Dinka people

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Dinka

Dinka flag

Model Alek Wek, NBA player Luol Deng, late SPLA leader John Garang and President Salva Kiir Mayardit
Total population
More than 5 million
Regions with significant populations
 South Sudan
Languages
Dinka
Religion
Christianity, Islam, African Traditional Religion
Related ethnic groups
Nuer, other Nilotic peoples

The Dinka people are an ethnic group inhabiting the Bahr el Ghazal region of the Nile basin, Jonglei and parts of southern Kordufan and Upper Nile regions. They are mainly agripastoral people, relying on cattle herding at riverside camps in the dry season and growing millet (awuou) and other varieties of grains (rap) in fixed settlements during the rainy season. They number around 4.5 million people according to the 2008 Sudan census, constituting about 18% of the population[1] of the entire country, and the largest ethnic tribe in South Sudan. Dinka, or as they refer to themselves, Muonyjang (singular) and jieng (plural), are one of the branches of the River Lake Nilotes (mainly sedentary agripastoral peoples of the Nile Valley and African Great Lakes region who speak Nilotic languages, including the Nuer and Luo).[2] Dinka are sometimes noted for their height. With the Tutsi of Rwanda, they are believed to be the tallest people in Africa.[3] Roberts and Bainbridge reported the average height of 182.6 cm (5 ft 11.9 in) in a sample of 52 Dinka Ageir and 181.3 cm (5 ft 11.4 in) in 227 Dinka Ruweng measured in 1953–1954.[4] However, it seems the stature of today's Dinka males is lower, possibly as a consequence of undernutrition and conflicts. An anthropometric survey of Dinka men, war refugees in Ethiopia, published in 1995 found a mean height of 176.4 cm (5 ft 9.4 in).[5] Other studies of comparative historical height data and nutrition place the Dinka as the tallest people in the world.[6]

The Dinka people have no centralised political authority, instead comprising many independent but interlinked clans. Certain of those clans traditionally provide ritual chiefs, known as the "masters of the fishing spear" or beny bith,[7] who provide leadership for the entire people and appear to be at least in part hereditary.

Their language called Dinka, as well as "thuɔŋjäŋ" (thuongjang), is one of the Nilotic languages of the eastern Sudanic language family. The name means "people" in the Dinka language. It is written using the Latin alphabet with a few additions.

Pastoral strategies

An example of rainy season temporary settlements—note the stilts upon which the huts are built to protect against periodic flooding of the region.
An example of a cattle byre.
  • Southern Sudan has been described as "a large basin gently sloping northward",[8] through which flow the Bahr el Jebel River, the (White Nile), the Bahr el Ghazal (Nam) River and its tributaries, and the Sobat, all merging into a vast barrier swamp.
  • Vast Sudanese oil areas to the south and east are part of the flood plain, a basin in the southern Sudan into which the rivers of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, and Ethiopia drain off from an ironstone plateau that belts the regions of Bahr El Ghazal and Upper Nile.
  • The terrain can be divided into four land classes:
    • Highlands: higher than the surrounding plains by only a few centimeters; are the sites for “permanent settlements”. Vegetation consists of open thorn woodland and/or open mixed woodland with grasses.
    • Intermediate Lands: lie slightly below the highlands, commonly subject to flooding from heavy rainfall in the Ethiopian and East/Central African highlands; Vegetation is mostly open perennial grassland with some acacia woodland and other sparsely distributed trees.
    • Toic: land seasonally inundated or saturated by the main rivers and inland water-courses, retaining enough moisture throughout the dry season to support cattle grazing.
    • Sudd: permanent swampland below the level of the toic; covers a substantial part of the floodplain in which the Dinka reside; provides good fishing but is not available for livestock; historically it has been a physical barrier to outsiders’ penetration.
  • Ecology of large basin is unique; until recently, wild animals and birds flourished, hunted rarely by the agro-pastoralists.[9]

The Dinka tribe (or Jieng) has twenty three subdivisions: Gok, Agaar, Pakam, Nyang, Aliab, Ciec, Bor, Nyarweng, Hol, Twi/Twic, Twi/Twic Mayardit, Rek, Luac, Malual, Apuk, Aguok, Awan, Panaruau, Ruweng, Alor, Ager, Rut, Abialeng, and Ngok.[10][11][12] Malual is the largest of those groups, numbering over a million people. The Dinka's migrations are determined by the local climate, their agro-pastoral lifestyle responding to the periodic flooding and dryness of the area in which they live. They begin moving around May–June at the onset of the rainy season to their “permanent settlements” of mud and thatch housing above flood level, where they plant their crops of millet and other grain products.

