Democratic centralism

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Democratic centralism is the name given to the principles of internal organization used by Leninist political parties, and the term is sometimes used as a synonym for any Leninist policy inside a political party. The democratic aspect of this organizational method describes the freedom of members of the political party to discuss and debate matters of policy and direction, but once the decision of the party is made by majority vote, all members are expected to uphold that decision. This latter aspect represents the centralism. As Lenin described it, democratic centralism consisted of "freedom of discussion, unity of action."[1]

Before Stalin

The Sixth Party Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) held at Petrograd between July 26 and August 3, 1917 defined democratic centralism as follows:

  1. That all directing bodies of the Party, from top to bottom, shall be elected;
  2. That Party bodies shall give periodical accounts of their activities to their respective Party organizations;
  3. That there shall be strict Party discipline and the subordination of the minority to the majority;
  4. That all decisions of higher bodies shall be absolutely binding on lower bodies and on all Party members.[2]

The text What Is to Be Done? from 1902 is popularly seen as the founding text of democratic centralism. At this time, democratic centralism was generally viewed as a set of principles for the organizing of a revolutionary workers' party. However, Lenin's model for such a party, which he repeatedly discussed as being "democratic centralist", was the German Social Democratic Party, inspired by remarks made by the social-democrat Jean Baptista von Schweitzer.

The doctrine of democratic centralism served as one of the sources of the split between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. The Mensheviks supported a looser party discipline within the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1903, as did Leon Trotsky, in Our Political Tasks,[3] although Trotsky joined ranks with the Bolsheviks in 1917.

After the successful consolidation of power by the Communist Party following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War, the Bolshevik leadership, including Lenin, instituted a ban on factions in the Russian Communist Party as Resolution No. 12 of the 10th Party Congress in 1921. It was passed in the morning session on March 16, 1921.[4] Supporters of Trotsky sometimes claim that this ban was intended to be temporary. But there is no language in the discussion at the 10th Party Congress suggesting that it was intended to be temporary.[5]

The Group of Democratic Centralism was a group in the Soviet Communist Party who advocated different concepts of party democracy.

In the Soviet Union

During Joseph Stalin's time, the principle of democratic centralism had evolved to the point that the Supreme Soviet, while nominally vested with great legislative powers, did little more than approve decisions already made at the highest levels of the Communist Party. This de facto arrangement soon became the norm in nearly all Communist states.

By the Leonid Brezhnev period democratic centralism was described, in the 1977 Soviet Constitution, as a principle for organizing the state: "The Soviet state is organized and functions on the principle of democratic centralism, namely the electiveness of all bodies of state authority from the lowest to the highest, their accountability to the people, and the obligation of lower bodies to observe the decisions of higher ones. Democratic centralism combines central leadership with local initiative and creative activity and with the responsibility of each state body and official for the work entrusted to them."

In China

Democratic centralism is also stated in Article 3 of the present Constitution of the People's Republic of China.

Its principal practice exists as the supremacy of the "National People's Congress," which represents the people and exercises legislative authority on their behalf. Other powers, including power to appoint the head of state and head of government is also in this body vested. However, since its inauguration in 1954, it has served as little more than a rubber-stamp for legitimising party policies.

The similarly-named National Assembly of the Republic of China is, however, a non-example. This body has strictly limited powers.

In Vietnam

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lenin, V. (1906). "Report on the Unity Congress of the R.S.D.L.P.". Retrieved 2008-08-09. 
  2. ↑ History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks). Short Course. New York: International Publishers, 1939, p. 198
  3. ↑ Leon Trotsky (1904). "Our Political Tasks". Retrieved 2008-08-09. 
  4. ↑ Protokoly 1933 ed. 585–7; 1963 ed. 571–3
  5. ↑ Protokoly 1933 ed. 523–548

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