Dashanami Sampradaya

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Dashanami Sampradaya (IAST Daśanāmi Saṃpradāya "Tradition of Ten Names") is a Hindu monastic tradition of Ekadandi sannyasins (wandering renunciates carrying a single staff)[1][2][3] generally associated with the Advaita Vedanta tradition. They are distinct in their practices from the Saiva Tridandi sannyāsins or "trident renunciates" and from Vaisnava sannyāsins[4][note 1][note 2]

In the 8th century a section of the Ekadandis were organized by Adi Shankara in four maṭhas. However, the association of the Dasanāmis with the Sankara maṭhas remained nominal.[web 1] Any Hindu, irrespective of class, caste, age or gender can seek sannyāsa as an Ekadandi monk under the Dasanāmi tradition.

History

Ekadandis

Ekadandis were already known during the so-called "Golden Age of Hinduism" (ca. 320-650 CE[5])

Golden Age of Hinduism

See also Gupta rule and Gupta and Pallava period

The "Golden Age of Hinduism"[5] (ca. 320-650 CE[5]) flourished during the Gupta Empire[6] (320 to 550 CE) until the fall of the Harsha Empire[6] (606 to 647 CE). During this period, power was centralized, along with a growth of far distance trade, standardizarion of legal procedures, and general spread of literacy.[6] Mahayana Buddhism flourished, but the orthodox Brahmana culture began to be rejuvenated by the patronage of the Gupta Dynasty.[7] The position of the Brahmans was reinforced,[6] and the first Hindu temples emerged during the late Gupta age.[6] The Mahābhārata, which probably reached its final form by the early Gupta period (c. 4th century),[8] already mentions "Ekadandi" and "Tridandi".[9]

Wandering Ekadandi ascetics

The Ekadandis existed in the Tamil country during the south-Indian Pandyan Dynasty (3rd century BCE - 16th century CE) and the South-Indian Pallava dynasty (2nd - 9th centuries CE).[citation needed] Being wandering monks, they were not settled in the brahmadeyas or settlement areas for Brahmins.[citation needed] There existed tax free bhiksha-bogams for feeding the Ekadandi ascetics in the ancient Tamil country.[10]

Ekadandis and Tridandis were also active in Eastern India, and appear to have existed there during the North-Indian Gupta Empire (320 to 550 CE ).[11]

According to R. Tirumalai, "there appears to have been no sectarian segregation of the Saivite (Ekadandi) and Srivaishnava (Tridandi Sannyāsins)".[12]

Establishment of the Dasanami Sampradaya

See also: Sampradaya and Parampara
(Vidyashankara temple) at Sringeri Sharada Peetham, Shringeri

At the beginning of the so-called "Late classical Hinduism",[13] which lasted from 650 till 1100 CE,[13] Shankara established the Dasanami Sampradaya.

Late-Classical Hinduism

See also Late-Classical Age and Hinduism Middle Ages

After the end of the Gupta Empire and the collapse of the Harsha Empire, power became decentralized in India. Several larger kingdoms emerged, with "countless vasal states":[14] in the east the Pala Empire[14] (770-1125 CE[14]), in the west and north the Gurjara-Pratihara[14] (7th-10th century[14]), in the southwest the Rashtrakuta Dynasty[14] (752-973[14]), in the Dekkhan the Chalukya dynasty[14] (7th-8th century[14]), and in the south the Pallava dynasty[14] (7th-9th century[14]) and the Chola dynasty[14] (9th century[14]).