These rainy season settlements usually contain other permanent structures such as cattle byres (luaak) and granaries. During dry season (beginning about December–January), everyone except the aged, ill, and nursing mothers migrates to semi-permanent dwellings in the toic for cattle grazing. The cultivation of sorghum, millet, and other crops begins in the highlands in the early rainy season and the harvest of crops begins when the rains are heavy in June–August. Cattle are driven to the toic in September and November when the rainfall drops off; allowed to graze on harvested stalks of the crops.[13]

Cultural and religious beliefs

Late nineteenth century photo of a Dinka girl.

The Dinkas' pastoral lifestyle is also reflected in their religious beliefs and practices. They have one God, Nhialic, who speaks through spirits that take temporary possession of individuals in order to speak through them. The sacrificing of oxen by the "masters of the fishing spear" is a central component of Dinka religious practice. Age is an important factor in Dinka culture, with young men being inducted into adulthood through an initiation ordeal which includes marking the forehead with a sharp object. Also during this ceremony they acquire a second cow-colour name. The Dinka derive religious power from nature and the world around them, rather than from a religious tome.[14]

Following the war, Christianity predominated over Dinka religious practices, being introduced to the region by British missionaries in the 19th century and during the civil war.[citation needed]

War with the North and status as refugees

The Dinka's religions, beliefs and lifestyle have led to conflict with the Arab Muslim colonial government in Khartoum. The Sudan People's Liberation Army, led by late Dr. John Garang De Mabior, a Dinka, took arms against the government in 1983. During the subsequent 21-year civil war, many thousands of Dinka, along with fellow non-Dinka southerners, were massacred by government forces. The Dinka have also engaged in a separate civil war with the Nuer.

Sizable groups of Dinka refugees may be found in distant lands, including Jacksonville, Florida and Clarkston, a working-class suburb of Atlanta, Georgia and in the Midwest such as Omaha NE, Des Moines IA, Sioux Falls SD, and Kansas City MO, as well as Edmonton in Canada, and Melbourne and Sydney in Australia.

The experience of Dinka refugees was portrayed in the documentary movies Lost Boys of Sudan by Megan Mylan and Jon Shenk and God Grew Tired Of Us, Joan Hechts' book The Journey of the Lost Boys and the fictionalized autobiography of a Dinka refugee, Dave Eggers' What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng. Other books on and by the Lost Boys include The Lost Boys of Sudan by Mark Bixler, God Grew Tired of Us by John Bul Dau, and They Poured Fire On Us From The Sky by Alephonsion Deng, Benson Deng, and Benjamin Ajak. In 2004 the first volume of the graphic novel 'Echoes of the Lost Boys of Sudan'[15] was released in Dallas, Texas, United States, chronicling in art and dialogue four lost boys' escapes from the destruction of their hometowns in South Sudan.

1991 Upper Nile Dinka Massacre

On November 15, 1991 the event known as the "Dinka Massacre" or Upper Nile Dinka Massacre commenced in South Sudan. Forces led by the breakaway faction of Riek Machar deliberately killed an estimated 2,000 civilians in Dinka villages of Jonglei State and wounded several thousand more over the course of two months. It is estimated a 100,000 people left the area following the attack.[16]

Notable Dinka

Among well-known Dinka are:

  • Abel Alier, known as Wal Kwai, the first southerner to be become Vice President of Sudan in 1972
  • Francis Bok, author
  • Manute Bol, former NBA player, one of the two tallest players in the league's history
  • John Bul Dau, one of the "Lost Boys of Sudan", author of God Grew Tired of Us, his autobiography, and subject of the documentary of the same title
  • Majak Daw, Australian rules footballer
  • Lt. General Dominic Dim Deng, South Sudan's first political officer of SPLA, Minister for SPLA Affairs
  • Francis Deng, author, SAIS research professor
  • Luol Deng, current NBA player
  • Valentino Achak Deng, a former Lost Boy and subject of What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng, a biographical novel written by Dave Eggers
  • John Garang, former First Vice President of Sudan, Commander in Chief of Sudan People's Liberation Army and Chairman of Sudan People's Liberation Movement
  • Ater Majok, former NBA player
  • Guor Marial, Olympic marathon runner.
  • Lt. General Salva Kiir Mayardit, Dr. Garang's successor as First Vice President of Sudan and President of South Sudan, Commander in Chief of Sudan People's Liberation Army and Chairman of Sudan People's Liberation Movement
  • Alek Wek, a notable fashion model
  • Kuol Deng Majok, tribal leader killed by Misseriya tribespeople in May 2013 in Abyei.
  • Salva Dut, a former Lost Boy, inspiration of the book A Long Walk to Water by Linda Sue Park[17]
  • Gordon Muortat Mayen, veteran politician and President of the Nile Provisional Government in Anyanya 1
  • Manyang Mayom, Human Rights Journalist. Awarded Hellman/ Hammett human rights award 2010.
  • Kuol Manyang Juuk, a freedom fighter, former governor of Jonglei State and current Minister of Defence for South Sudan

References

  1. ↑ Ancient Historical Society Virtual Museum, 2010
  2. ↑ Seligman, C. G.; Seligman, Brenda Z. (1965). Pagan Tribes of the Nilotic Sudan. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 
  3. ↑ "The Tutsi". In and Out of Focus: Images from Central Africa 1885-1960. National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution. 
  4. ↑ Roberts, D. F.; Bainbridge, D. R. (1963). "Nilotic physique". Am J Phys Anthropol 21 (3): 341–370. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330210309. 
  5. ↑ Chali, D. (1995). "Anthropometric measurements of the Nilotic tribes in a refugee camp". Ethiopian Medical Journal 33 (4): 211–217. PMID 8674486. 
  6. ↑ Eveleth and Tanner (1976) Worldwide Variation in Human Growth, Cambridge University Press; --Floud et al 1990 Height, Health and History: Nutritional Status in the United Kingdom, 1750-1980, p. 6
  7. ↑ Lienhardt, G. (1961). Divinity and Experience: the Religion of the Dinka. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 
  8. ↑ (Roth 2003)
  9. ↑ Roth 2003
  10. ↑ "TECOSS". Twic East Community of South Sudan. 
  11. ↑ "Sudanese Twic Association of Michigan". 
  12. ↑ "The UN Refugee Agency". UNHCR. 
  13. ↑ Deng, Francis Mading. The Dinka of the Sudan. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, 1972.
  14. ↑ Beswick, S.F. (1994) JAAS XXIX, 3-4 (c) E. J. Brill, Leiden Religious Beliefs
  15. ↑ Cuellar, Catherine (June 28, 2004). "'Echoes of the Lost Boys of Sudan': Comic Book Tells Harrowing Tale of Refugee Children". NPR News. NPR. 
  16. ↑ Clammer, Paul (2005). Sudan: Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. Retrieved 22 March 2011. 
  17. ↑ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/05/2013551510382658.html

Further reading

  • Garang de Mabior, John (June 2011). The Undiscovered Stories About Man Behind South Sudanese' Freedom. ISBN 978-0-9837134-1-8. 
  • Stubbs, J. M.; Morison, C. G. T. (1940). The Western Dinkas: Their Land and Their Agriculture. Sudan Notes and Records XXI. pp. 251–266. 
  • "Dinka (Thuɔŋjäŋ)". Open Road. Vicnet, a division of the State Library of Victoria. 

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