Douglas SBD Dauntless

The Douglas SBD Dauntless was a World War II American naval scout plane and dive bomber that was manufactured by Douglas Aircraft from 1940 through 1944. The SBD ("Scout Bomber Douglas") was the U.S. Navy's main carrier-borne scout plane and dive bomber from mid-1940 through mid-1944. The SBD was also flown by the U.S. Marine Corps, both from land air bases and aircraft carriers. The SBD is best remembered as the bomber that delivered the fatal blows to the Japanese carriers at the Battle of Midway in June 1942.

During its combat service, the SBD was an excellent naval scout plane and arguably the world's best dive bomber. It possessed long range, good handling characteristics, maneuverability, potent bomb load capacity, great diving characteristics, defensive armament and ruggedness. In most of these characteristics, the SBD was superior to the German Junkers Ju 87, the Japanese Aichi D3A "Val", and any dive bomber possessed by the Royal Air Force or the Soviet Air Force.^{[citation needed]} A variant was a purpose-built design for the U.S. Army Air Forces, which used the SBD without an arrestor hook as the A-24 Banshee.

Design and development

Design work on the Northrop BT-1 began in 1935. In 1937, the Northrop Corporation was taken over by Douglas, and the active Northrop projects continued under Douglas Aircraft Corporation.^[2] The Northrop BT-2 was developed from the BT-1 by modifications ordered in November 1937, and provided the basis of the SBD, which first entered service in mid-1939. Ed Heinemann led a team of designers who considered a development with a 1,000 hp (750 kW) Wright Cyclone engine. One year earlier, both the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps had placed orders for the new dive bomber, designated the SBD-1 and SBD-2 (the latter had increased fuel capacity and different armament). The SBD-1 went to the Marine Corps in late 1940, and the SBD-2 to the Navy in early 1941. The distinctive perforated split flaps or "dive-brakes" had been incorporated into the BT-1 to eliminate tail buffeting during diving maneuvers.

The next version was the SBD-3, which began manufacture in early 1941. It had increased armor, self-sealing fuel tanks, and four machine guns. The SBD-4 provided a 12-volt (up from 6-volt) electrical system, and a few were converted into SBD-4P reconnaissance aircraft.

The next (and most produced) version, the SBD-5, was produced mostly in the Douglas plant in Tulsa, Oklahoma. This version was equipped with a 1,200 hp (890 kW) engine and an increased ammunition supply. Over 2,400 of these were built. A few of them were shipped to the Royal Navy for evaluation. In addition to American service, the SBD saw combat against the Japanese Army and Navy with No. 25 Squadron of the Royal New Zealand Air Force—but the RNZAF soon replaced them with the larger, faster, heavier and land-based Vought F4U Corsair.

Some SBDs were also flown by the Free French Air Force against the Nazi German Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe. SBDs were also sold to Mexico.

The final version, the SBD-6, had more improvements, but its production ended during the summer of 1944.

The U.S. Army Air Force had its own version of the SBD, called the A-24 Banshee. It lacked the tail hook used for carrier landings, and a pneumatic tire replaced the solid tail wheel. First assigned to the 27th Bombardment Group (Light) at Hunter Field, Georgia, A-24s flew in the Louisiana maneuvers of September 1941. There were three versions of the Banshee (A-24, A-24A and A-24B) flown by the Army to a very minor degree in the early stages of the war.^[3] The USAAF used 948 of the 5,937 Dauntlesses built.

Operational history

U.S. Navy and Marine Corps

U.S. Navy and Marine Corps SBDs saw their first action at Pearl Harbor. A total of 18 SBDs from the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise arrived over Pearl Harbor during the Japanese attack, and Scouting Squadron Six (VS-6) lost six aircraft, while Bombing Squadron Six (VB-6) lost one. Most of the Marine Corps SBDs of Marine Scout Bombing Squadron 232 (VMSB-232) were destroyed on the ground at Ewa Mooring Mast Field. On 10 December 1941, SBDs from the Enterprise sank the Japanese submarine I-70.

