Daniel Barenboim

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Daniel Barenboim

Daniel Barenboim in Vienna, 2008
Born (1942-11-15) 15 November 1942
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Citizenship Argentine, Israeli, Palestinian, Spanish
Occupation Pianist and conductor
Religion Jewish
Spouse(s) Jacqueline du Pré (1967-1987; her death)
Elena Bashkirova (m. 1988; 2 children)
Daniel Barenboim's voice
from the BBC Reith Lecture, 7 April 2006.[1]
Website
www.danielbarenboim.com

Daniel Barenboim, KBE (Hebrew: דניאל ברנבוים; born 15 November 1942) is an Israeli Argentine-born pianist and conductor. He has served as music director of several major symphonic and operatic orchestras and made numerous recordings.

Currently, he is general music director of La Scala in Milan,[2] the Berlin State Opera, and the Staatskapelle Berlin; he previously served as Music Director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Orchestre de Paris. Barenboim is also known for his work with the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, a Seville-based orchestra of young Arab and Israeli musicians, and as a resolute critic of the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories.

Barenboim has received many awards and prizes, including an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire,[3] France's Légion d'honneur both as a Commander and Grand Officier, the German Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz and Willy Brandt Award,[4] and, together with the Palestinian-American scholar Edward Said, Spain's Prince of Asturias Concord Award. He has won seven Grammy awards for his work and discography.

Biography

Daniel Barenboim, age 11, with composer Eithan Lustig and the Gadna Youth orchestra (1953)

Daniel Barenboim was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to parents of Russian Jewish descent, Aida (née Schuster) and Enrique Barenboim.[5] He started piano lessons at the age of five with his mother, continuing to study with his father, who remained his only teacher. On 19 August 1950, at the age of seven, he gave his first formal concert in his hometown, Buenos Aires.[6]

In 1952, Barenboim moved to Israel with his family. Two years later, in the summer of 1954, his parents took him to Salzburg to take part in Igor Markevitch's conducting classes. During that summer he also met and played for Wilhelm Furtwängler, who has remained a central musical influence and ideal for Barenboim.[7] Furtwängler called the young Barenboim a "phenomenon" and invited him to perform the Beethoven First Piano Concerto with the Berlin Philharmonic, but Barenboim's father considered it too soon after the Second World War for a child of Jewish parents to be performing in Berlin.[8] In 1955 Barenboim studied harmony and composition with Nadia Boulanger in Paris.[6]

On 15 June 1967, Barenboim and British cellist Jacqueline du Pré were married in Israel at a Western Wall ceremony, Du Pré having converted to Judaism.[9] Acting as one of the witnesses was the conductor Zubin Mehta, a long-time friend of Barenboim. Since "I was not Jewish I had to temporarily be renamed Moshe Cohen, which made me a 'kosher witness'," Mehta recalled.[10] Du Pré retired from music in 1973, after being diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). The marriage lasted until Du Pré's death in 1987.

In the early 1980s, Barenboim began an affair with the Russian pianist Elena Bashkirova, with whom he has two sons born in Paris prior to du Pré's death: David Arthur, born 1983, and Michael, born 1985. Barenboim attempted to keep his relationship with Bashkirova hidden from du Pré, and believed he had succeeded. He and Bashkirova married in 1988. Their son David is a manager-writer for the German hip-hop band Level 8, and Michael is a classical violinist.[11]

Barenboim holds citizenship of Argentina, Israel,[12] Palestine,[13] and Spain. He lives in Berlin.[14]

Career

U.S. concert performance at age 15 (January 1958)

After performing in Buenos Aires, Barenboim made his international debut as a pianist in 1952 in Vienna and Rome. In 1955 he performed in Paris, in 1956 in London, and in 1957 in New York under the baton of Leopold Stokowski. Regular concert tours of Europe, the United States, South America, Australia and the Far East followed thereafter.

In June 1967, Barenboim and his then fiancée Du Pré gave concerts in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Haifa and Beersheba before and during the Six-Day War.[15]

His friendship with musicians Itzhak Perlman, Zubin Mehta, and Pinchas Zukerman, and marriage to du Pré led to the 1969 film by Christopher Nupen of their Schubert "Trout" Quintet.[16]

Following his debut as a conductor with the English Chamber Orchestra in Abbey Road Studios, London, in 1966, Barenboim was invited to conduct by many European and American symphony orchestras. Between 1975 and 1989, he was music director of the Orchestre de Paris, where he conducted much contemporary music.

