Dryas monkey

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Dryas monkey[1]
Conservation status

Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Cercopithecus
Species: C. dryas
Binomial name
Cercopithecus dryas
Schwarz, 1932
Geographic range
Synonyms
  • salongo Thys van den Audenaerde, 1977

The Dryas monkey (Cercopithecus dryas), also known as Salonga monkey or ntolu, is a little-known species of guenon found only in the Congo Basin, restricted to the left bank of the Congo River. It is now established that the animals previously classified as Cercopithecus salongo (common name Zaire Diana monkey) were in fact Dryas monkeys.[3] Some older sources treat the Dryas monkey as a subspecies of the Diana monkey and classify it as Cercopithecus diana dryas, but it is geographically isolated from any known Diana monkey population.

While the Dryas monkey formerly was considered data deficient, recent evidence suggests it is very rare and its total population possibly number less than 200 individuals. Consequently, its status was changed to critically endangered in the 2008 IUCN Red List.[2] Along with being listed by the IUCN this species is also listed on Appendix II of CITES.[4]

Physical description

Adult male Dryas monkeys are characterized by their black muzzle, white whiskers and short white facial beard. The dorsal surface of their bodies, along with the coronal crown, is a grayish chestnut color. This species also has white on the ventral side of its body, tail, the bottom portion of the limbs and the buttocks. The upper portion of their limbs resembles a similar color to the rest of their body, being a dark-grey/black-brown color.[5]

Adult females and offspring have smaller portions of their body that are white in color; the white color is not present around their shoulder areas or their buttocks. Another difference in coloration is present in the upper portion of the arms, which are lighter in color as compared to the males.[5] Body size varies from 40 to 55 cm, with a tail an additional 50–75 cm. Adults weigh between 4 and 7 kg, with marked sexual dimorphism.[6]

Ecology

By use of quadrupedal locomotion, manner of locomotion by which movement occurs with a gait pattern involving all four limbs, this species prefers secondary forest locations. Although secondary forests are said to be preferred, these monkeys may also inhabit lowlands, rivers or swampy areas of the Congo. .[5]

The diet of the Dryas is said to be made up of mostly vegetarian foods. Such foods include: fruits, young leaves, and flowers. Due to most of these vegetarian foods being seasonal, this species will also consume small invertebrates, such as insects, as a food substitute.[5]

Behaviour

This species is very social, and will live in groups that are either made up of their own species exclusively or within groups of mixed species. Visual and oral communication is very important, whether communicating to other Dryas monkeys, or communicating to other individuals. When living exclusively amongst each other, troops are made up of up to 30 individuals. Troops include many young offspring and females, but only contain one male. When females reproduce, they have a single birth of one individual, and the gestation period lasts five months. Offspring will be fully matured and ready to reproduce themselves after three years of life. The expected lifespan in the wild is between 10–15 years, and because there are currently no Dryas monkeys in captivity, that lifespan is unknown.[4]

As mentioned, communication is very important to this species, and they have a unique way of communicating with one another. Some examples of this unique communication include: Staring – which is a display used as a threat. The eyes stay fixed as the eyebrows rise and the scalp is retracted. The facial skin becomes stretched and the ears move back. These movements expose the eyelids, which are a different color and heavily contrasts with their facial color. Staring with open mouth – this is another threat expression that often goes along with head-bobbing. Head-bobbing – is another threat display that is thought to be more aggressive. Presenting – this behavior is used by females during the mating season, showing males they are ready to mate.[7]

Conservation

It is believed by the IUCN that only 200 individuals are left, although because the species is rarely spotted, an actual number is not known, leading this species to be listed as critically endangered. There are few speculations as to why this species has declined so rapidly and is not showing much progress when it comes to making a comeback. Some reasons include: poaching of the species for meat, habitat loss due to logging and other human activity, and the lack of information and knowledge of this species, makes them more susceptible to dangers.[4]

The only conservation efforts known for Dryas monkeys comes from the community-managed Kokolopori reserve in the north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. This reserve is key to the survival of this species.[4]

References

  1. ↑ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M, eds. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 156. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hart, J., Butynski, T.M. & Hurley, M. (2008). Cercopithecus dryas. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 12 November 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as critically endangered
  3. ↑ Colyn, M.; Gautier-Hion, A., & Vanden Audenaerde, D. T. (1991). "Cercopithecus dryas Schwarz 1932 and C. salongo Vanden Audenaerde, Thys 1977 are the same species with an age-related coat pattern". Folia Primatologica 56 (56): 167–170. doi:10.1159/000156543. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Hart, J., Butynski, T.M. & Hurley, M. 2008. Cercopithecus dryas. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 8 December 2011.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Reiko Goodwin © All the World's Primates(alltheworldsprimates.org) Downloaded 12/8/2011.
  6. ↑ Burton,F. 1995. the Multimedia Guide to the Non-human Primates. Prentice-Hall Canada Inc.
  7. ↑ Estes, R.D. 1991. The Behavior Guide to African Mammals. University of California Press.

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