In February–March 1942, SBDs from the carriers USS Lexington, USS Yorktown, and USS Enterprise took part in various raids on Japanese installations in the Gilbert Islands, the Marshall Islands, New Guinea, Rabaul, Wake Island, and Marcus Island. Later, SBDs painted to resemble Japanese aircraft appeared in the John Ford film December 7th (1943).

The first major use of the SBD in combat was at the Battle of the Coral Sea where SBDs and TBD Devastators sank the Japanese light aircraft carrier (CVL) Shōhō and damaged the Japanese fleet carrier Shōkaku. SBDs were also used for antitorpedo combat air patrols (CAP) and these scored several victories^{[citation needed]} against Japanese aircraft trying to attack the Lexington and the Yorktown.

Their relatively heavy gun armament—with two forward-firing .50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns and either one or two rear flexible-mount .30 in (7.62 mm) AN/M2 machine guns—was effective against the lightly-built Japanese fighters, and many pilots and gunners took aggressive attitudes to the fighters that attacked them. One pilot—Stanley "Swede" Vejtasa—was attacked by three A6M2 Zero fighters; he shot two of them down and cut off the wing of the third in a head-on pass with his wingtip.^{[1] [N 1]}

The SBD's most important contribution to the American war effort, doubtless, came during the Battle of Midway in early June 1942. Four squadrons of Navy SBD dive bombers attacked and sank or fatally damaged all four Japanese fleet carriers present—three of them in the span of just six minutes (Akagi, Kaga, Sōryū and, later in the day, Hiryū). They also caught the Midway bombardment group of four heavy cruisers, heavily damaging two of them, the Mikuma so badly that she had to be scuttled.

At the Battle of Midway, Marine Corps SBDs were not as effective. One squadron, VMSB-241, flying from Midway Atoll, was not trained in the techniques of dive-bombing with their new Dauntlesses (having just partially converted from the SB2U Vindicator^[4]). Instead, its pilots resorted to the slower but easier glide bombing technique. This led to many of the SBDs being shot down, although one survivor from these attacks is now on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum and is the last surviving aircraft to fly in the battle. On the other hand, the carrier-borne squadrons were effective, especially when they were escorted by their Grumman F4F Wildcat teammates. The success of dive bombing was due to two important circumstances:

• First and most important, the Japanese carriers were at their most vulnerable, readying bombers for battle, with full fuel hoses and armed ordnance strewn across their hangar decks.
• Second, the valiant but doomed assault of the torpedo aircraft squadrons from the American carriers and from Midway Atoll had drawn the Japanese fighter cover away from the dive bombers, thereby allowing the SBDs to attack unhindered.

SBDs played a major role in the Guadalcanal campaign, operating off both American carriers and from Henderson Field on Guadalcanal. SBDs attacked Japanese shipping throughout the campaign, and proved lethal to Japanese shipping that failed to clear the slot by daylight. Losses inflicted included the carrier Ryūjō, sunk near the Solomon Islands on 24 August. Three other Japanese carriers were damaged during the six-month campaign. SBDs sank a cruiser and nine transports during the decisive Naval Battle of Guadalcanal.

During the decisive period of the War in the Pacific, the SBD's strengths and weaknesses became evident. While the American strength was dive bombing, the Japanese stressed their Nakajima B5N2 "Kate" torpedo bombers, which had caused the bulk of the damage during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

In the Atlantic Ocean the SBD saw action during Operation Torch, the Allied landings in North Africa in November 1942. The SBDs flew from the USS Ranger and two escort carriers. Eleven months later, during Operation Leader, the SBDs saw their European debut when aircraft from the Ranger attacked Nazi German shipping around Bodø, Norway.^[5]

By 1944 the U.S. Navy began replacing the SBD with the more powerful SB2C Helldiver.

During the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944, a long range twilight strike was made against the retreating Japanese fleet, at (or beyond) the limit of the attacking airplanes' combat radius. The force had about twenty minutes of daylight over their targets before attempting the long return in the dark. Of the 215 aircraft, only 115 made it back. Twenty were lost to enemy action in the attack, while 80 more were lost when one by one they expended their fuel and had to ditch into the sea.^[6] In the attack, however, were 26 SBDs, all of which made it back to the carriers.

