Demographics of Canada

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Historical population
Year Pop.  ±%  
1851 2,415,000—    
1861 3,174,000+31.4%
1871 3,689,000+16.2%
1881 4,325,000+17.2%
1891 4,833,000+11.7%
1901 5,371,000+11.1%
1911 7,207,000+34.2%
1921 8,788,000+21.9%
1931 10,377,000+18.1%
1941 11,507,000+10.9%
1951 14,009,000+21.7%
1961 18,238,000+30.2%
1971 21,962,000+20.4%
1981 24,820,000+13.0%
1991 28,031,000+12.9%
2001 31,021,000+10.7%
2011 33,476,688+7.9%
Source: Statistics Canada[1]

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Canada, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population, the People of Canada.


Population

Population pyramid in 2010
Population of Canada 2011: 33,476,688 (2011 Census[2])

Provinces and territories

Province or territory Population Percentage Total area
(km2)		 Density
(people/km2)		 House of
Commons seats		 People per
seat
Ontario 12,851,821 38.39% 1,076,395 12.19 106 123,767
Quebec 7,903,001 23.61% 1,365,128 5.76 75 104,758
British Columbia 4,479,934 13.14% 925,186 4.84 36 124,443
Alberta 3,645,257 10.89% 642,317 5.77 28 132,285
Manitoba 1,208,268 3.61% 553,556 2.22 14 87,585
Saskatchewan 1,033,381 3.09% 591,670 1.75 14 73,927
Nova Scotia 921,727 2.75% 53,338 17.63 11 85,491
New Brunswick 751,171 2.24% 71,450 10.50 10 75,046
Newfoundland and Labrador 514,536 1.54% 373,872 1.36 7 72,896
Prince Edward Island 140,204 0.42% 5,660 24.98 4 35,344
Northwest Territories 41,462 0.12% 1,183,085 0.037 1 43,244
Yukon 33,897 0.10% 474,391 0.072 1 33,963
Nunavut 31,906 0.09% 1,936,113 0.017 1 32,435
Canada 33,476,688 100% 9,252,161 3.73 308 109,167
Sources: Statistics Canada[3][4]

Cities

Largest cities or towns of Canada
2011 Census[5]
Rank Name Province Pop. Rank Name Province Pop.

Toronto

Montreal		 1 Toronto Ontario 2,615,060 11 Quebec City Quebec 516,622
Calgary

Ottawa
2 Montreal Quebec 1,649,519 12 Surrey British Columbia 468,251
3 Calgary Alberta 1,096,833 13 Laval Quebec 401,553
4 Ottawa Ontario 883,391 14 Halifax Nova Scotia 390,096
5 Edmonton Alberta 812,201 15 London Ontario 366,151
6 Mississauga Ontario 713,443 16 Markham Ontario 301,709
7 Winnipeg Manitoba 663,617 17 Vaughan Ontario 288,301
8 Vancouver British Columbia 603,502 18 Gatineau Quebec 265,349
9 Brampton Ontario 523,911 19 Longueuil Quebec 231,409
10 Hamilton Ontario 519,949 20 Saskatoon Saskatchewan 222,189

Census metropolitan areas

Largest metropolitan areas in Canada by population (2011 Census)
Name Province Population Name Province Population
Toronto Ontario 5,583,064 London Ontario 474,786
Montreal Quebec 3,824,221 St. Catharines–Niagara Ontario 392,184
Vancouver British Columbia 2,313,328 Halifax Nova Scotia 390,328
Ottawa–Gatineau Ontario–Quebec 1,236,324 Oshawa Ontario 356,177
Calgary Alberta 1,214,839 Victoria British Columbia 344,615
Edmonton Alberta 1,159,869 Windsor Ontario 319,246
Quebec Quebec 0765,706 Saskatoon Saskatchewan 260,600
Winnipeg Manitoba 0730,018 Regina Saskatchewan 210,556
Hamilton Ontario 0721,053 Sherbrooke Quebec 201,890
Kitchener–Cambridge–Waterloo Ontario 0477,160 St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador 196,966

Population growth rates

See also: List of Canadian provinces and territories by population

According to OECD/World Bank the population in Canada increased from 1990 to 2008 with 5.6 million and 20.4% growth in population compared to 21.7% growth in the United States and 31.2% growth in Mexico. According to the OECD/World Bank population statistics between 1990–2008 the world population growth was 27% and 1,423 million people.[6]

Rank Province or territory Population
(2011)		 Population
(2006)		 Difference Change
(%)
1 Ontario 12,851,821 12,160,282 691,539 5.7
2 Quebec 7,903,001 7,546,131 356,870 4.7
3 Alberta 3,645,257 3,290,350 354,907 10.8
4 British Columbia 4,400,057 4,113,487 286,570 7.0
5 Saskatchewan 1,033,381 968,157 65,224 6.7
6 Manitoba 1,208,268 1,148,401 59,867 5.2
7 New Brunswick 751,171 729,997 21,174 2.9
8 Newfoundland and Labrador 514,536 505,469 9,067 1.8
9 Nova Scotia 921,727 913,462 8,265 0.9
10 Prince Edward Island 140,204 135,851 4,353 3.2
11 Yukon 33,897 30,372 3,525 11.6
12 Nunavut 31,906 29,474 2,432 8.3
13 Northwest Territories 41,462 41,464 −2 0.0
Total Canada 33,476,688 31,612,897 1,863,791 5.9

Derived from: Statistics Canada – (table) Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2011 and 2006 Censuses – 100% Data

Population projection

US Census Bureau, 2010 est.
Year Pop.  ±%  
2020 36,387,000—    
2030 38,565,000+6.0%
2040 40,070,000+3.9%
2050 41,136,000+2.7%
[7]
Population projections - High-growth scenario (Statistics Canada)
Year Pop.  ±%  
2011 33,470,000—    
2021 39,110,000+16.9%
2031 44,430,000+13.6%
2041 49,900,000+12.3%
2051 56,070,000+12.4%
2061 63,000,000+12.4%
[8]