The kingdoms were ruled via a feudal system. Smaller kingdoms were dependent on the protection of the larger kingdoms. "The great king was remote, was exalted and deified",[15] as reflected in the Tantric Mandala, which could also depict the king as the centre of the mandala.[16]

The disintegration of central power also lead to regionalization of religiosity, and religious rivalry.[17][note 3] Local cults and languages were enhanced, and the influence of "Brahmanic ritualistic Hinduism"[17] was diminished.[17] Rural and devotional movements arose, along with Shaivism, Vaisnavism, Bhakti and Tantra,[17] though "sectarian groupings were only at the beginning of their development".[17] Religious movements had to compete for recognition by the local lords.[17] Buddhism lost its position, and began to disappear in India.[17]

Establishment

Shankara, himself considered to be an incarnation of Shiva,[web 1] established the Dashanami Sampradaya, organizing a section of the Ekadandi monks under an umbrella grouping of ten names.[web 1] Several other Hindu monastic and Ekadandi traditions remained outside the organization of the Dasanāmis.[18][19][20]

Adi Sankara organized the Hindu monks of these ten sects or names under four Maṭhas (Sanskrit: मठ) (monasteries), with the headquarters at Dvārakā in the West, Jagannatha Puri in the East, Sringeri in the South and Badrikashrama in the North.[web 1] Each math was headed by one of his four main disciples, who each continues the Vedanta Sampradaya.

Monks of these ten orders differ in part in their beliefs and practices, and a section of them is not considered to be restricted to specific changes made by Shankara. While the dasanāmis associated with the Sankara maths follow the procedures enumerated by Adi Śankara, some of these orders remained partly or fully independent in their belief and practices; and outside the official control of the Sankara maths.

The association of the dasanāmis with the Smartha tradition or Advaita Vedānta is not all-embracing. One example is the Kriyā Yoga tradition that considers itself eclectic (see: Eclecticism), with ancient[web 2] unchangeable beliefs, and outside the ambit of differences in the understanding of Vedanta. Other examples are the tantric avadhūta sampradāyas and ekadandi sannyāsa traditions outside the control of the Sankara maths[20] The dasanāmis/ekadandis also founded, and continue to found or affiliate themselves with maths, āsrams and temples outside the control of the Sankara maths.[web 2][web 3]

The advaita sampradaya is not a Saiva sect,[web 1][21] despite the historical links with Shaivism:

Advaitins are non-sectarian, and they advocate worship of Siva and Visnu equally with that of the other deities of Hinduism, like Sakti, Ganapati and others.[web 1]

Nevertheless, contemporary Sankaracaryas have more influence among Saiva communities than among Vaisnava communities.[web 1] The greatest influence of the gurus of the advaita tradition has been among followers of the Smartha Tradition, who integrate the domestic Vedic ritual with devotional aspects of Hinduism.[web 1]

According to Nakamura, these mathas contributed to the influence of Shankara, which was "due to institutional factors".[22] The mathas which he built exist until today, and preserve the teachings and influence of Shankara, "while the writings of other scholars before him came to be forgotten with the passage of time".[23]

The table below gives an overview of the four Amnaya Mathas founded by Adi Shankara, and their details.[web 4]

Shishya
(lineage)		 Direction Maṭha Mahāvākya Veda Sampradaya
Padmapāda East Govardhana Pīṭhaṃ Prajñānam brahma (Consciousness is Brahman) Rig Veda Bhogavala
Sureśvara South Sringeri Śārada Pīṭhaṃ Aham brahmāsmi (I am Brahman) Yajur Veda Bhūrivala
Hastāmalakācārya West Dvāraka Pīṭhaṃ Tattvamasi (That thou art) Sama Veda Kitavala
Toṭakācārya North Jyotirmaṭha Pīṭhaṃ Ayamātmā brahma (This Atman is Brahman) Atharva Veda Nandavala

Expansion of the Dasanami Sampradaya

According to the tradition in Kerala, after Sankara's samadhi at Vadakkunnathan Temple, his disciples founded four mathas in Thrissur, namely Naduvil Madhom, Thekke Madhom, Idayil Madhom and Vadakke Madhom.