The Battle of the Philippine Sea was the last major engagement where SBDs made up a significant part of the carrier-borne bomber force. Marine squadrons continued to fly SBDs until the end of the war. Although the Curtiss Helldiver had a more powerful engine, a higher maximum speed and could carry nearly a thousand pounds more in bomb load, many of the dive bomber pilots preferred the SBD, which was lighter and had better low-speed handling characteristics, critical for carrier landings.

The Dauntless was one of the most important aircraft in the Pacific Theatre of World War II, sinking more enemy shipping in the War in the Pacific than any other Allied bomber. In addition, Barrett Tillman, in his book on the Dauntless, claims that it has a "plus" score against enemy aircraft, considered to be a rare event for a nominal "bomber".^[7]

A total of 5,936 SBDs were produced during the War. The last SBD rolled off the assembly lines at the Douglas Aircraft plant in El Segundo, California, on 21 July 1944. The Navy placed emphasis on the heavier, faster, and longer-ranged SB2C. From Pearl Harbor through April 1944, SBDs had flown 1,189,473 operational hours, with 25 percent of all operational hours flown off aircraft carriers being in SBDs. Its battle record shows that in addition to six Japanese carriers, 14 enemy cruisers had been sunk, along with six destroyers, 15 transports or cargo ships and scores of various lesser craft.^[8]

United States Army Air Forces

The U.S. Army Air Forces sent 52 A-24 Banshees in crates to the Philippines in the fall of 1941 to equip the 27th Bombardment Group, whose personnel were sent separately. However, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, these bombers were diverted to Australia and the 27th BG fought on the Bataan Peninsula as infantry. While in Australia the aircraft were reassembled for flight to the Philippines but their missing parts, including solenoids, trigger motors and gun mounts delayed their shipment. Plagued with mechanical problems, the A-24s were diverted to the 91st Bombardment Squadron and designated for assignment to Java Island instead.

Referring to themselves as "Blue Rock Clay Pigeons", the 91st BS attacked the enemy harbor and airbase at Bali and damaged or sank numerous ships around Java.^{[citation needed]} After the Japanese downed two A-24s and damaged three so badly that they could no longer fly, the 91st received orders to evacuate Java in early March.

The A-24s remaining in Australia were assigned to the 8th Bombardment Squadron of 3d Bombardment Group, to defend New Guinea. On 26 July 1942, seven A-24s attacked a convoy off Bun, but only one survived: the Japanese shot down five of them and damaged the sixth so badly that it did not make it back to base. Regarded by many pilots as too slow, short ranged and poorly armed, the remaining A-24s were relegated to non-combat missions. In the U.S., the A-24s became training aircraft or towed targets for aerial gunnery training. The more powerful A-24B was used later against the Japanese forces in the Gilbert Islands.^[3]

A handful of A-24s survived in the inventory of the USAAF long enough to be taken over by the Air Force when that service became independent of the Army in September 1947. The USAF established a new designation system for its aircraft, eliminating the "A-for-Attack" category, through 1962.

The twin-engined "A" versions were redesignated as bombers, with another Douglas Aircraft design, the A-26 Invader becoming the B-26 Invader. Most of the single-engined "A" aircraft were either classified as fighters, or scrapped. As a result, the Banshee was called the F-24 Banshee, although this aircraft was scrapped in 1950.^[9]

French Air Force and Naval Aviation (Aeronavale)

The first production Dauntless sent into action was the "SBD-3", which was produced for the French Naval Aviation. A total of 174 Dauntlesses were ordered by the French Navy, but with the fall of France in the spring of 1940 that production batch was diverted to the U.S. Navy, which ordered 410 more.

The Free French received about 80 SBD-5s and A-24Bs from the United States in 1944. They were used as trainers and close-support aircraft.

• Free French squadrons received 40 to 50 A-24Bs in Morocco and Algeria during 1943.
• French Naval Aviation (Aeronautique Navale) received 32 in late 1944 for Flotilles 3FB and 4FB (16 SBD-5s for each).