Vital statistics

[9][10][11] Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000)
1900 5 500 150 00089 00061 000 27.216.211.0
1901 5 600 175 00079 00096 000 31.214.117.1
1902 5 760 180 00077 000103 000 31.313.417.9
1903 5 930 186 00078 000108 000 31.313.218.1
1904 6 100 192 00082 000110 000 31.413.517.9
1905 6 280 195 00082 000113 000 31.013.018.0
1906 6 460 193 00085 000108 000 29.913.216.7
1907 6 650 196 00085 000111 000 29.512.816.7
1908 6 850 208 00086 000122 000 30.312.617.7
1909 7 040 213 00090 000123 000 30.212.817.4
1910 7 250 220 00095 000125 000 30.413.117.3
1911 7 460 225 000100 000125 000 30.113.416.7
1912 7 610 238 00099 000139 000 31.313.019.3
1913 7 760 246 000102 000144 000 31.713.119.6
1914 7 910 252 000100 000152 000 31.912.619.3
1915 8 060 257 000101 000156 000 31.912.519.4
1916 8 220 252 000107 000145 000 30.713.017.7
1917 8 380 244 000106 000138 000 29.112.716.4
1918 8 450 243 000134 000109 000 28.815.912.9
1919 8 710 241 000119 000122 000 27.713.714.0
1920 8 880 259 000118 000141 000 29.213.315.9
1921 9 060 265 000105 000160 000 29.311.617.7
1922 9 230 261 000107 000154 000 28.311.616.7
1923 9 400 251 000111 000140 000 26.711.814.9
1924 9 560 255 000104 000151 000 26.710.915.8
1925 9 730 254 000104 000150 000 26.110.715.4
1926 9 890 244 000113 000131 000 24.711.413.3
1927 10 040 244 000110 000134 000 24.311.013.3
1928 10 190 246 000114 000132 000 24.111.212.9
1929 10 350 243 000118 000125 000 23.511.412.1
1930 10 498 251 000113 000138 000 23.910.813.1
1931 10 630 247 000108 000139 000 23.210.213.0
1932 10 794 243 000108 000135 000 22.510.012.5
1933 10 919 229 000106 000123 000 21.09.711.3
1934 11 029 228 296105 277123 019 20.79.511.2
1935 11 135 228 396109 724118 672 20.59.910.6
1936 11 242 227 980111 111116 869 20.39.910.4
1937 11 339 227 878118 019109 859 20.110.49.7
1938 11 448 237 091110 647126 444 20.79.711.0
1939 11 565 237 991112 729125 262 20.69.710.9
1940 11 682 252 577114 717137 860 21.69.811.8
1941 11 810 263 993118 797145 196 22.410.112.3
1942 11 962 281 569117 110164 459 23.59.813.7
1943 12 125 292 943122 640170 303 24.210.114.1
1944 12 291 283 967120 393163 574 24.09.814.2
1945 12 441 300 570117 319183 251 24.39.514.8
1946 12 637 343 504118 785224 719 27.29.417.8
1947 12 919 372 443121 478250 965 28.99.419.5
1948 13 167 359 860122 974236 886 27.39.318.0
1949 13 475 367 092124 567242 525 27.29.218.0
1950 13 737 372 009124 220247 789 27.19.018.0
1951 14 050 381 092125 823255 269 27.19.018.2
1952 14 496 403 559126 385277 174 27.88.719.1
1953 14 886 417 884127 791290 093 28.18.619.5
1954 15 330 436 198124 855311 343 28.58.120.3
1955 15 736 442 937128 476314 461 28.18.220.0
1956 16 123 450 739131 961318 778 28.08.219.8
1957 16 677 469 093136 579332 514 28.18.219.9
1958 17 120 470 118135 201334 917 27.57.919.6
1959 17 522 479 275139 913339 362 27.48.019.4
1960 17 909 478 551139 693338 858 26.77.818.9
1961 18 271 475 700140 985334 715 26.07.718.3
1962 18 614 469 693143 699325 994 25.27.717.5
1963 18 964 465 767147 367318 400 24.67.816.8
1964 19 325 452 915145 850307 065 23.47.515.9
1965 19 678 418 595148 939269 656 21.37.613.7
1966 20 048 387 710149 863237 847 19.37.511.9
1967 20 412 370 894150 283220 611 18.27.410.8
1968 20 744 364 310153 196211 114 17.67.410.2
1969 21 028 369 647154 477215 170 17.67.310.2
1970 21 324 371 988155 961216 027 17.47.310.1
1971 21 962 362 187157 272204 915 16.77.39.5
1972 22 218 347 319162 413184 906 15.87.48.4
1973 22 492 343 373164 039179 334 15.47.48.1
1974 22 808 350 650166 794178 851 15.37.47.9
1975 23 143 359 323167 176191 919 15.67.38.3
1976 23 450 359 987167 009192 978 15.47.28.3
1977 23 726 361 400167 498193 902 15.37.18.2
1978 23 963 358 852168 179190 673 15.07.08.0
1979 24 202 366 064168 183197 881 15.16.98.2
1980 24 516 370 709171 473199 236 15.17.08.1
1981 24 820 371 346171 029200 317 14.96.88.0
1982 25 117 373 082174 413198 669 14.86.97.9
1983 25 367 373 689174 484199 205 14.66.87.8
1984 25 608 377 031175 727201 304 14.66.87.8
1985 25 843 375 727181 323194 404 14.47.07.5
1986 26 101 372 913184 224188 689 14.37.17.2
1987 26 449 369 742184 953184 789 14.07.07.0
1988 26 795 376 795190 011186 784 14.17.17.0
1989 27 282 392 661190 965201 696 14.47.07.4
1990 27 698 405 486191 973213 513 14.66.97.7
1991 28 031 402 533195 569206 964 14.47.07.4
1992 28 367 398 643196 535202 108 14.16.97.1
1993 28 682 388 394204 912183 482 13.57.16.4
1994 28 999 385 114207 077178 037 13.37.16.1
1995 29 302 378 016210 733167 283 12.97.25.7
1996 29 611 366 200212 880153 320 12.47.25.2
1997 29 907 348 598215 669132 929 11.77.24.4
1998 30 157 342 418218 091124 327 11.47.24.1
1999 30 404 337 249219 530117 719 11.17.23.9
2000 30 689 327 882218 062109 820 10.77.13.6
2001 31 021 333 744219 538114 206 10.87.13.7
2002 31 373 328 802223 603105 199 10.57.13.4
2003 31 676 335 202226 169109 033 10.67.13.4
2004 31 941 337 072226 584110 488 10.67.13.5
2005 32 245 342 176230 132112 044 10.67.13.5
2006 32 576 354 617228 079126 538 10.97.03.9
2007 32 930 367 864235 217132 647 11.27.14.0
2008 33 318 377 886238 617139 269 11.37.24.2
2009 33 727 380 863242 277138 586 11.37.24.1
2010 34 127 377 213247 926129 287 11.17.33.8
2011 34 484 377 636254 731122 905 11.07.43.6
2012 34 880 384 459 256 965127 584 11.07.43.7


Net migration rate: 5.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Urbanization:

  • urban population: 81% of total population (2010)
  • rate of urbanization: 1.1% annual rate of change (2010-2015 est.)