According to Pandey, the Ekadandis or Dasanāmis had established monasteries in India and Nepal in the 13th and 14th century.[web 5]

Naga Sadhus

Naga Sadhu performing ritual bath at Sangam during Allahabad Ardh Kumbhmela 2007

In North India, the Ekadandi monks have been organizing themselves into yoga akhadas, generally known as Akhāḍas. In the 16th century, Madhusudana Saraswati of Bengal organised a section of the Naga (naked) tradition of armed sannyasis in order to protect Hindus from the tyranny of the Mughal rulers. These are also called Gusain, Gussain, Gosain, Gossain, Gosine, Gosavi, Sannyāsi, Dasnāmi or Goswami in popular parlance.

Warrior ascetics could be found in Hinduism from at least the 1500s and as late as the 1700s,[24] although tradition attributes their creation to Sankaracharya[web 6]

Some examples of akhadas currently are the Shri Panchadashanam Juna Akhada of the Dashanami nagas, Shri Panchayati Mahanirwani Akhada, Shri Taponidhi Niranjani Akhada, Shri Taponidhi Anand Akhada, Shri Panchayati Atal Akhada, Shri Panchadashnam Awahan Akhada, Shri Pancha Agni Akhada and Shri Panchayati Akhada at Allahabad.[web 7] Each akhada is divided into sub-branches and traditions. An example is the Datt Akhada of the naked sadhus of Juna Naga establishment.[web 8]

The Naga sadhus generally remain in the ambit of non-violence presently, though some sections are also known to practice the sport of wrestling. The Dasanāmi sannyāsins practice the Vedic and yogic Yama principles of ahimsā (non-violence), satya (truth), asteya (non-stealing), aparigraha (non-covetousness) and brahmacārya (celibacy / moderation). The Dasanāmis are generally believed to be celibate, and grihastas or householder sannyāsis such as Lahiri Mahasaya and Bhupendranath Sanyal (Sanyal Mahāsaya) were a rarity.

The Naga sadhus are prominent at Kumbha mela, where the order in which they enter the water is fixed by tradition. After the juna akhada, the niranjani and mahanirvani akharas proceed to their bath. Ramakrishna Math Sevashram are almost the last in the procession.[25]

The first western Naga Sadhu, who converted in 1970, is Baba Rampuri (also simply known as Rampuri). He was the first known foreigner to be initiated into the Naga Sannyasis, after leaving his native California in 1969 on a spiritual quest.[26]

Characteristics

Parampara

See also: Parampara and Sampradaya

In the Indian religious and philosophical traditions, all knowledge is traced back to the Gods and to the Rishi who "saw" the Vedas.

The current Acaryas, the heads of the mathas, trace their authority back to the four main disciples of Shankara,[web 9] and each of the heads of these four mathas takes the title of Shankaracharya ("the learned Shankara") after Adi Sankara.[citation needed]

The Advaita guru-paramparā (Lineage of Gurus in Non-dualism) begins with the mythological time of the Daiva-paramparā, followed by the vedic seers of the Ṛṣi-paramparā, and the Mānava-paramparā of historical times and personalities:[web 9][note 4]

Daiva-paramparā
Ṛṣi-paramparā
Mānava-paramparā
  • Gauḍapāda
  • Govinda bhagavatpāda
  • Śankara bhagavatpāda, and then Sankara's four disciples
    • Padmapāda
    • Hastāmalaka
    • Toṭaka
    • Vārtikakāra (Sureśvara) and others

Ten Names

Hindus who take up sannyasa in the Eka-Dandi tradition take up one of the ten names associated with this sampradaya.

  1. Saraswatī
  2. Tīrtha
  3. Aranya
  4. Bhāratī
  5. Asrama
  6. Giri — Swamis of the Bābāji Kriya Yoga tradition generally belong to the Giri sub-order, not as a rule, but because they descended from Srijuktesvara.
  7. Parvata
  8. Sagara
  9. Vana
  10. Puri — Swamis of the Ramakrishna Mission belong to the Puri sub-order, having descended from Swami Tota Puri.

