California. The freeway portion of State Route 13 in Alameda County is the Warren Freeway. The Warren Reading Room at Boalt Hall was also named in his honor.

He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 29¢ Great Americans series postage stamp.

Electoral history

Earl Warren electoral history
California Republican presidential primary, 1936:[60] Earl Warren – 350,917 (57.43%) Alf Landon – 260,170 (42.58%) 1936 Republican presidential primaries:[61] William Edgar Borah – 1,478,676 (44.48%) Alf Landon – 729,908 (21.96%) Frank Knox – 527,054 (15.85%) Earl Warren – 350,917 (10.56%) Stephen A. Day – 155,732 (4.69%) Warren Green – 44,518 (1.34%) Republican primary for Governor of California, 1942:[62] Earl Warren – 635,230 (94.23%) Nathan T. Porter – 15,604 (2.32%) William E. Riker – 10,004 (1.48%) Fred Dyster – 9,824 (1.46%) Culbert Olson (inc.) (write-in) – 3,504 (0.52%) Democratic primary for Governor of California, 1942:[63] Culbert Olson (inc.) – 513,244 (51.98%) Earl Warren – 404,778 (41.00%) Roy G. Owens – 50,780 (5.14%) Nathan T. Porter – 11,302 (1.15%) Alonzo J. Riggs – 7,231 (0.73%) California gubernatorial election, 1942:[64] Earl Warren (R) – 1,275,237 (57.07%) Culbert Olson (D) (inc.) – 932,995 (41.75%) California Republican presidential primary, 1944[65] Earl Warren – 594,439 (100.00%) 1944 Republican presidential primaries:[66] Douglas MacArthur – 662,127 (28.94%) Earl Warren – 594,439 (25.99%) John W. Bricker – 366,444 (16.02%) Thomas E. Dewey – 278,727 (12.18%) W. Chapman Revercomb – 91,602 (4.00%) Unpledged – 87,834 (3.84%) Harold Stassen – 67,508 (2.95%) Riley A. Bender – 37,575 (1.64%) Charles A. Christopherson – 33,497 (1.46%) Wendell Willkie – 27,097 (1.19%) Republican primary for Governor of California, 1946:[67] Earl Warren (inc.) – 774,302 (91.10%) Robert W. Kenny – 70,331 (8.27%) Democratic primary for Governor of California, 1946:[68] Earl Warren (inc.) – 593,180 (51.93%) Robert W. Kenny – 530,968 (46.49%) California gubernatorial election, 1946:[69] Earl Warren (R, D) (inc.) – 2,344,542 (91.64%) Henry R. Schmidt (Prohibition) – 180,579 (7.06%) Archie Brown (Communist) – 22,606 (0.88%) James Roosevelt (D) (write-in) – 3,210 (0.13%) 1948 Republican presidential primaries:[70] Earl Warren – 771,295 (26.99%) Harold Stassen – 627,321 (21.96%) Robert Taft – 464,741 (16.27%) Thomas E. Dewey – 330,799 (11.58%) Riley A. Bender – 324,029 (11.34%) Douglas MacArthur – 87,839 (3.07%) Leverett Saltonstall – 72,191 (2.53%) Herbert E. Hitchcock – 45,463 (1.59%) Edward Martin – 45,072 (1.58%) Unpledged – 28,854 (1.01%) Arthur H. Vandenberg – 18,924 (0.66%) Dwight D. Eisenhower – 5,014 (0.18%) Harry S. Truman – 4,907 (0.17%) Henry A. Wallace – 1,452 (0.05%) Joseph William Martin, Jr. – 974 (0.03%) Alfred E. Driscoll – 44 (0.00%) Others – 5,939 (0.21%) 1948 Republican National Convention (Presidential tally)[71] Thomas E. Dewey – 1,094 (60.74%) Robert Taft – 274 (15.21%) Harold Stassen – 157 (8.72%) Arthur H. Vandenberg – 62 (3.44%) Earl Warren – 59 (3.28%) Dwight H. Green – 56 (3.11%) Alfred E. Driscoll – 35 (1.94%) Raymond E. Baldwin – 19 (1.06%) Joseph William Martin, Jr. – 18 (1.00%) B. Carroll Reece – 15 (0.83%) Douglas MacArthur – 11 (0.61%) Everett Dirksen – 1 (0.06%) 1948 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally):[72] Earl Warren – 1,094 (100.00%) United States presidential election, 1948 Harry S. Truman/Alben W. Barkley (D) – 24,179,347 (49.6%) and 303 electoral votes (28 states carried) Thomas E. Dewey/Earl Warren (R) – 21,991,292 (45.1%) and 189 electoral votes (16 states carried) Strom Thurmond/Fielding L. Wright (Dixiecrat) – 1,175,930 (2.4%) and 39 electoral votes (4 states carried) Henry A. Wallace/Glen H. Taylor (Progressive) – 1,157,328 (2.4%) California gubernatorial election, 1950:[73] Earl Warren (R) (inc.) – 2,461,754 (64.85%) James Roosevelt (D) – 1,333,856 (35.14%) 1952 Republican presidential primaries:[74] Robert Taft – 2,794,736 (35.84%) Dwight D. Eisenhower – 2,050,708 (26.30%) Earl Warren – 1,349,036 (17.30%) Harold Stassen – 881,702 (11.31%) Thomas H. Werdel – 521,110 (6.68%) George T. Mickelson – 63,879 (0.82%) Douglas MacArthur – 44,209 (0.57%) Grant A. Ritter – 26,208 (0.34%) Edward C. Slettedahl – 22,712 (0.29%) Riley A. Bender – 22,321 (0.29%) Mary E. Kenny – 10,411 (0.13%) Wayne Morse – 7,105 (0.09%) Perry J. Stearns – 2,925 (0.04%) William R. Schneider – 580 (0.01%) 1952 Republican National Convention (1st ballot) Dwight D. Eisenhower – 595 Robert Taft – 500 Earl Warren – 81 Harold Stassen – 20 Douglas MacArthur – 10 1952 Republican National Convention (2nd ballot) Dwight D. Eisenhower – 845 Robert Taft – 280 Earl Warren – 77 Douglas MacArthur – 4

