EMI 2001

Some EMI 2001s on their last day in BBC Elstree Studio C in July 1991. The last programme in the world to use EMI 2001s to record images was EastEnders

The EMI 2001 Broadcast studio camera was an early, very successful British made Plumbicon studio camera that included the lens within the body of the camera. Four 30mm tubes allowed one tube to be dedicated solely to producing a relatively high resolution monochrome signal, with the other three tubes providing red, green and blue signals. Even though semiconductors were used in most of the camera, the highly sensitive head amplifiers still used thermionic valves in the first generation of the design.

Integrating the lens within the body of the camera had both positive and negative effects. On the positive side, it meant the optical nodal point of the camera was close to the centre of gravity, which could make operation easier and more instinctive when used on movable camera mounts such as pedestals. The downside was that lens manufacturers were limited to which lenses they could adapt to fit to the camera. This made the 2001 less attractive for outside broadcasts.

The 2001 was both heavy and large. The pull-out handles at each corner needed four people to safely move the camera with the lens in place. It also required a separate remote camera control unit and the cable connecting the two was over 2 inches thick. The standard servo controlled studio zoom lens had a 5 to 50 degree horizontal angle of view, with a minimum focus distance of either 36 inches (J type) or 18 inches (K type)

First produced in 1966, by the early 1970s almost all of BBC Television's studios and many outside broadcast (OB) units were equipped with the 2001. Several ITV companies purchased or leased the camera including Thames, Yorkshire Television, ATV, Granada, HTV, Anglia and LWT. Independent outfits such as the early cable television stations Rediffusion Cablevision, Sheffield Cablevision and the educational television arm of the Inner London Education Authority also purchased the camera.

Although there was no predicted lifespan for the camera, the heavy hot-running four-tube design was considered somewhat outdated even when it was new, which contributed to the camera's near-total failure to sell to broadcasters outside the UK. Several ITV companies had begun replacing them in the late-1970s with the last commercial operator (Thames) phasing them out in 1986. However the BBC kept a number of such cameras in operation at their Elstree Studios until 1991; they were kept going by cannibalising identical cameras left behind by ATV when the BBC purchased Elstree from them.

The EMI 2000 (as it was originally called) that was originally tried and tested by the BBC in 1967 used 30 mm integral mesh lead-oxide vidicons (vidicons are the tubes made by RCA) They were re-released a year latter using Plumbicons (Plumbicon is the trade mark for Philips lead-oxide tubes) It also used a themionic valve for the first stage of the video head amplifier. Unfortunately, the BBC technicians were disappointed by the picture results produced by the original testing model supplied to them in 1967. So disappointed in fact that they hesitantly bought 17 Marconi Mk VIIs in order to commence colour broadcasting on BBC2 on 1 July 1967 as the redesigned and renamed EMI 2001 would not be ready for the colour launch date on BBC2. EMI re-released the renamed 2001 (now with the option of separate mesh tubes, either Plumbicon or Leddicon (tubes made by EEV) and solid state (FET) head amplifiers) in early 1968 and the BBC moved their Marconi Mk VIIs to the weather, news and presentation studios from TC7 and TC8 in Television Centre.

When sold abroad, the EMI 2001 was carried under the Thomson SA brand - hence "Thomson TH.T 2001". How this came about is unknown as EMI and Thomson SA did not have business links. The Thomson 2001's, like the EMI's, also used Plumbicons; however, due to a brochure which was printed in French, it was presumed that they used Vidicon tubes.^[1] But, apart from the silver viewfinder squares (instead of white) and the brand name change on the front and sides, the cameras were the same. In the United States, the cameras were marketed by International Video Corporation as the IVC/EMI 2001-B (four tubes), with another version, the IVC/EMI 2001-C, consisting of three tubes.^[2][3] Only one U.S. station is known to have purchased the 2001: WSNS-TV in Chicago, in the early years of its operation.^[4]

Generating the image

Unlike most colour tube cameras of the period, which combined the output from three colour tubes at the same stage before the signals left the camera and made white light by combining the output from all three colour tubes, and the Marconi MkVII, which added the output of the three colour tubes to the output from the luminance (black and white) tube, the EMI 2001 took the output of the green tube as a starting point for the picture, added the colour from the red and blue tubes and then added the output from the luminance tube. Unlike the others, the luminance tube in an EMI 2001 wasn't used for taking white light, but it was used for the sharpness and fine picture detail of whatever object was the subject to be taken.^[5]

This image was electronically added on top after the output from the red and blue tubes was electronically added to the green one.