Saraswatī, Puri and Bhāratī are associated with the Sringeri Sharada Peetham. Tīrtha and Asrama are associated with the Dvaraka Pitha. Giri, Parvata and Sagara are associated with Jyotirmath. Vana and Aranya are associated with the Govardhana matha at Puri.[web 10][web 1]

Standardised List of Notable Dasanāmīs

This section lists names of prominent sannyasins, using the standard form, i.e.: TITLE [Swami] + PERSONAL NAME + SUB-ORDER NAME. A few entries have the additional title of "Jagadguru Śankarācārya."

A

Name Notability Reference
Swāmī Abhayānanda Puri American self-appointed Vedānta teacher.
Swāmī Abhayānanda Sarasvatī American disciple of Muktānanda.
Swāmī Abhedānanda Puri disciple of Rāmakrsna.
Jagadguru Śankarācārya Swāmī Abhinavavidyā Tīrtha Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
Swāmī Adbhutānanda Puri disciple of Rāmakrsna.
Swāmī Adidevānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Advaitānanda Puri disciple of Rāmakrsna.
Swāmī Agehānanda Bhāratī Austrian American intellectual and expert on Indian languages and phonology.
Swāmī Agnivesha Sarasvatī activist; reformer; interfaith dialog advocate.
Swāmī Akhandānanda Puri disciple of Rāmakrsna.
Swāmī Akhandānanda Sarasvatī preacher of Bhagavata Purana.
Swāmī Ashokānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Ātmajñānānanda Puri American Ramakrishna monk.
Swāminī Ātmaprajñānanda Sarasvatī Sanskrit scholar, Vedant acarya, disciple and sannyas initiate of Dayānanda.
Swāmī Ātmasthānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.

B

Name Notability Reference
Jagadguru Śankarācārya Swāmī Bhāratī Tīrtha Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
Jagadguru Śankarācārya Swāmī Bhāratīkrsna Tīrtha Śankarācārya of Puri and great scholar of Vedic mathematics. First Śankarācārya to visit the West.
Swāmī Bhaskarānanda Sarasvatī scholar and anchorite of Benāres.
Swāmī Bhūmānanda Tīrtha social reformer.
Swāmī Bhuteshānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Brahmānanda Puri senior disciple of Rāmakrsna; President of Ramakrishna Mission; one of the six iśvarakoti.
Jagadguru Śankarācārya Swāmī Brahmānanda Sarasvatī highly-respected Śankarācārya of Jyotirmāyā Pītha, Badrināth.
Swāmī Brahmānanda Sarasvatī (Rāmmūrti Mishra) surgeon; Sanskrit scholar; yoga teacher in the USA.
Swāmī Brahmānanda Sarasvatī Disciple of Śivānanda.

C

Name Notability Reference
Jagadguru Śankarācārya Swāmī Candrasekhara Bhāratī Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
Swāmī Chandrasekharendra Sarasvatī Pītadhipathi of Kāñcī Pītham. Featured in Paul Brunton's A Search in Secret India.
Swāmī Chetanānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk and Vedānta teacher in the USA.
Swāmī Chetanānanda Sarasvatī American disciple of Rudrānanda; sannyās initiate of Muktānanda.
Swāmī Chidānanda Sarasvatī disciple of Śivānanda; President of Divine Life Society; interfaith advocate.
Swāmī Chidānanda Sarasvatī founder of temples in Australia, Canada, Europe, and the USA.
Swāmī Chidbhavānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk; prolific author.
Swāmī Chidvilasānanda Sarasvatī disciple and designated successor of Muktānanda; sister of Nityānanda.
Swāmī Chinmāyānanda Sarasvatī Hindu missionary; founder of Chinmaya Mission.

D

Name Notability Reference
Swāmī Dayānanda Sarasvatī reformer; founder of the Arya Samaj.
Swāmī Dayānanda Sarasvatī Vedānt ācārya; founder of Arsha Vidya Gurukulam.