See also

Articles about his time as Chief Justice

Articles about his time before becoming Chief Justice

• Earl King, Ernest Ramsay, and Frank Conner, murder case he prosecuted in Alameda County, California

Cultural references

In the 1992 Simpsons episode "Itchy & Scratchy: The Movie", Marge frets over Bart's poor behavior and lack of self-discipline, to the point that she imagines a future adult version of him as an overweight, slovenly, male stripper, instead of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, which she had previously hoped for. When she then urges her husband Homer to subsequently punish their ten-year-old boy, his initial reluctance to do so prompts her to ask, "Do you want your son to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, or a sleazy male stripper?", to which Homer responds, "Can't he be both, like the late Earl Warren?" When Marge corrects him by saying, "Earl Warren wasn't a stripper!", Homer replies dismissively, "Now who's being naïve?" ^[75]

Warren is mentioned in Stephen King's novel 11/22/63.

Warren was referenced in the King of the Hill episode "Bobby Slam" by Hank Hill.

In the alternate history Colonization trilogy by Harry Turtledove, Warren is depicted as being the President of the United States from 1961 until his suicide in 1965. He is succeeded by his vice president Harold Stassen.

In the satirical song The John Birch Society by The Chad Mitchell Trio it's asked "Do you want Justice Warren to be your comissar?"

References

Further reading

• Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3. 
• Belknap, Michael (2005). The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953-1969. ISBN 978-1-57003-563-0. 
• Cray, Ed (1997). Chief Justice: A Biography of Earl Warren. ISBN 978-0-684-80852-9.  The most comprehensive biography; highly favorable; strong on politics.
• Horwitz, Morton J. (1999). The Warren Court and the Pursuit of Justice. ISBN 978-0809016259. 
• Lewis, Anthony (1997). "Earl Warren". In Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions 4. pp. 1373–1400. ISBN 978-0791013779. 
• Newton, Jim (2006). Justice for All: Earl Warren and the Nation He Made. ISBN 978-1594482700.  Solid biography by journalist.
• Patterson, James T. (2001). Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy. ISBN 978-0195156324. 
• Powe, Lucas A. (2000). The Warren Court and American Politics. ISBN 978-0674006836. 
• Rawls, James J. (1987). "The Earl Warren Oral History Project: an Appraisal". Pacific Historical Review 56 (1): 87–97. doi:10.2307/3638827.  Begun during the 1960s by the Bancroft Library's Regional Oral History Office, the collection includes more than 50 volumes of interviews recorded and transcribed during 1971-81, totaling about 12,000 pages.
• Scheiber, Harry N. (2006). Earl Warren and the Warren Court: The Legacy in American and Foreign Law. ISBN 978-0739116357. 
• Schwartz, Bernard (1996). The Warren Court: A Retrospective. ISBN 978-0195104394. 
• Schwartz, Bernard. "Chief Justice Earl Warren: Super Chief in Action". Journal of Supreme Court History 23 (1): 112–132. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.1998.tb00128.x.  |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
• "The Chief". TIME. November 17, 1967. 
• Tushnet, Mark (1996). The Warren Court in Historical and Political Perspective. ISBN 978-0813916651. 
• Warren, Earl (1977). The Memoirs of Earl Warren. ISBN 978-0385128353.  Goes only to 1954.
• Warren, Earl (1959). Christman, Henry M., ed. The Public Papers of Chief Justice Earl Warren. OCLC 184375.  Speeches and decisions, 1946-1958.
• White, G. Edward (1982). Earl Warren, a public life. ISBN 0-19-503121-0.  By a leading scholar.
• Woodward, Robert; Armstrong, Scott (1979). The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court. ISBN 978-0743274029.  ISBN 978-0-380-52183-8. ISBN 978-0-671-24110-0.