Sex ratio:

  • at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
  • under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  • 15 – 24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
  • 25 - 54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  • 55 - 64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
  • 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
  • total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Maternal mortality rate: 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2010 est.)

Life expectancy:

  • total population: 81.57 years
  • male: 78.98 years
  • female: 84.31 years (2013 est.)

Age structure:[12]

  • 0–14 years: 16.1% (male 2,761,711/female 2,626,836)
  • 15–64 years: 68.7% (male 11,633,950/female 11,381,735)
  • 65 years and over: 15.2% (male 2,220,189/female 2,862,787) (2010 est.)

Median age

  • total: 40.6 years
    • male: 39.6 years
    • female: 41.5 years (2011)

Median age by province and territory, 2011 Census

  1. Newfoundland and Labrador: 44.0
  2. Nova Scotia: 43.7
  3. New Brunswick:43.7
  4. Prince Edward Island: 42.8
  5. Quebec: 41.9
  6. British Columbia: 41.9
  7. Ontario: 40.4
  8. Yukon: 39.1
  9. Manitoba: 38.4
  10. Saskatchewan: 38.2
  11. Alberta: 36.5
  12. Northwest Territories: 32.3
  13. Nunavut: 24.1

Total: 40.6

Sources: Statistics Canada[13]

Ethnicity

Ethnic origin

Main article: Ethnic origins of people in Canada

Canadians were able to self-identify one or more ethnic origins in the 2006 census. Percentages therefore add up to more than 100%. The most common response was 'Canadian'. As data is completely self-reported, and reporting individuals may have varying definitions of "Ethnic origin" (or may not know their ethnic origin), these figures should not be considered an exact record of the relative prevalence of different ethnocultural ancestries but rather how Canadians self-identify.

Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, approximately 28% of the population will be foreign-born. The number of people belonging to visible minority groups will double,[14] and make up the majority of the population in Toronto and Vancouver.

Single responses: 18.40% of respondents gave a single response of 'Canadian', while a further 13.82% identified with both 'Canadian', and one or more other ancestries. 4.38% of respondents gave a single response of English, 3.94% gave a single response of French, 3.63% gave a single response of Chinese, 2.50% gave a single response of East Indian, 2.37% gave a single response of Italian, 2.15% gave a single response of German, 1.82% gave a single response of Scottish, 1.64% gave a single response of North American Indian, 1.57% gave a single response of Irish, and 1.03% gave a single response of Filipino; following are those that have given a single answer of Jamaican, North American Indian, Ukrainian, Greek, and Jewish.

Multiple responses: Counting both single and multiple responses, the most commonly identified ethnic origins were (2006):

Ethnic origin[Note 1] % Population Area of largest proportion
Canadian 32.22% 10,066,290 Quebec (66.2%)
English 21.03% 6,570,015 Newfoundland and Labrador (43.2%)
French 15.82% 4,941,210 Quebec (28.9%)
Scottish 15.11% 4,719,850 Prince Edward Island (40.5%)
Irish 13.94% 4,354,155 Prince Edward Island (29.2%)
German 10.18% 3,179,425 Saskatchewan (30.0%)
Italian 4.63% 1,445,335 Ontario (7.2%)
Chinese 4.31% 1,346,510 British Columbia (10.6%)
North American Indian 4.01% 1,253,615 Northwest Territories (36.5%)
Ukrainian 3.87% 1,209,085 Manitoba (14.8%)
Dutch (Netherlands) 3.32% 1,035,965 Alberta (5.3%)
Polish 3.15% 984,565 Manitoba (7.3%)
East Indian 3.08% 962,665 British Columbia (5.7%)
Russian 1.60% 500,600 Manitoba (4.3%)
Arabs 1.51% 470,580 Quebec (2.8%)
Welsh 1.41% 440,965 Yukon (3.1%)
Filipino 1.40% 436,190 Manitoba (3.5%)
Norwegian 1.38% 432,515 Saskatchewan (7.2%)
Portuguese 1.32% 410,850 Ontario (2.4%)
Métis 1.31% 409,065 Northwest Territories (6.9%)
British, not included elsewhere 1.29% 403,915 Yukon (2.3%)
Swedish 1.07% 334,765 Saskatchewan (3.5%)
Spanish 1.04% 325,730 British Columbia (1.3%)
American 1.01% 316,350 Yukon (2.0%)
Hungarian 1.01% 315,510 Saskatchewan (2.9%)
Jewish 1.01% 315,120 Ontario (1.5%)
Greek 0.78% 242,685 Ontario (1.1%)

Data from the same subject matter, though from 2001, is also grouped more geographically by Statistics Canada as follows:[15]

2001%
North American (non-aboriginal) 40.21%
British Isles 33.64%
French 15.89%
Western European 12.78%
Eastern European 8.50%
Southern European 7.87%
2001%
East and Southeast Asian 6.03%
Aboriginal 4.45%
South Asian 3.25%
Northern European 3.22%
Caribbean 1.70%
Other European 1.28%
2001%
Arab 1.17%
African 0.99%
Latin, Central and
South American		 0.82%
West Asian 0.69%
Oceania 0.16%

Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents (31,241,030 in 2006) and total more than 100% due to dual responses.
All ethnocultural ancestries with responses totalling to more than 1% of the total number of responses are listed in the table above according to the exact terminology used by Statistics Canada.[16][17]

The most common ethnic origins per province are as follows[18] (total responses; only percentages 10% or higher shown; ordered by percentage of "Canadian"):

  • Quebec (7,435,905): Canadian (60.2%), French (28.9%)
  • New Brunswick (719,650): Canadian (52.9%), French (26.5%), English (25.5%), Irish (20.9%), Scottish (19.8%)
  • Newfoundland and Labrador (500,610): Canadian (48.2%), English (43.2%), Irish (21.4%)
  • Nova Scotia (903,090): Canadian (40.9%), Scottish (31.9%), English (31.8%), Irish (21.6%), French (17.9%), German (11.3%)
  • Prince Edward Island (134,205): Scottish (40.5%), Canadian (39.0%), English (32.3%), Irish (29.2%), French (21.7%)
  • Ontario (12,028,895): English (24.7%), Canadian (23.0%), Scottish (17.5%), Irish (16.5%), French (11.2%)
  • Alberta (3,256,355): English (27.2%), German (20.9%), Canadian (20.5%), Scottish (20.3%), Irish (16.6%), French (11.9%), Ukrainian (10.2%)
  • Manitoba (1,133,510): English (22.9%), German (19.1%), Scottish (18.5%), Canadian (18.2%), Ukrainian (14.7%), Irish (13.4%), French (13.1%), North American Indian (10.6%)
  • Saskatchewan (953,850): German (30.0%), English (26.5%), Scottish (19.2%), Canadian (18.1%), Irish (15.3%), Ukrainian (13.6%), French (12.4%), North American Indian (12.1%)
  • British Columbia (4,074,385): English (29.6%), Scottish (20.3%), Canadian (17.7%), Irish (15.2%), German (13.8%), Chinese (10.6%)