G

Name Notability Reference
Swāmī Gahanānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Gambhirānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Ganapati Sarasvatī long-lived yogī of Benāres.
Swāmī Ganeshānanda Sarasvatī Yoga teacher. Pupil and sannyās initiate of Sivānanda Sarasvatī. Pupil of Suraj Giri.
Swāmī Ghanānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk who was active in Europe.
Swāmī Ghanānanda Sarasvatī Ghanaian disciple of Krishnānanda; possibly first Black African convert to Hinduism.
Swāmī Gītānanda Giri Indian Canadian physician; yoga teacher; "Lion of Pondicherry".
Swāmī Gñānānanda Giri long-lived yogī; guru of French Catholic monk Abhishiktānanda.
Swāmī Govindānanda Bhāratī long-lived yogī; traveled around the world; met Queen Victoria.

H

Name Notability Reference
Swāmī Haridāsa Giri Disciple of Svāmi Gnānānanda Giri.
Swāmī Hariharānanda Āranya noted Samkhya Yogī. [web 11][web 12]
Swāmī Hariharānanda Giri Kriyā Yoga teacher. Pupil of Śrīyukteśvara, Bhupendranath Sanyal, Yogānanda, Satyānanda, and Bijoy Krishna.
Swāmī Hariharānanda Sarasvatī respected Vedānt ācārya; disciple of Brahmānanda; met Yogānanda at Kumbh Mela.

I

Name Notability Reference
Swāmī Indravesh Sarasvatī sociopolitical activist.

J

Name Notability Reference
Swāmī Janakānanda Sarasvatī Danish disciple of Satyānanda; founder of Skandinavisk Yoga och Meditationsskola.
Swāmī Jayendra Sarasvatī Disciple of Chandrasekharendra. Pītadhipathi of Kañci Pītham.
Swāmī Jyotirmāyānanda Sarasvatī disciple of Śivānanda; founder of Yoga Research Foundation, Miami, Florida.

K

Name Notability Reference
Swāmī Keshavānanda Tīrtha disciple of Śyāmacaran Lahirī; featured in Yogānanda's Autobiography.
Swāmī Kirtidānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Krishnānanda Sarasvatī disciple of Śivānanda; General Secretary of Divine Life Society.
Swāmī Kriyānanda Giri American disciple of Yogānanda; founder of Ananda World Brotherhood Colonies.
Jagadguru Śankarācārya Swāmī Krsnabodha Āśrama Śankarācārya of Jyotirmāyā Pītha, Śankara Matha, Badrināth.
Swāmī Krsnacaitanya Bhāratī Vaisnava teacher and scholar of Bengal; regarded as an avatār in Bangla Vaisnavism. Called "Caitanya Mahaprabhu" by devotees.

L

Name Notability Reference
Swāmī Laksmanānanda Sarasvatī humanitarian social relief worker of Orissa; assassinated by suspected Christian Maoists.

M

Name Notability Reference
Swāmī Madhavānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Madhusūdana Sarasvatī Advaita Vedānt ācārya.
Swāminī Māyātitānanda Sarasvatī Ayurveda teacher.
Swāmī Muktānanda Sarasvatī famous meditation teacher in the USA; authored many books.

N

Name Notability Reference
Swāmī Nāmānanda Giri Disciple of Haridasa Giri.
Swāmī Nārāyanānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk; rāja yoga teacher in Denmark.
Swāmī Nigamānanda Sarasvatī bhakta, gyānī, yogī, tantrika of Eastern India.
Swāmī Nikhilānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk; Vedānta teacher in the USA.
Swāmī Nirañjanānanda Puri disciple of Rāmakrsna; one of the six iśvarakoti.
Swāmī Nirañjanānanda Sarasvatī disciple of Satyānanda; head of Bihar School of Yoga.
Swāmī Nirmalānanda Puri disciple of Rāmakrsna.
Jagadguru Śankarācārya Swāmī Nishcalānanda Sarasvatī Śankarācārya of Puri.
Swāmī Nityānanda Sarasvatī disciple and designated successor of Muktānanda; ousted from SYDA by his sister Chidvilasānanda.
Swāmī Nrsimha Sarasvatī Incarnation of Dattatreya.