External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Earl Warren

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Earl Warren

• Earl Warren at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
• Oral History Interview with Earl Warren, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
• More information on Earl Warren and his Masonic Career.
• Earl Warren's Eulogy for John F. Kennedy
• "California 1946," (Dec 21, 1945). A speech by Earl Warren from the Commonwealth Club of California Records at the Hoover Institution Archives.
• "Earl Warren". Find a Grave. Retrieved September 2, 2010. 
• A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Earl Warren (April 11, 1952)" is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
• Comedy Clip Earl Warren & Gracie Allen - November 15, 1952 on YouTube

Legal offices
Preceded by Ezra Decoto	Alameda County District Attorney 1925–1939	Succeeded by Ralph E. Hoyt
Preceded by Ulysses S. Webb	California Attorney General 1939–1943	Succeeded by Robert W. Kenny
Preceded by Fred M. Vinson	Chief Justice of the United States October 2, 1953 – June 23, 1969	Succeeded by Warren E. Burger
Political offices
Preceded by Culbert Olson	Governor of California 1943–1953	Succeeded by Goodwin Knight
Party political offices
Preceded by John W. Bricker	Republican vice presidential nominee 1948	Succeeded by Richard Nixon

v t e Chief Justices of the United States John Jay John Rutledge Oliver Ellsworth John Marshall Roger B. Taney Salmon P. Chase Morrison Waite Melville Fuller Edward Douglass White William Howard Taft Charles Evans Hughes Harlan F. Stone Fred M. Vinson Earl Warren Warren E. Burger William Rehnquist John Roberts

v t e Members of the Warren Commission Earl Warren (Chairman) Hale Boggs John Sherman Cooper Allen Dulles Gerald Ford John J. McCloy Richard Russell, Jr.

v t e Governors of California Before US 1 de Portolà 2 Fages 3 Rivera 4 de Neve 5 Fages 6 Roméu 7 Arrillaga 8 Arrillaga 9 Borica 10 Alberní 11 Arrillaga 12 J. Argüello 13 Solá 14 L. Argüello 15 Echeandía 16 Victoria 17 P. Pico 18 Zamorano / Echeandía 19 Figueroa 20 Castro 21 Gutierrez 22 Chico 23 Gutierrez 24 Alvarado 25 Carrillo 26 Alvarado 27 Micheltorena 28 P. Pico 29 Flores 30 A. Pico 31 P. Pico 32 Riley 33 Burnett After US 34 Burnett 35 McDougall 36 Bigler 37 J. Johnson 38 Weller 39 Latham 40 Downey 41 Stanford 42 Low 43 Haight 44 Booth 45 Pacheco 46 Irwin 47 Perkins 48 Stoneman 49 Bartlett 50 Waterman 51 Markham 52 Budd 53 Gage 54 Pardee 55 Gillett 56 H. Johnson 57 Stephens 58 Richardson 59 Young 60 Rolph 61 Merriam 62 Olson 63 Warren 64 Knight 65 P. Brown 66 Reagan 67 J. Brown 68 Deukmejian 69 Wilson 70 Davis 71 Schwarzenegger 72 J. Brown Before US After US US list by time in office US list by age

v t e Attorneys General of California Kewen McDougall Hastings McConnell Stewart Wallace Williams Pixley McCullough Hamilton Love Hamilton A. Hart Marshall Johnson W. Hart Fitzgerald Ford Webb Warren Kenny Howser P. Brown Mosk Lynch Younger Deukmejian Van de Kamp Lungren Lockyer J. Brown Harris