The most common homogeneous ethnic groups per province, as shown by single responses (e.g. "Italian" only is a single response, whereas "Italian & Irish" is a multiple response and is subsumed under "multiple ethnic origin" in this grouping) are as follows[18] (only percentages 3% or higher shown; ordered by percentage of "Canadian"):

  • Quebec (7,435,905): Canadian (43.2%), multiple ethnic origin (25.9%), French (11.6%)
  • Newfoundland and Labrador (500,610): Canadian (35.0%), multiple ethnic origin (30.6%), English (20.8%), Irish (6.9%)
  • New Brunswick (719,650): multiple ethnic origin (46.1%), Canadian (30.3%), French (6.1%), English (5.4%), Irish (3.2%)
  • Nova Scotia (903,090): multiple ethnic origin (51.1%), Canadian (22.2%), English (6.9%), Scottish (6.5%)
  • Prince Edward Island (134,205): multiple ethnic origin (53.9%), Canadian (18.8%), Scottish (7.8%), English (6.4%), Irish (5.0%), French (3.5%)
  • Ontario (12,028,895): multiple ethnic origin (43.0%), Canadian (10.0%), English (5.3%), Chinese (4.5%), Italian (4.0%), East Indian (3.8%)
  • Alberta (3,256,355): multiple ethnic origin (53.1%), Canadian (8.8%), German (4.6%), English (4.5%), Chinese (3.4%)
  • Saskatchewan (953,850): multiple ethnic origin (55.2%), North American Indian (8.1%), Canadian (7.8%), German (7.8%), English (3.9%), Ukrainian (3.8%)
  • Manitoba (1,133,510): multiple ethnic origin (50.1%), Canadian (7.3%), North American Indian (7.1%), German (5.9%), Ukrainian (4.2%), English (3.6%)
  • British Columbia (4,074,385): multiple ethnic origin (47.7%), Chinese (9.3%), Canadian (6.5%), English (6.0%), East Indian (5.0%)

Visible minority and Aboriginal population

Statistics Canada identifies visible minorities as non-Aboriginal people who self-identify as being members of a specific minority. The "not a visible minority" category includes people who are Aboriginal, people of European descent, and people who may be of non-European, non-Aboriginal descent, but who do not consider themselves members of a "visible minority".

Visible minority and Aboriginal population in Canada, 1996–2011 censuses
Group 1996[19][20] 2001<ref name=2001censusprofile">Statistics Canada, Community Highlights for Canada</ref> 2006[21] 2011<ref name=2011NHSprofile">Statistics Canada, NHS Profile, Canada, 2011</ref>
% Total % Total % Total % Total
Non-Visible Minority 86.0% 24,531,640 83.3% 24,678,880 80.0% 25,000,150 76.7% 25,186,890
Total visible minority 11.2% 3,197,480 13.4% 3,983,845 16.2% 5,068,095 19.1% 6,264,750
Black 2.0% 573,860 2.2% 662,215 2.5% 783,795 2.9% 945,665
East Asian 3.5% 989,680 4.1% 1,203,370 4.6% 1,439,755 4.8% 1,573,150
Latin America 0.6% 176,970 0.7% 216,980 1.0% 304,245 1.2% 381,280
South Asian 2.4% 670,590 3.1% 917,075 4.0% 1,262,865 4.8% 1,567,400
Southeast Asian 1.4% 406,960 1.7% 507,445 2.1% 650,630 2.8% 931,385
West Asian & Arab 0.9% 244,665 1.0% 303,970 1.4% 422,250 1.8% 586,460
Multiracial 0.2% 61,575 0.2% 73,875 0.4% 133,120 0.5% 171,935
Other 0.2% 69,745 0.3% 98,915 0.2% 71,420 0.3% 106,475
Total Aboriginal 2.8% 799,005 3.3% 976,305 3.8% 1,172,785 4.3% 1,400,685
First Nations 1.8% 529,040 2.1% 608,850 2.2% 698,025 2.6% 851,560
Métis 0.7% 204,115 1.0% 292,305 1.2% 389,780 1.4% 451,795
Inuit 0.14% 40,220 0.16% 50,485

Note: Inuit, other Aboriginal and mixed Aboriginal groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Aboriginal

By province or territory (2011)