P

Name Notability Reference
Swāmī Paramānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk; Vedānta teacher in the USA.
Swāmī Paramānanda Sarasvatī Disciple of Śivānanda.
Swāmī Prabhavānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk; Vedānta teacher in the USA.
Swāmī Prakāshānanda Sarasvatī Rādhā-Krsna devotee, convict and fugitive in the USA; disciple of Rādhā-Krsna bhakta Kripalu.
Swāmī Prakāshānanda Sarasvatī Hindu teacher in Trinidad.
Swāmī Pranavānanda Giri Kriyā Yogī; disciple of Śyāmacaran Lahirī; featured in Yogānanda's Autobiography.
Swāmī Pranavānanda Sarasvatī disciple of Śivānanda; Yoga-Vedānta teacher, Divine Life Society, Malaysia.
Swāmī Premānanda Bhāratī first to preach Krsna devotion in the USA.
Swāmī Premānanda Giri Freemason; founder of Self-Revelation Church, USA. [27]
Swāmī Premānanda Puri disciple of Rāmakrsna; one of the six iśvarakoti.
Swāmī Purushottamānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Prabhananda Puri Ramakrishna monk, now the vice president of Ramakrishna Order .

R

Name Notability Reference
Swāmī Raghavendra Tīrtha Vaisnava missionary of Tamil Nadu.
Swāmī Rāma Bhāratī Yogī; founder of Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy, Honesdale, Pennsylvania.
Swāmī Rāma Tīrtha Teacher of "Practical Vedanta".
Swāmī Rāmakrishnānanda Puri Disciple of Rāmakrsna.
Swāmī Rāmakrsna Puri Temple priest, ascetic, mystic of Bengal. Regarded as an avatar (a "descent" or physical incarnation of God) by devotees. [28][29][30]
Swāmī Rāmānanda Tīrtha activist in Hyderābād.
Swāmī Ranganāthānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Rudrānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk in Fiji.
Swāmī Rudrānanda Sarasvatī American spiritual teacher.

S

Name Notability Reference
Jagadguru Śankarācārya Swāmī Saccidānanda Bhāratī Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
Jagadguru Śankarācārya Swāmī Saccidānanda Bhāratī Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
Jagadguru Śankarācārya Swāmī Saccidānanda Śivābhinava Nrsimha Bhāratī Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
Swāmī Sadaśivendra Sarasvatī scholar, yogī-siddha, poet, avadhūta; mentioned in Yogānanda's Autobiography.
Swāmī Sahajānanda Sarasvatī Indian nationalist.
Swāmī Sahajānanda Sarasvatī South African spiritual teacher; disciple of Śivānanda.
Swāmī Śantānanda Sarasvatī disciple of Śivānanda; spiritual guide in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Swāmī Śaradānanda Puri disciple of Rāmakrsna; author of the Śrī Śrī Rāmakrsna Līlaprasanga.
Swāmī Satchidānanda Sarasvatī disciple of Śivānanda; founder of Satchidananda Ashrams, USA.
Swāmī Satcidānandendra Sarasvatī Vedānt ācārya.
Swāmī Sathyānanda Saraswathī yoga teacher.
Swāmī Satyānanda Giri Kriyā Yoga teacher; disciple of Śrījukteśvara.
Swāmī Satyānanda Sarasvatī disciple of Śivānanda; founder of Bihar School of Yoga.
Swāmī Satyaprajñānanda Saraswatī disciple of Satyānanda Saraswatī. Founder of Viswatma Chetana Parishad. [31]
Swāmī Shambhavānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Shambhavānanda Sarasvatī American disciple of Rudrānanda; sannyās initiate of Muktānanda.
Swāmī Shankarānanda Giri American disciple of Premānanda; Freemason.
Swāmī Shankarānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Shankarānanda Sarasvatī American disciple of Muktānanda.
Swāmī Shivānanda Puri disciple of Rāmakrsna.
Swāmī Shivom Tīrtha Siddha Yoga teacher. .
Swāmī Shraddhānanda Sarasvatī Hindu social activist; assassinated by a Muslim.
Swāmī Shuddhānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Śivānanda Sarasvatī founded Divine Life Society and Yoga-Vedanta Forest Academy, Rishikesh; authored 200 books. [web 13]
Swāmī Śivānanda Rādhā Sarasvatī Canadian yoga teacher; disciple of Sivānanda.
Swāmī Śrījukteśvara Giri Kriyā Yoga adept; disciple of Śyāmacaran Lahirī; guru of Yogānanda.
Swāmī Subodhānanda Puri disciple of Rāmakrsna.
Swāmī Swahānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Swarūpānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Jagadguru Śankarācārya Swāmī Swarūpānanda Sarasvatī Śankarācārya of Jyotirmāyā and Dwarka Pītha.
Swāmī Smaranānanda Puri Now the vice president of Ramakrishna Order.