v t e Republican Party Chairpersons of the RNC Morgan Raymond Ward Claflin Morgan Chandler Cameron Jewell Sabin Jones Quay Clarkson Carter Hanna Payne Cortelyou New Hitchcock Hill Rosewater Hilles Wilcox Hays Adams Butler Work Huston Fess Sanders Fletcher Hamilton Martin Walsh Spangler Brownell Reece Scott Gabrielson Summerfield Roberts Hall Alcorn T. B. Morton Miller Burch Bliss R. Morton Dole Bush Smith Brock Richards Laxalt/Fahrenkopf Reagan/Fahrenkopf Atwater Yeutter Bond Barbour Nicholson Gilmore Racicot Gillespie Mehlman Martinez Duncan Steele Priebus Presidential tickets Frémont/Dayton Lincoln/Hamlin Lincoln/Johnson Grant/Colfax Grant/Wilson Hayes/Wheeler Garfield/Arthur Blaine/Logan Harrison/Morton Harrison/Reid McKinley/Hobart McKinley/Roosevelt Roosevelt/Fairbanks Taft/Sherman Taft/Sherman/Butler Hughes/Fairbanks Harding/Coolidge Coolidge/Dawes Hoover/Curtis (twice) Landon/Knox Willkie/McNary Dewey/Bricker Dewey/Warren Eisenhower/Nixon (twice) Nixon/Lodge Goldwater/Miller Nixon/Agnew (twice) Ford/Dole Reagan/G. H. W. Bush (twice) G. H. W. Bush/Quayle (twice) Dole/Kemp G. W. Bush/Cheney (twice) McCain/Palin Romney/Ryan Parties by state and territory State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Territory District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Conventions (list) 1856 (Philadelphia) 1860 (Chicago) 1864 (Baltimore) 1868 (Chicago) 1872 (Philadelphia) 1876 (Cincinnati) 1880 (Chicago) 1884 (Chicago) 1888 (Chicago) 1892 (Minneapolis) 1896 (Saint Louis) 1900 (Philadelphia) 1904 (Chicago) 1908 (Chicago) 1912 (Chicago) 1916 (Chicago) 1920 (Chicago) 1924 (Cleveland) 1928 (Kansas City) 1932 (Chicago) 1936 (Cleveland) 1940 (Philadelphia) 1944 (Chicago) 1948 (Philadelphia) 1952 (Chicago) 1956 (San Francisco) 1960 (Chicago) 1964 (San Francisco) 1968 (Miami Beach) 1972 (Miami Beach) 1976 (Kansas City) 1980 (Detroit) 1984 (Dallas) 1988 (New Orleans) 1992 (Houston) 1996 (San Diego) 2000 (Philadelphia) 2004 (New York) 2008 (St. Paul) 2012 (Tampa) Affiliated organizations College Republicans Chairmen Congressional Hispanic Conference International Democrat Union Log Cabin Republicans National Republican Congressional Committee National Republican Senatorial Committee Republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives Republican Conference of the United States Senate Republican Governors Association Republican Jewish Coalition Republican Liberty Caucus Republican Main Street Partnership Republican Majority for Choice Republican National Coalition for Life Republican National Hispanic Assembly Republican Study Committee Republicans Abroad ConservAmerica Ripon Society Teen Age Republicans The Wish List Young Republicans Related articles History 2009 chairmanship election 2011 chairmanship election Bibliography Timeline of modern American conservatism Conservatism portal

v t e United States presidential election, 1948 Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee: Harry Truman VP nominee: Alben W. Barkley Candidates: Harley M. Kilgore Richard Russell, Jr. Henry A. Wallace Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee: Thomas Dewey VP nominee: Earl Warren Candidiates: Riley A. Bender Herbert E. Hitchcock Douglas MacArthur Joseph William Martin, Jr. Edward Martin Leverett Saltonstall Harold Stassen Arthur H. Vandenberg Robert Taft State's Rights Democratic Party Nominee: Strom Thurmond VP nominee: Fielding L. Wright   Other third party and independent candidates Prohibition Party Nominee: Claude A. Watson Progressive Party Nominee: Henry A. Wallace VP nominee: Glen H. Taylor Socialist Party Nominee: Norman Thomas VP nominee: Tucker P. Smith Socialist Workers Party Nominee: Farrell Dobbs VP nominee: Grace Carlson Independents and other candidates: Gerald L. K. Smith Other 1948 elections: House Senate