Visible minority and Aboriginal population by province and territory, 2011[22]
Province/territory Not a visible minority South Asian Chinese Black Filipino Latin American Arab Southeast Asian West Asian Korean Japanese Visible minority, n.i.e. Multiple visible minorities Total visible minority population First Nations Métis Inuit Aboriginal, n.i.e. Multiple Aboriginal identities Total Aboriginal population Total population
Alberta[23] 2,690,960 156,665 133,390 74,435 106,035 41,305 34,920 41,025 16,030 15,000 12,415 6,270 18,840 656,325 116,670 96,870 1,985 3,300 1,870 220,695 3,567,980
British Columbia[24] 2,911,295 313,440 438,140 33,260 126,040 35,465 14,090 51,970 38,960 53,770 38,120 6,465 31,160 1,180,870 155,020 69,475 1,570 3,745 2,480 232,290 4,324,455
Manitoba[25] 824,830 25,265 17,025 19,610 59,220 9,140 3,235 7,565 2,040 3,045 1,745 1,765 3,975 153,625 114,225 78,830 580 1,055 1,200 195,895 1,174,350
New Brunswick[26] 696,080 2,445 2,540 4,870 1,100 1,160 1,380 730 305 1,855 305 85 360 17,135 16,120 4,850 485 1,020 150 22,620 735,835
Newfoundland and Labrador[27] 464,540 1,855 1,645 1,455 350 185 370 320 155 80 60 205 250 6,930 19,315 7,660 6,265 2,300 260 35,800 507,270
Northwest Territories[28] 16,920 185 380 555 895 105 115 230 60 50 45 75 30 2,720 13,350 3,250 4,335 185 45 21,160 40,800
Nova Scotia[29] 825,055 4,965 6,050 20,790 1,890 1,360 6,290 1,155 1,365 960 445 720 1,290 47,270 21,895 10,050 695 980 225 33,850 906,175
Nunavut[30] 3,825 95 65 120 130 25 15 30 0 10 0 10 0 510 125 130 27,070 15 20 27,365 31,700
Ontario[31] 9,070,800 965,990 629,140 539,205 275,380 172,560 151,645 137,875 122,530 78,290 29,085 81,130 96,735 3,279,565 201,100 86,020 3,355 8,040 2,910 301,430 12,651,795
Prince Edward Island[32] 130,890 485 1,830 390 85 235 200 205 345 140 210 75 70 4,260 1,520 410 55 235 0 2,230 137,380
Quebec[33] 6,740,375 83,320 82,845 243,625 31,495 116,380 166,260 65,855 23,445 6,665 4,025 8,895 17,420 850,235 82,425 40,960 12,570 4,415 1,545 141,915 7,732,525
Saskatchewan[34] 787,745 12,325 11,300 7,255 16,025 3,250 2,095 4,910 1,600 1,270 720 745 1,775 63,275 103,205 52,450 290 1,120 675 157,740 1,008,760
Yukon[35] 23,590 365 400 100 675 110 0 210 0 0 80 35 35 2,025 6,585 845 175 70 25 7,705 33,320
Canada[36] 25,186,890 1,567,400 1,324,750 945,665 619,310 381,280 380,620 312,075 206,840 161,130 87,270 106,475 171,935 6,264,750 851,560 451,795 59,440 26,475 11,415 1,400,685 32,852,325

'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere'[37]
All statistics are from the Canada 2011 Census.

By city over 100,000 (2011)

Visible minority and Aboriginal population in Canadian cities over 100,000 people, 2011[22]
City Population White Visible minority Black East Asian Latin American South Asian Southeast Asian West Asian and Arab Multiracial Other Total Aboriginal First Nations Métis
Toronto 2,576,025 50.2% 49.1% 8.5% 12.7% 2.8% 12.3% 7.0% 3.1% 1.5% 1.3% 0.7% 0.5% 0.2%
Montreal 1,612,640 67.7% 31.7% 9.1% 3.2% 4.2% 3.3% 3.8% 7.2% 0.6% 0.3% 0.6% 0.3% 0.2%
Calgary 1,082,235 67.3% 30.1% 2.9% 8.1% 1.8% 7.5% 6.3% 2.3% 0.8% 0.3% 2.7% 1.2% 1.4%
Ottawa 867,090 74.2% 23.7% 5.7% 4.5% 1.2% 3.9% 2.8% 4.6% 0.7% 0.2% 2.1% 1.2% 0.7%
Edmonton 795,675 64.7% 30.0% 3.8% 7.1% 1.7% 7.2% 6.5% 2.6% 0.8% 0.3% 5.3% 2.4% 2.7%
Mississauga 708,725 45.8% 53.7% 6.3% 8.3% 2.2% 21.8% 7.8% 4.6% 1.5% 1.3% 0.5% 0.3% 0.1%
Winnipeg 649,995 66.9% 21.4% 2.7% 2.9% 1.0% 3.5% 9.8% 0.7% 0.6% 0.2% 11.7% 5.9% 6.3%
Vancouver 590,210 46.2% 51.8% 1.0% 30.9% 1.6% 6.0% 9.0% 1.7% 1.5% 0.2% 2.0% 1.3% 0.6%
Brampton 521,315 32.9% 66.4% 13.5% 1.8% 2.2% 38.4% 5.1% 1.5% 1.4% 2.6% 0.7% 0.4% 0.2%
Hamilton 509,640 82.3% 15.7% 3.2% 2.2% 1.4% 3.4% 2.6% 2.2% 0.4% 0.3% 2.0% 1.6% 0.3%
Quebec City 502,595 95.0% 4.0% 1.1% 0.4% 1.0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.8% 0.1% 0.1% 0.9% 0.5% 0.4%