Squadron I/17 Picardie used a few A-24Bs for coastal patrol. The most combat-experienced of the Banshee units was GC 1/18 Vendee, which flew A-24Bs in support of Allied forces in southern France and also experienced how deadly German flak was, losing several aircraft in 1944. This squadron flew from North Africa to recently liberated Toulouse to support Allied and French resistance troops. Later, the unit was assigned to support attacks on cities occupied by the Germans on the French Atlantic coast. In April 1945 each SBD-5 averaged three missions a day in the European theater. In 1946 the French Air Force based its A-24Bs in Morocco as trainers.

French Navy Dauntlesses were based in Cognac at the end of 1944. The French Navy Dauntlesses were the last ones to see combat, during the Indochina War, flying from the carrier Arromanches (the former Royal Navy carrier Colossus). In late 1947 during one operation in the Indochina War, Flotille 4F flew 200 missions and dropped 65 tons of bombs. By 1949, the French Navy removed the Dauntless from combat status although the type was still flown as a trainer through 1953.

Royal New Zealand Air Force

The Royal New Zealand Air Force received 18 SBD-3s and 23 SDB-4s, and RNZAF 25 Squadron did use them successfully in combat over the South Pacific.

Under the original plan, four Squadrons (25, 26, 27 and 28 Sqn) of the RNZAF were going to be equipped with the Dauntless, but only 25 Sqn used them. The RNZAF soon replaced them with F-4U Corsairs.

Variants

XBT-2

prototype, airframe was a production Northrop BT-1 heavily modified and redesignated as the XBT-2. Further modified by Douglas as the XSBD-1.

SBD-1

Marine Corps version without self-sealing fuel tanks; 57 built.

SBD-1P

reconnaissance aircraft, converted from SBD-1s.

SBD-2

Navy version with increased fuel capacity and different armament but without self-sealing fuel tanks, starting in early 1941; 87 built.

SBD-2P

reconnaissance aircraft, converted from SBD-2s.

SBD-3

began to be manufactured in early 1941. This provided increased protection, self-sealing fuel tanks, and four machine guns; 584 were built.

SBD-4

provided a 12-volt (up from six volt) electrical system; 780 built.

SBD-4P

reconnaissance aircraft, converted from SBD-4s.

SBD-5

The most produced version, primarily produced at the Douglas Aircraft plant in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Equipped with a 1,200-hp engine and an increased ammunition supply. A total of 2,965 were built, and a few were shipped to the Royal Navy for evaluation. In addition to American service, these saw combat against the Japanese with No. 25 Squadron of the Royal New Zealand Air Force which soon replaced them with F4Us, and against the Luftwaffe with the Free French Air Force. A few were also sent to Mexico.

SBD-5A

as A-24B, for USAAF but delivered to USMC; 60 built.

SBD-6

The final version, providing more improvements, including a 1,350 hp (1,010 kW) engine, but production ended in the summer of 1944; 450 built.

A-24 Banshee (SBD-3A)

USAAF equivalent of the SBD-3 without arrestor hook; 168 built.^[10]

A-24A Banshee (SBD-4A)

USAAF equivalent of the SBD-4; 170 built.

A-24B Banshee (SBD-5A)

USAAF equivalent of the SBD-5; 615 built.

Operators

 Chile

• Chilean Air Force operated A-24B Banshees.^[11][12]

 France

• French Air Force^[13]
• French Navy^[13]

 Mexico

• Mexican Air Force^[14]

 Morocco

• Moroccan Desert Police^[15]

 New Zealand

• Royal New Zealand Air Force^[16]
  • No. 25 Squadron RNZAF

 United Kingdom

• Royal Air Force received four aircraft for test purposes from the nine originally tested by the Fleet Air Arm.^[11]
• Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm received nine aircraft for test purposes.

 United States

• U.S. Army Air Forces
• U.S. Marine Corps
• U.S. Navy

Survivors

New Zealand

On display

SBD-4

• 06853 - Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum in Christchurch.^[17]

United States

Airworthy

A-24A

• 42-60817 - Tillamook Air Museum in Tillamook, Oregon as a SBD-3.^[18][19]

A-24B

• 42-54532 - Commemorative Air Force (Dixie Wing) in Peachtree City, Georgia as a SBD-3.^[20][21]
• 42-54682 - Lone Star Flight Museum in Galveston, Texas as a SBD-5.^[22][23]

SBD-5

• 28536 - Planes of Fame in Chino, California.^[24][25]

On display

A-24B

• 42-54582 - National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. It is on loan from the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Quantico, VA.^[26]

SBD-2

• 02106 - National Museum of Naval Aviation in Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.^[27] Veteran of the Pearl Harbor attack and the Battle of Midway.