v t e United States presidential election, 1952 Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee: Dwight D. Eisenhower VP nominee: Richard Nixon Candidates: Riley A. Bender Robert Taft Harold Stassen Earl Warren Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee: Adlai Stevenson VP Nominee: John Sparkman Candidates: Alben W. Barkley Paul A. Dever W. Averell Harriman Hubert Humphrey Estes Kefauver Robert S. Kerr George Theodore Mickelson Richard Russell, Jr.   Third party and independent candidates Prohibition Party Nominee: Stuart Hamblen VP nominee: Enoch A. Holtwick Progressive Party Nominee: Vincent Hallinan VP nominee: Charlotta Bass Socialist Labor Party Nominee: Eric Hass Socialist Party Nominee: Darlington Hoopes VP nominee: Samuel H. Friedman Socialist Workers Party Nominee: Farrell Dobbs VP nominee: Myra Tanner Weiss Independents and other candidates: Edward Longstreet Bodin Henry B. Krajewski Other 1952 elections: House Senate

Supreme Court of the United States
The Warren Court Chief Justice: Earl Warren (1953–1969) 1953–1954: H. Black | S.F. Reed | F. Frankfurter | Wm. O. Douglas | R.H. Jackson | H.H. Burton | T.C. Clark | S. Minton 1955–1956: H. Black | S.F. Reed | F. Frankfurter | Wm. O. Douglas | H.H. Burton | T.C. Clark | S. Minton | J.M. Harlan II 1956–1957: H. Black | S.F. Reed | F. Frankfurter | Wm. O. Douglas | H.H. Burton | T.C. Clark | J.M. Harlan II | Wm. J. Brennan 1957–1958: H. Black | F. Frankfurter | Wm. O. Douglas | H.H. Burton | T.C. Clark | J.M. Harlan II | Wm. J. Brennan | C.E. Whittaker 1958–1962: H. Black | F. Frankfurter | Wm. O. Douglas | T.C. Clark | J.M. Harlan II | Wm. J. Brennan | C.E. Whittaker | P. Stewart 1962–1965: H. Black | Wm. O. Douglas | T.C. Clark | J.M. Harlan II | Wm. J. Brennan | P. Stewart | B. White | A.J. Goldberg 1965–1967: H. Black | Wm. O. Douglas | T.C. Clark | J.M. Harlan II | Wm. J. Brennan | P. Stewart | B. White | A. Fortas 1967–1969: H. Black | Wm. O. Douglas | J.M. Harlan II | Wm. J. Brennan | P. Stewart | B. White | A. Fortas | T. Marshall

v t e United States presidential election, 1936 Democratic Party Convention Nominee: Franklin D. Roosevelt VP nominee: John Nance Garner Candidates: Henry S. Breckinridge Republican Party Convention Nominee: Alf Landon VP nominee: Frank Knox Candidiates: William Borah Stephen A. Day Lester J. Dickinson Warren Green Frank Knox Earl Warren Frederick Steiwer   Third party and independent candidates Communist Party Nominee: Earl Browder VP nominee: James W. Ford Prohibition Party Nominee: D. Leigh Colvin VP nominee: Claude A. Watson Socialist Party Nominee: Norman Thomas VP nominee: George A. Nelson Union Party Nominee: William Lemke Independents and other candidates: William Dudley Pelley Other 1936 elections: House Senate

v t e United States presidential election, 1948 Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee: Harry Truman VP nominee: Alben W. Barkley Candidates: Harley M. Kilgore Richard Russell, Jr. Henry A. Wallace Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee: Thomas Dewey VP nominee: Earl Warren Candidiates: Riley A. Bender Herbert E. Hitchcock Douglas MacArthur Joseph William Martin, Jr. Edward Martin Leverett Saltonstall Harold Stassen Arthur H. Vandenberg Robert Taft State's Rights Democratic Party Nominee: Strom Thurmond VP nominee: Fielding L. Wright   Other third party and independent candidates Prohibition Party Nominee: Claude A. Watson Progressive Party Nominee: Henry A. Wallace VP nominee: Glen H. Taylor Socialist Party Nominee: Norman Thomas VP nominee: Tucker P. Smith Socialist Workers Party Nominee: Farrell Dobbs VP nominee: Grace Carlson Independents and other candidates: Gerald L. K. Smith Other 1948 elections: House Senate