Surrey 463,340 44.5% 52.6% 1.3% 8.5% 1.2% 30.7% 8.5% 1.2% 0.9% 0.2% 2.9% 1.9% 1.0%
Laval 392,725 78.7% 20.7% 6.2% 0.9% 2.5% 1.7% 2.2% 6.7% 0.3% 0.1% 0.6% 0.3% 0.2%
Halifax 384,330 88.4% 9.1% 3.6% 1.5% 0.3% 1.0% 0.6% 1.8% 0.3% 0.1% 2.5% 1.5% 0.8%
London 360,715 82.0% 16.1% 2.4% 2.9% 2.7% 2.2% 1.7% 3.4% 0.5% 0.2% 1.9% 1.4% 0.4%
Markham 300,135 27.5% 72.3% 3.2% 39.7% 0.5% 19.1% 3.9% 3.2% 1.9% 0.7% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1%
Vaughan 286,305 68.4% 31.4% 2.7% 6.3% 2.1% 9.7% 5.7% 3.1% 1.0% 0.8% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0%
Gatineau 261,665 86.2% 10.3% 3.9% 1.0% 1.5% 0.3% 0.7% 2.7% 0.2% 0.1% 3.5% 1.8% 1.5%
Longueuil 227,970 84.8% 14.2% 4.6% 1.4% 2.5% 0.9% 1.4% 2.4% 0.2% 0.2% 1.0% 0.6% 0.0%
Burnaby 220,255 39.1% 59.5% 1.6% 36.0% 1.7% 7.9% 7.7% 2.7% 1.8% 0.2% 1.5% 0.9% 0.5%
Saskatoon 218,315 77.4% 12.8% 1.1% 2.7% 0.6% 2.7% 3.9% 1.1% 0.4% 0.2% 10.2% 4.9% 4.6%
Kitchener 215,950 80.1% 18.4% 3.1% 2.2% 2.7% 4.1% 3.0% 2.3% 0.6% 0.4% 1.5% 0.9% 0.5%
Windsor 208,015 74.8% 22.9% 4.6% 3.2% 1.1% 3.9% 3.1% 6.3% 0.5% 0.4% 2.3% 1.3% 0.9%
Regina 189,740 78.6% 11.5% 1.6% 2.2% 0.7% 2.6% 3.5% 0.6% 0.3% 0.0% 9.9% 5.8% 3.9%
Richmond 189,305 28.6% 70.4% 0.7% 49.8% 0.9% 7.7% 7.8% 1.2% 2.3% 0.2% 1.0% 0.7% 0.3%
Richmond Hill 184,370 46.9% 52.9% 2.0% 26.9% 0.9% 8.1% 3.0% 10.3% 1.3% 0.4% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0%
Oakville 180,430 77.2% 22.8% 2.7% 5.3% 1.5% 7.2% 2.7% 2.3% 0.8% 0.4% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2%
Burlington 173,495 87.1% 12.0% 1.6% 2.4% 1.0% 3.6% 1.3% 1.4% 0.5% 0.2% 0.9% 0.5% 0.3%
Greater Sudbury 157,765 89.1% 2.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.2% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.0% 8.2% 3.8% 4.1%
Sherbrooke 150,255 93.6% 5.5% 1.7% 0.3% 1.4% 0.3% 0.4% 1.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.9% 0.5% 0.3%
Oshawa 147,680 88.7% 9.3% 3.2% 1.1% 0.7% 1.9% 1.2% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 2.0% 1.2% 0.8%
Saguenay 141,335 96.6% 0.9% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 0.8% 1.6%
Lévis 135,835 98.0% 1.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.5% 0.2% 0.2%
Barrie 133,240 89.8% 7.6% 1.9% 1.3% 0.8% 1.3% 1.0% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% 2.6% 1.4% 1.2%
Abbotsford 130,950 66.5% 29.6% 0.9% 2.9% 0.6% 22.4% 1.5% 0.3 0.4% 0.3% 4.0% 2.5% 1.6%
St. Catharines 128,770 88.3% 9.9% 2.1% 1.9% 1.5% 1.1% 1.3% 1.3% 0.3% 0.3% 1.9% 1.2% 0.6%
Trois-Rivières 126,980 96.3% 2.5% 0.9% 0.2% 0.6% 0.0% 0.1% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 1.1% 0.6% 0.4%
Cambridge 125,060 85.4% 12.6% 1.9% 1.2% 1.0% 5.2% 1.7% 0.9% 0.3% 0.4% 2.0% 1.2% 0.6%
Coquitlam 125,015 54.1% 43.8% 1.0% 24.1% 1.5% 4.2% 5.1% 5.9% 1.3% 0.2% 2.1% 1.1% 0.9%
Kingston 118,930 89.7% 7.4% 0.9% 2.1% 0.7% 1.7% 0.9% 0.9% 0.1% 0.1% 2.9% 2.0% 0.8%
Whitby 120,285 79.5% 19.2% 6.2% 2.5% 0.8% 4.7% 2.2% 1.2% 1.0% 0.7% 1.2% 0.7% 0.4%
Guelph 120,550 82.7% 15.7% 1.4% 3.1% 1.0% 4.1% 4.0% 1.3% 0.5% 0.2% 1.6% 1.0% 0.6%
Kelowna 114,570 87.9% 7.6% 0.6% 2.6% 0.5% 2.3% 1.0% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 4.5% 2.1% 2.3%
Saanich 107,855 79.3% 18.0% 1.1% 8.6% 0.7% 3.8% 2.4% 0.7% 0.4% 0.2% 2.7% 1.5% 1.1%
Ajax 109,220 53.2% 45.8% 16.0% 2.8% 1.0% 13.8% 5.0% 2.7% 2.0% 2.6% 1.0% 0.7% 0.3%
Thunder Bay 105,950 87.1% 3.4% 0.5% 1.0% 0.2% 0.5% 0.7% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 9.5% 7.3% 2.0%
Terrebonne 105,610 91.7% 7.6% 4.5% 0.2% 1.3% 0.1% 0.2% 1.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.7% 0.5% 0.1%
St. John's 103,905 93.3% 4.4% 0.9% 1.1% 0.1% 1.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 2.6% 1.2% 0.8%
Langley 103,145 83.2% 13.4% 0.5% 6.3% 0.6% 2.7% 2.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.1% 3.4% 1.6% 1.7%
Chatham-Kent 101,680 93.2% 3.9% 1.9% 0.5% 0.3% 0.5% 0.5% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 2.9% 1.7% 0.9%