T

Name Notability Reference
Swāmī Tapasyānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Tapovanam Giri reclusive yogī of Uttar Kashi.
Swāmī Totā Puri wandering anchorite; taught advaita and meditation to Rāmakrsna.
Swāmī Trigunatitānanda Puri disciple of Rāmakrsna.
Swāmī Turiyānanda Puri disciple of Rāmakrsna.
Swāmī Tyagānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk; Hindu chaplain of MIT.

V

Name Notability Reference
Swāmī Vasudevānanda Sarasvatī
Swāmī Venkateśānanda Sarasvatī disciple of Śivānanda; founder of Sivananda Ashrams in South Africa and Mauritius.
Swāmī Vidyāprakāśānanda Giri Telugu Hindu teacher.
Jagadguru Śankarācārya Swāmī Vidyāranya Tīrtha Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
Swāmī Vijayendra Sarasvatī Disciple and designated successor of Jayendra Sarasvatī.
Swāmī Vijñānānanda Puri disciple of Rāmakrsna.
Swāmī Vipulānanda Puri Srī Lankān Ramakrishna monk and Hindu revivalist.
Swāmī Virajānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Vireshwarānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Vishnu Tīrtha Siddha Yoga teacher.
Swāmī Vishnudevānanda Sarasvatī eminent Advaita Vedānt ācārya in India, unknown in the West.
Swāmī Vishnudevānanda Sarasvatī yogī; most famous disciple of Śivānanda (the two of them are the most well-known members of the Sarasvati sub-order); founder of worldwide Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres; authored The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga.
Swāmī Vishuddhānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Vivekānanda Puri most famous disciple of Rāmakrsna (the two of them are the most well-known members of the Puri sub-order); most famous figure at first Parliament of the World's Religions (Chicago, 1893); organizer of the Ramakrishna Mission; one of the six iśvarakoti.