v t e United States presidential election, 1952 Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee: Dwight D. Eisenhower VP nominee: Richard Nixon Candidates: Riley A. Bender Robert Taft Harold Stassen Earl Warren Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee: Adlai Stevenson VP Nominee: John Sparkman Candidates: Alben W. Barkley Paul A. Dever W. Averell Harriman Hubert Humphrey Estes Kefauver Robert S. Kerr George Theodore Mickelson Richard Russell, Jr.   Third party and independent candidates Prohibition Party Nominee: Stuart Hamblen VP nominee: Enoch A. Holtwick Progressive Party Nominee: Vincent Hallinan VP nominee: Charlotta Bass Socialist Labor Party Nominee: Eric Hass Socialist Party Nominee: Darlington Hoopes VP nominee: Samuel H. Friedman Socialist Workers Party Nominee: Farrell Dobbs VP nominee: Myra Tanner Weiss Independents and other candidates: Edward Longstreet Bodin Henry B. Krajewski Other 1952 elections: House Senate

v t e Hosts of the Primetime Emmy Awards ceremonies 1949-1970 Walter O'Keefe (1949) Bill Welsh (1950) Earl Warren (1951) Lucille Ball / Desi Arnaz (1952) Art Linkletter (1953) Ed Sullivan (1954) Steve Allen / Dave Garroway (1955) Art Linkletter / Danny Thomas (1956) Desi Arnaz (1957) Phil Silvers / Danny Thomas (1958) Raymond Burr (1959) Joey Bishop / Arthur Godfrey / Chet Huntley (1960) Joey Bishop / Dick Powell (1961) David Brinkley / Johnny Carson / Bob Newhart (1962) Joey Bishop / Arthur Godfrey / Chet Huntley (1963) Joey Bishop / E.G. Marshall (1964) Sammy Davis Jr. / Danny Thomas (1965) Bill Cosby / Danny Kaye (1966) Joey Bishop / Hugh Downs (1967) Frank Sinatra / Dick Van Dyke (1968) Bill Cosby / Merv Griffin (1969) Bill Cosby / Dick Cavett (1970) 1971–1990 Johnny Carson (1971) Johnny Carson (1972) Johnny Carson (1973) Johnny Carson (1974) None (1975) John Denver / Mary Tyler Moore (1976) Robert Blake / Angie Dickinson (1977) Alan Alda (1978) Cheryl Ladd / Henry Winkler (1979) Steve Allen / Dick Clark (1980) Ed Asner / Shirley MacLaine (1981) John Forsythe / Marlo Thomas (1982) Eddie Murphy / Joan Rivers (1983) Tom Selleck (1984) John Forsythe (1985) David Letterman / Shelley Long (1986) Bruce Willis (1987) John Forsythe (1988) John Larroquette (1989) Candice Bergen / Jay Leno / Jane Pauley (1990) 1991–2010 Dennis Miller (1991) Tim Allen / Kirstie Alley / Dennis Miller (1992) Angela Lansbury (1993) Ellen DeGeneres / Patricia Richardson (1994) Jason Alexander / Cybill Shepherd (1995) Michael J. Fox / Paul Reiser / Oprah Winfrey (1996) Bryant Gumbel (1997) None (1998) Jenna Elfman / David Hyde Pierce (1999) Garry Shandling (2000) Ellen DeGeneres (2001) Conan O'Brien (2002) Ellen DeGeneres / Brad Garrett / Darrell Hammond / George Lopez / Conan O'Brien / Bernie Mac / Dennis Miller / Garry Shandling / Martin Short / Jon Stewart / Wanda Sykes (2003) Garry Shandling (2004) Ellen DeGeneres (2005) Conan O'Brien (2006) Ryan Seacrest (2007) Tom Bergeron / Heidi Klum / Howie Mandel / Jeff Probst / Ryan Seacrest (2008) Neil Patrick Harris (2009) Jimmy Fallon (2010) 2011–2030 Jane Lynch (2011) Jimmy Kimmel (2012) Neil Patrick Harris (2013)

Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 10642343 LCCN: n50028322 ISNI: 0000 0001 2120 5863 GND: 118806254 BNF: cb11972576d NDL: 00460226

Persondata
Name	Warren, Earl
Alternative names
Short description	United States federal judge
Date of birth	March 19, 1891
Place of birth	Los Angeles, California
Date of death	July 9, 1974
Place of death	Washington, D.C.