Languages

Main article: Languages of Canada
Languages in Canada
Language Percent
English
  
 58%
French
  
 22%
English and French
  
 11%
others
  
 9%

Language used most often at work:[38]

Languages by language used most often at home:[39]

Languages by mother tongue:

First language Population (2011) % of total population (2011) Population (2006) % of total population (2006) Increase (2006–2011) Notes
Single language responses 32,481,635 98.1% 30,848,270 98.7% 5.3%
Official languages 25,913,955 78.2% 24,700,425 79.1% 4.9%
English 18,858,980 56.9% 17,882,775 57.2% 5.5%
French 7,054,975 21.3% 6,817,650 21.8% 3.5%
Non-official languages 6,567,680 19.8% 6,147,840 19.7% 6.8%
Panjabi (Punjabi) 430,705 1.3% 367,505 1.2% 17.2%
Chinese, n.o.s. 425,210 1.3% 456,705 1.5% −6.9%
Spanish 410,670 1.2% 345,345 1.1% 18.9%
German 409,200 1.2% 450,570 1.4% −9.2%
Italian 407,485 1.2% 455,040 1.5% −10.5%
Cantonese 372,460 1.1% 361,450 1.2% 3%
Arabic 327,870 1% 261,640 0.8% 25.3%
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) 327,445 1% 235,615 0.8% 39%
Mandarin 248,705 0.8% 170,950 0.5% 45.5%
Portuguese 211,335 0.6% 219,275 0.7% −3.6%
Polish 191,645 0.6% 211,175 0.7% −9.2%
Urdu 172,800 0.5% 145,805 0.5% 18.5%
Persian 170,045 0.5% 134,080 0.4% 26.8%
Russian 164,330 0.5% 133,580 0.4% 23%
Vietnamese 144,880 0.4% 141,625 0.5% 2.3%
Korean 137,925 0.4% 125,570 0.4% 9.8%
Tamil 131,265 0.4% 115,880 0.4% 13.3%
Ukrainian 111,540 0.3% 134,500 0.4% −17.1%
Dutch 110,490 0.3% 128,900 0.4% −14.3%
Greek 108,925 0.3% 117,285 0.4% −7.1%
Gujarati 91,450 0.3% 81,465 0.3% 12.3%
Hindi 90,545 0.3% 78,240 0.3% 15.7%
Romanian 90,300 0.3% 78,495 0.3% 15%
Cree, n.o.s. 77,900 0.2% 78,855 0.3% −1.2% In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to simply as 'Cree'.
Hungarian 67,920 0.2% 73,335 0.2% −7.4%
Creoles 61,725 0.2% 53,515 0.2% 15.3%
Bengali 59,370 0.2% 45,685 0.1% 30%
Serbian 56,420 0.2% 51,665 0.2% 9.2%
Croatian 49,730 0.2% 55,330 0.2% −10.1%
Japanese 39,985 0.1% 40,200 0.1% −0.5%
Inuktitut 33,500 0.1% 32,015 0.1% 4.6% In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Inuktitut, n.i.e.'.
Somali 31,380 0.09% 27,320 0.09% 14.9%
Armenian 29,795 0.09% 30,130 0.1% −1.1%
Turkish 29,640 0.09% 24,745 0.08% 19.8%
Albanian 23,820 0.07% N/A N/A N/A
Czech 23,585 0.07% 24,450 0.08% −3.5%
Khmer (Cambodian) 19,440 0.06% 19,105 0.06% 1.8%
Bulgarian 19,050 0.06% 16,790 0.05% 13.5%
Hebrew 18,450 0.06% 17,635 0.06% 4.6%
Amharic 18,020 0.05% 14,555 0.05% 23.8%
Ilocano 17,915 0.05% 13,450 0.04% 33.2%
Ojibway 17,625 0.05% 24,190 0.08% −27.1%
Slovak 17,580 0.05% 18,820 0.06% −6.6%
Finnish 17,415 0.05% 21,030 0.07% −17.2%
Macedonian 17,245 0.05% 18,435 0.06% −6.5%
Semitic languages, n.i.e. 16,970 0.05% N/A N/A N/A
Bisayan languages 16,240 0.05% 11,240 0.04% 44.5%
Malayalam 16,080 0.05% 11,925 0.04% 34.8%
Yiddish 15,205 0.05% 16,295 0.05% −6.7%
Sinhala (Sinhalese) 14,185 0.04% 10,180 0.03% 39.3%
Danish 14,145 0.04% 18,735 0.06% −24.5%
Niger–Congo languages, n.i.e. 14,075 0.04% N/A N/A N/A
Lao 12,970 0.04% 13,940 0.04% −7%
Akan (Twi) 12,680 0.04% 12,780 0.04% −0.8%
Pashto 12,465 0.04% 9,025 0.03% 38.1%
Bosnian 11,685 0.04% 12,790 0.04% −8.6%
Sindhi 11,330 0.03% 10,355 0.03% 9.4%
Dene 11,215 0.03% 9,745 0.03% 15.1%
Oromo 11,140 0.03% N/A N/A N/A
Malay 10,910 0.03% 9,490 0.03% 15%
Innu/Montagnais 10,785 0.03% 10,975 0.04% −1.7% In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Montagnais-Naskapi'.
Slovenian 10,775 0.03% 13,135 0.04% −18%
Tigrigna 10,220 0.03% 7,105 0.02% 43.8%
Serbo-Croatian 10,155 0.03% 12,510 0.04% −18.8%
Swahili 10,090 0.03% 7,935 0.03% 27.2%
Oji-Cree 9,835 0.03% 11,690 0.04% −15.9%
Kurdish 9,805 0.03% 7,660 0.02% 28%
Taiwanese 9,635 0.03% 9,620 0.03% 0.2%
Telugu 9,315 0.03% 6,625 0.02% 40.6%
African languages, n.i.e. 9,125 0.03% N/A N/A N/A
Afrikaans 8,770 0.03% N/A N/A N/A
Nepali 8,480 0.03% N/A N/A N/A
Thai 7,935 0.02% N/A N/A N/A
Mi'kmaq 7,635 0.02% 7,365 0.02% 3.7%
Swedish 7,350 0.02% 8,220 0.03% −10.6%
Lithuanian 7,245 0.02% 8,335 0.03% −13.1%
Bantu languages, n.i.e. 7,150 0.02% N/A N/A N/A
Estonian 6,385 0.02% 8,240 0.03% −22.5%
Maltese 6,220 0.02% 6,405 0.02% −2.9%
Latvian 6,200 0.02% 7,000 0.02% −11.4%
Fukien 5,925 0.02% N/A N/A N/A
Berber languages (Kabyle) 5,855 0.02% N/A N/A N/A
Marathi 5,830 0.02% N/A N/A N/A
Atikamekw 5,820 0.02% 5,250 0.02% 10.9%
Norwegian 5,800 0.02% 7,225 0.02% −19.7%
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e. 5,255 0.02% N/A N/A N/A
Hakka 5,115 0.02% N/A N/A N/A
Flemish 4,690 0.01% 5,660 0.02% −17.1%
Tibetan languages 4,640 0.01% N/A N/A N/A
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e. 4,360 0.01% N/A N/A N/A
Rundi (Kirundi) 3,975 0.01% N/A N/A N/A
Rwanda (Kinyarwanda) 3,895 0.01% N/A N/A N/A
Sign languages, n.i.e. 3,815 0.01% N/A N/A N/A
Slavic languages, n.i.e. 3,630 0.01% N/A N/A N/A
Lingala 3,085 0.009% N/A N/A N/A
Stoney 3,050 0.009% N/A N/A N/A
Burmese 2,985 0.009% N/A N/A N/A
Shanghainese 2,920 0.009% N/A N/A N/A
Siouan languages (Dakota/Sioux) N/A N/A 5,585 0.02% N/A
Blackfoot N/A N/A 3,085 0.01% N/A
Frisian N/A N/A 2,890 0.009% N/A
Dogrib N/A N/A 2,020 0.006% N/A
Algonquin N/A N/A 1,920 0.006% N/A
South Slave N/A N/A 1,605 0.005% N/A
Carrier N/A N/A 1,560 0.005% N/A
Gitksan N/A N/A 1,180 0.004% N/A
Chilcotin N/A N/A 1,070 0.003% N/A
North Slave (Hare) N/A N/A 1,065 0.003% N/A
Shuswap N/A N/A 935 0.003% N/A
Nisga’a N/A N/A 680 0.002% N/A
Malecite N/A N/A 535 0.002% N/A
Chipewyan N/A N/A 525 0.002% N/A
Inuinnaqtun N/A N/A 365 0.001% N/A
Kutchin-Gwich’in (Loucheux) N/A N/A 360 0.001% N/A
Mohawk N/A N/A 290 0.0009% N/A
Tlingit N/A N/A 80 0.0003% N/A
Other languages 77,890 0.2% 172,650 0.6% −54.9%
Multiple language responses 639,540 1.9% 392,760 1.3% 62.8%
English and French 144,685 0.4% 98,630 0.3% 46.7%
English and a non-official language 396,330 1.2% 240,005 0.8% 65.1%
French and a non-official language 74,430 0.2% 43,335 0.1% 71.8%
English, French, and a non-official language 24,095 0.07% 10,790 0.03% 123.3%
Total 33,121,175 100% 31,241,030 100% 6%
[40][41]
n.i.e. = not included elsewhere
n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Religion