SBD-3

• 06508 - National World War II Museum in New Orleans, Louisiana.^[28]
• 06624 - Air Zoo in Kalamazoo, Michigan. It is on loan from National Museum of Naval Aviation in Naval Air Station Pensacola.^[29]
• 06694 - USS Lexington Museum in Corpus Christi, Texas. It is on loan from National Museum of Naval Aviation in Naval Air Station Pensacola.^[30]

SBD-4

• 06833 - on display in its recovered condition in underwater exhibit at the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.^[31]
• 06900 - San Diego Aerospace Museum in San Diego. It is on loan from the National Museum of Naval Aviation, Naval Air Station Pensacola.^[32]
• 10575 - Midway Airport in Chicago.^[33]
• 10518 - Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.^[34]

SBD-5

• 36173 - Patriots Point Naval & Maritime Museum in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina.^[35]
• 36175 - Palm Springs Air Museum in Palm Springs, California.^[36]

SBD-6

• 54605 - National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.^[37]

Under restoration

SBD-1

• 01612 - under restoration at the Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar.^[38]

SBD-3

• 06583 - under restoration at the National Museum of the Marine Corps at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia.^[39]

SBD-4

• 10694 - under restoration to airworthiness by Vultures Row Aviation in Cameron Park, California. Registered to Pissed Away N34N LCC in Bellevue, Washington.^[40]

Specifications (SBD-5)

Data from "McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920"^[41]

General characteristics

• Crew: 2
• Length: 33 ft 1¼ in (10.09 m)
• Wingspan: 41 ft 6⅜ in (12.66 m)
• Height: 13 ft 7 in (4.14 m)
• Wing area: 325 ft² (30.19 m²)
• Empty weight: 6,404 lb (2,905 kg)
• Loaded weight: 9,359 lb (4,245 kg)
• Max. takeoff weight: 10,700 lb (4,853 kg)
• Powerplant: 1 × Wright R-1820-60 radial engine, 1,200 hp (895 kW)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 255 mph (222 knots, 410 km/h) at 14,000 ft (4,265 m)
• Cruise speed: 185 mph (161 knots, 298 km/h)
• Range: 1,115 mi (970 nmi, 1,795 km)
• Service ceiling: 25,530 ft (7,780 m)
• Rate of climb: 1,700 ft/min (8.6 m/s)
• Wing loading: 32.9 lb/ft² (140.6 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 8.92 lb/hp (5.42 kg/kW)

Armament

• Guns:
  
  • 2 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) forward-firing synchronized Browning M2 machine guns in engine cowling
  • 2 × 0.30 in (7.62 mm) flexible-mounted Browning machine gun in rear
• Bombs: 2,250 lb (1,020 kg) of bombs

See also

Related development

• Northrop YA-13
• Northrop A-17
• Northrop BT

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Aichi D3A "Val"
• Blackburn Skua
• Breda Ba.65
• Brewster SB2A Buccaneer
• Curtiss SB2C Helldiver
• Fairey Barracuda
• Junkers Ju 87 Stuka
• Vought SB2U Vindicator
• Vultee A-31 Vengeance

Related lists

• List of aircraft of World War II
• List of military aircraft of the United States (naval)
• List of military aircraft of the United States
• List of attack aircraft

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to SBD Dauntless.

• Warbird Alley: SBD
• The SBD Shipborne Dive Bomber
• Aero-Web.org: SBD-5 Dauntless
• Boeing history of SBD Dauntless Divebomber
• Douglas SBD Dauntless onboard the USS Yorktown (CV-10) at Patriot's Point Naval & Maritime Museum near Charleston, SC
• "Diving Artillery" , April 1942, Popular Science article on the first U.S. Army A-24 unit, with rare photos of the A-24
• SBD-2 Dauntless BuNo 2106 Cockpit Panorama, National Naval Aviation Museum, NAS Pensacola, FL

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