Y

Name Notability Reference
Swāmī Yatīśwarānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk; spiritual teacher.
Paramhansa Swāmī Yogānanda Giri Kriyā Yoga adept; disciple of Śrījukteśvara; founder of Self-Realization Fellowship Church and the Yogoda Satsanga Society of India; authored Autobiography of a Yogi; most well-known member of the Giri sub-order.
Swāmī Yogānanda Giri Leading Hindu of Italy. Disciple of Gītānanda.
Swāmī Yogānanda Puri disciple of Rāmakrsna; one of the six īśvarakoti.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Tridandi sannyāsins continue to wear the sacred thread after renunciation, while Ekadandi sannyāsins do not.
  2. ↑ Ek means "one", ekadandi means "of single staff", tridandi means "of three staffs".
  3. ↑ This resembles the development of Chinese Chán during the An Lu-shan rebellion and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960/979), during which power became decentralized end new Chán-schools emerged.[1]
  4. ↑ The following Sanskrit Verse among Smarthas provides the list of the early teachers of the Vedanta in their order:[web 1][1] "नारायणं पद्मभुवं वशिष्ठं शक्तिं च तत्पुत्रं पराशरं च व्यासं शुकं गौडपादं महान्तं गोविन्दयोगीन्द्रं अथास्य शिष्यम्
    श्री शंकराचार्यं अथास्य पद्मपादं च हस्तामलकं च शिष्यम् तं तोटकं वार्त्तिककारमन्यान् अस्मद् गुरून् सन्ततमानतोऽस्मि
    अद्वैत गुरु परंपरा स्तोत्रम्"
     "nārāyanam padmabhuvam vasishtam saktim ca tat-putram parāśaram ca
    vyāsam śukam gauḍapāda mahāntam govinda yogīndram athāsya śiṣyam
    śri śankarācāryam athāsya padmapādam ca hastāmalakam ca śiṣyam
    tam trotakam vārtikakāram-anyān asmad gurūn santatamānato’smi
    Advaita-Guru-Paramparā-Stotram",
    The above advaita guru paramparā verse salute the prominent gurus of advaita, starting from Nārāyaṇa through Adi Sankara and his disciples, up to the Acharyas of today.
  5. ↑ the famous redactor of the vedas, he is also traditionally identified with Bādarāyaṇa, the composer of the Brahmasūtras

References

Written references

  1. ↑ Journal of the Oriental Institute (pp 301), by Oriental Institute (Vadodara, India).
  2. ↑ Govind Sadashiv Ghurye, Indian Sadhus
  3. ↑ Lalit Kishore Lal Srivastava, Advaitic Concept of Jīvanmukti
  4. ↑ A. C. Bhaktivedānta Swāmi, Śrīmad Bhāgavatam
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Michaels 2004, p. 40-41.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Michaels 2004, p. 40.
  7. ↑ Nakamura 2004, p. 687.
  8. ↑ Van Buitenen; The Mahabharata – 1; The Book of the Beginning. Introduction (Authorship and Date)
  9. ↑ Swāmi Parmeshwarānand, Encyclopaedia of Śaivism, p.82
  10. ↑ Shanmuga Velayutham Subramanian, Heritage of the Tamils: temple arts, p.154
  11. ↑ Bhagwati Charan Verma, Socio-religious, Economic, Literary Condition of Bihar
  12. ↑ R. Tirumalai, The Pandyan Townships : The Pandyan townships, their organisation and functioning
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Michaels 2004, p. 41-43.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 14.11 14.12 Michaels 2004, p. 41.
  15. ↑ michaels 2004, p. 41.
  16. ↑ White 2000, p. 25-28.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 Michaels 2004, p. 42.
  18. ↑ Karigoudar Ishwaran, Ascetic Culture
  19. ↑ Wendy Sinclair-Brull, Female Ascetics
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 H.A. Rose, Ibbetson, Denzil Ibbetson Sir, and Maclagan, Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province, page 857
  21. ↑ Nakamura 2004, p. 782-783.
  22. ↑ Nakamura 2004, p. 680.
  23. ↑ Nakamura 2004, p. 680-681.
  24. ↑ A history of Dasnami Naga Sanyasis, Sir Jadunath Sarkar, Sri Panchayati Akhara Mahanirvani, Allahabad, http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/9526/5/Chapter%201_1%20-%20108p.pdf
  25. ↑ Naga sadhus steal the show at Kumbh, Nandita Sengupta, TNN Feb 13, 2010://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-13/india/28140014_1_naga-sadhus-juna-akhara-holy-dip
  26. ↑ http://rampuri.com
  27. ↑ Premānanda
  28. ↑ Śrī Śrī Rāmakrsna Līlaprasanga
  29. ↑ Śrī Śrī Rāmakrsna Kathāmrta
  30. ↑ Bibliography of Ramakrishna
  31. ↑ Viswatma Chetana Parishad

Web-references

    Sources

    • McRae, John (2003), Seeing Through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism, The University Press Group Ltd, ISBN 9780520237988 
    • Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 
    • Nakamura, Hajime (2004), A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part Two, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited 

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