See also: Religion in Canada
Top self-identified religious affiliations in Canada in 2001.
Top Self-Identified Religious Affiliations in Canada[42][43][44][45]
1991
number		 1991
%		 2001
number		 2001
%		 % change
(in numbers)		 2011
number		 2011
%
Christian 22,468,260 83 22,799,645 77 −1.5 22,102,700 67.3
– Catholic 12,335,255 45.7 12,936,90543.6+4.812,728,90038.7
– Protestant 9,427,675 34.9 8,654,850 29.2 −8.2
– United Church of Canada3,093,12011.32,839,1259.5−8.22,007,6006.1
– Anglican Church of Canada2,188,1108.02,035,4956.8−7.01,631,8005.0
- Baptist663,3602.4729,4752.4+10.0 1.9
– Lutheran636,2052.3606,5902.0−4.7
– Presbyterian636,2952.3409,8301.4−35.6
– Pentecostal436,4351.6 369,4751.2 −15.3
– Mennonite207,9700.8 191,4650.6 −7.9
– Jehovah's Witnesses168,3750.6 154,7450.5 −8.1
– Methodist83,9100.3 106,5450.4 +27.0
– Mormon100,7700.4 104,7500.3+3.9
– Salvation Army112,3450.4 87,7850.3−21.9
– Christian Reformed Church in North America84,6850.3 76,6650.3−9.5
– Christian and Missionary Alliance59,3650.2 66,2800.2 +11.9
– Adventists52,3650.2 62,8750.2 +20.1
– Christian Orthodox 387,3951.4479,6201.6+23.8 550,7001.7
– Greek Orthodox231,965 0.9215,200 0.7 −7.1 220,300
– Christian, not included elsewhere¹353,0401.3780,4502.6+121.1 4.5
Other religion 1,148,060 4.3 1,988,635 6.7 +73.22,373,7007.2
– Muslim253,2650.9579,6402.0+128.91,000,0003.2
– Hindu157,0150.6297,2001.0+89.3498,0001.5
– Sikh147,4400.5278,4100.9+88.8455,0001.4
– Buddhist163,4150.6300,3451.0+83.8366,8001.1
– Jewish318,1851.2329,9951.1+3.7329,5001.0
No religion3,397,00012.64,900,09516.5+44.27,850,60023.9
¹ Includes persons who report only "Christian", only "Protestant", and those in denominations less than 60,000
* For comparability purposes, 1991 data are presented according to 2001 boundaries.

Note(s):

See also

Demographics of Canada's provinces and territories
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  • Book: Canada


Notes

  1. ↑ Data for ethnic origin was collected by self-declaration, labels may not necessarily describe the true ancestry of respondents. Many respondents also acknowledged multiple ancestries. Source: "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table". Statistics Canada.  Additional data: "2006 Census release topics". 

References

  1. ↑ "Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present". Statistics Canada. 2009. Retrieved 2011-05-23. 
  2. ↑ "2011 Census Profile". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2012-03-08. 
  3. ↑ Statistics Canada (2011). "Population data 2011 Census". Retrieved 2012-05-16. 
  4. ↑ Statistics Canada (2005). "Land and freshwater area, by province and territory (2005)". Retrieved 2007-07-22. 
  5. ↑ "Census Profile". 2.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2012-02-09. 
  6. ↑ CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Population 1971–2008 (pdf pages 83–85) IEA (OECD/ World Bank) original population ref e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010 page 57
  7. ↑ "International Programs – U.S. Census Bureau". Census.gov. Retrieved 2012-01-22. 
  8. ↑ "Population Projections for Canada - Components of population growth, high-growth scenario - 2009/2010 to 2060/2061". Statistics Canada. Catalogue no. 91-520. 2006. Retrieved September 8, 2013. 
  9. ↑ B.R. Mitchell. International historical statistics: the Americas, 1750-2000.
  10. ↑ United nations. Demographic Yearbooks
  11. ↑ Statistics Canada
  12. ↑ "Canada Age structure". IndexMundi. 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-03. 
  13. ↑ Statistics Canada (2011). "Population by broad age groups and sex, including median age, 1921 to 2011 for both sex (2011 Census)". Retrieved 2012-05-29. 
  14. ↑ "Parties prepare to battle for Immigrant votes". CTV.ca. 2010-03-14. Retrieved 2010-03-15. 
  15. ↑ "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2011-01-01. 
  16. ↑ "Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) (2001 Census)". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-03-09. Retrieved 2011-01-01. 
  17. ↑ "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2011-01-01. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Select a geography
  19. ↑ Statistics Canada, Total Population by Visible Minority Population, for Canada, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)
  20. ↑ Statistics Canada, Population by Aboriginal Groups and Sex, Showing Age Groups, for Canada, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)
  21. ↑ Statistics Canada, 2006 Community Profiles: Canada (Country)
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Statistics Canada, NHS Profiles
  23. ↑ Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  24. ↑ Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  25. ↑ Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  26. ↑ Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  27. ↑ Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  28. ↑ Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  29. ↑ Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  30. ↑ Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  31. ↑ Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  32. ↑ Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  33. ↑ Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  34. ↑ Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  35. ↑ Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  36. ↑ Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  37. ↑ Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  38. ↑ Statistics Canada – Language used at work1 by frequency of language used at work and mother tongue, 2006 counts
  39. ↑ The percentage figures cited are the top languages spoken as a home language in Canada, shown as a percentage of total single responses. Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census Profile of Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order): Language, Mobility and Migration and Immigration and Citizenship. Ottawa, 2007, pp. 6–10. Data available online at: "Detailed Language Spoken Most Often at Home". 2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations. Statistics Canada. April 8, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2010. 
  40. ↑ Census Profile – Province/Territory, Census Profile – Province/Territory
  41. ↑ Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations|Detailed Mother Tongue (103), Knowledge of Official Languages
  42. ↑ Statistics Canada (2001). "Religions in Canada". Retrieved 2007-02-16. 
  43. ↑ Statistics Canada (1991). "Religion, Age Groups and Sex for Population of Canada". Retrieved 2007-02-16. 
  44. ↑ Statistics Canada (2001). "Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census)". Retrieved 2007-02-16. 
  45. ↑

Further reading

Main article: Bibliography of Canada

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