This was the part of the camera's design that was designed by BBC engineers, as they realised that the most natural colour could be achieved this way.

Comet tails

A very common artifact of early vacuum-tube cameras was a "comet tail". This is where a bright light or anything white builds up so much charge on the imaging surface of the camera tube that the charge cannot be removed in one "field" (1/25 of a second, the rate at which television pictures are made on PAL and SECAM broadcast TV systems). So when the camera is moved, the object causing the overload is moved, or something moves between the camera and the bright light source it causes a bright streak of where the source of the image flaw was. This is because that particular picture element on the camera tube's imaging surface is supposed to be imaging a dark surface, but it still has electric charge on that picture element and is read by the camera circuitry as light instead.

Most models of colour television camera had ACT (Anti-Comet tail) circuits for each individual camera tube and if they are not matched precisely, the comet tails appear to be coloured rather than white. The EMI 2001s didn't have ACT circuits. This means it is often very easy to tell if a programme used EMI 2001s (or any other first-generation PAL colour camera) to capture the images as the comet tails would often be coloured "blobs" or "splodges" (usually caused by a light source or light reflecting off a highly reflective or polished surface) simply because the camera did not have ACT circuits, but some were later modified to include ACT circuits. The ACT circuits were adjusted so that the Comet Tail doesn't appear to be a "blob".

Another artefact about the comet tails produced by the 2001s was that sometimes the comet tails would either be a mix of two separate colours, one colour inside the other (e.g. a comet tail that is red with a smaller comet tail inside that one that may be green). This is where both of the (in this example) red and green ACT circuits are not to the same adjustment of the other two tubes, but are adjusted at different levels themselves. In other cases, comet tails have been produced by 2001s that are not primary colours of light, e.g. pink. This is where the adjustments of both of the (in this example) red and white tubes are not adjusted to the same adjustment of the blue and green tubes, but are both themselves placed at the same adjustment.

ACT and the EMI 2001/1. As supplied by EMI the 2001 and the later 2001/1 did not have any form of ACT (anti-comet tail) or HOP (highlight overload protection). This is why its performance was poor, in this respect, when compared with the next generation of cameras supplied in the 1970s. None of the first generation of true broadcast cameras in the middle to late 1960s had ACT, so the EMI 2001 was not unusual.

While some broadcasters may have modified their cameras to have ACT, retro fitting ACT/HOP was not an easy modification as 4 new HOP camera tubes would be needed, the tube bases, wiring harness, 4 head amplifiers and 4 video amplifiers and the tube beam current boards would all have needed work done to them. ACT and HOP works by using an extra electrode in the tube to 'flood discharge' the target during the flyback period. Great care was needed in setting up the HOP voltages as damage to the tube’s emission could occur.

There was another method, ABO or DBO (Dynamic Beam Optimisation) that worked by measuring the tubes output and if it is more than a pre-set level above peak white, increasing the beam current in proportion. This DBO method could be used with standard tubes. If this is not implemented well it can lead to positive feedback, with loss of picture and damage to the tubes.

References

• "The EMI Four-Tube Colour Camera", Radio and Electronic Engineer, Vol.39 No.5, May 1970, pp249–70.

External links

• BBC Tech Ops History Site
• Museum of the Broadcast Television Camera
• The website of Martin Kempton on London television studios contains much on the industries use of various cameras over the decades, including the EMI 2001.