Barenboim made his opera conducting debut in 1973 with a performance of Mozart's Don Giovanni at the Edinburgh Festival. He made his debut at Bayreuth in 1981, conducting there regularly until 1999. In 1988, he was appointed artistic and musical director of the Opera-Bastille in Paris, scheduled to open in 1990, but was fired in January 1989 by the opera's chairman Pierre Bergé.[17] Barenboim was then appointed music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, a post he held until 17 June 2006. He expressed frustration with the need for fund-raising duties in the United States as part of being a music director of an American orchestra.[11]

(l-r) Peter Kirchner, President of Germany Richard von Weizsäcker, and Barenboim visit Jewish cemetery in Berlin-Weissensee (1990)

Since 1992, he has been music director of the Berlin State Opera and the Berlin Staatskapelle, succeeding in maintaining the independent status of the State Opera. He has tried to maintain the orchestra's traditional sound and style.[18] In autumn 2000 he was made conductor for life of the Berlin Staatskapelle.[19] On 15 May 2006 Barenboim was named principal guest conductor of La Scala opera house, in Milan, after Riccardo Muti's resignation.[20] In October 2011 he took over as music director,[2] lining up a starry opening cast in Mozart's Don Giovanni.[21]

In 2006, Barenboim presented the BBC Reith Lectures, presenting a series of five lectures titled In the Beginning was Sound. The lectures were recorded in a range of cities, including London, Chicago, Berlin, and two in Jerusalem, for which he meditated on music.[22] In the autumn of 2006, Barenboim gave the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures at Harvard University entitled 'Sound and Thought'.[23]

In November 2006, Lorin Maazel submitted Barenboim's name as his nominee to succeed him as the New York Philharmonic's music director.[24] Barenboim said he was flattered but "nothing could be further from my thoughts at the moment than the possibility of returning to the United States for a permanent position",[25] repeating his lack of interest in the New York Philharmonic's music directorship or its newly created principal conductor position in April 2007.[26] Barenboim made his conducting debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York for the House's 450th performance of Wagner's Tristan und Isolde on 28 November 2008.

In 2009, he conducted the New Year Concert of the Vienna Philharmonic.[27] In his New Year message, he expressed the hope that 2009 would be a year for peace and for human justice in the Middle East.[28] He did it again for the 2014 edition.

Musical style

Barenboim has rejected musical fashions based on current musicological research, such as the authentic performance movement. An example is his recording of Beethoven's symphonies showing his preference for some conventional practices, rather than fully adhering to Bärenreiter's new edition (edited by Jonathan Del Mar).[29] Barenboim has opposed the practice of choosing the tempo of a piece based on historical evidence, such as composer metronome marks. He argues instead for finding the tempo from within the music, especially from its harmony and harmonic rhythm. The general tempi chosen in his recording of Beethoven's symphonies, reflecting this belief, usually adhere to early-twentieth-century practices, and are not influenced by faster tempos chosen by other conductors such as David Zinman and authentic movement advocate Roger Norrington.

In Barenboim's recording of The Well-Tempered Clavier, he makes frequent use of the right-foot sustaining pedal, a device absent from the keyboard instruments of Bach's time (although the harpsichord was highly resonant), producing a sonority very different from the "dry" and often staccato sound favored by pianist Glenn Gould. Moreover, in the fugues, one voice is often played considerably louder than the others, a practice impossible on a harpsichord, which according to some scholarship, began in Beethoven's time (see, for example, Matthew Dirst's book The Iconic Bach). When justifying his interpretation of Bach, Barenboim claims that he is interested in the long tradition of playing Bach that has existed for two and a half centuries, rather than in the exact style of performance that existed in Bach's time:

The study of old instruments and historic performance practice has taught us a great deal, but the main point, the impact of harmony, has been ignored. This is proved by the fact that tempo is described as an independent phenomenon. It is claimed that one of Bach's gavottes must be played fast and another one slowly. But tempo is not independent! ... I think that concerning oneself purely with historic performance practice and the attempt to reproduce the sound of older styles of music-making is limiting and no indication of progress. Mendelssohn and Schumann tried to introduce Bach into their own period, as did Liszt with his transcriptions and Busoni with his arrangements. In America Leopold Stokowski also tried to do it with his arrangements for orchestra. This was always the result of "progressive" efforts to bring Bach closer to the particular period. I have no philosophical problem with someone playing Bach and making it sound like Boulez. My problem is more with someone who tries to imitate the sound of that time...[30]

Bryan Miller writes that Barenboim has a reputation for arrogance and aloofness, and that reviews of his work often cite inconsistencies in interpretation and tempo.[31]

Recordings

In the beginning of his career, Barenboim concentrated on music of the classical era, as well as some romantic composers. He made his first recording in 1954. Notable classical recordings include the complete cycles of Mozart's and Beethoven's piano sonatas, and Mozart's piano concertos (in the latter, taking part as both soloist and conductor). Romantic recordings include Brahms's piano concertos (with John Barbirolli), Mendelssohn's Songs Without Words, and Chopin's nocturnes. Barenboim also recorded many chamber works, especially in collaboration with his first wife, Jacqueline du Pré, the violinist Itzhak Perlman, and the violinist and violist Pinchas Zukerman. Noted performances include: the complete Mozart violin sonatas (with Perlman), Brahms's violin sonatas (live concert with Perlman, previously in the studio with Zukerman), Beethoven's and Brahms's cello sonatas (with du Pré), Beethoven's and Tchaikovsky's piano trios (with du Pré and Zukerman), and Schubert's Trout Quintet (with du Pré, Perlman, Zukerman, and Zubin Mehta).

Notable recordings as a conductor include: the complete symphonies of Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner, Schubert and Schumann, the Da Ponte operas of Mozart, numerous operas by Wagner, including the complete Ring Cycle, and various concertos. Barenboim has written about his changing attitude to the music of Mahler;[32] he has recorded Mahler's Fifth, Seventh and Ninth Symphonies and Das Lied von der Erde. He has also performed and recorded the Concierto de Aranjuez by Rodrigo and Villa-Lobos guitar concerto with John Williams as the guitar soloist.

By the late 1990s, Barenboim had widened his concert repertoire, performing works by baroque as well as twentieth-century classical composers. Examples include: J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier (which he has played since childhood) and Goldberg Variations, Albeniz's Iberia, and Debussy's Préludes. In addition, he turned to other musical genres, such as jazz,[33] and the folk music of his birthplace, Argentina. He conducted the 2006 New Year's Eve concert in Buenos Aires, in which tangos were played.[34]

Barenboim has continued to perform and record chamber music, sometimes with members of the orchestras he has led. Some examples include the Quartet for the End of Time by Messiaen with members of the Orchestre de Paris during his tenure there, Richard Strauss with members of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra during his tenure there, and the Clarinet Trio of Mozart with members of the Berlin Staatskapelle.

Conducting Wagner in Israel

The Israel Philharmonic Orchestra had performed Richard Wagner's music in Palestine even during the early days of the Nazi era.[35] But after the Kristallnacht,[36] Jewish musicians avoided playing Wagner's music in Israel because of the use Nazi Germany made of the composer and because of Wagner's own anti-Semitic writings,[37] initiating an unofficial boycott.

This informal ban continued when Israel was founded in 1948, but from time to time unsuccessful efforts were made to end it.[38] In 1974[39] and again in 1981 Zubin Mehta planned to (but did not) lead the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra in works of Wagner. During the latter occasion, fist fights broke out in the audience.[40]

Barenboim, who had been selected to head the production of Wagner's operas at the 1988 Bayreuth Festival,[41] had since at least 1989 publicly opposed the Israeli ban. In that year, he had the Israel Philharmonic "rehearse" two of Wagner's works.[42] In a conversation with Edward Said, Barenboim said that "Wagner, the person, is absolutely appalling, despicable, and, in a way, very difficult to put together with the music he wrote, which so often has exactly the opposite kind of feelings ... noble, generous, etc." He called Wagner's anti-Semitism obviously "monstrous," and feels it must be faced, but argues that "Wagner did not cause the Holocaust."

In 1990, Barenboim conducted the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra in its first appearance in Israel, but he excluded Wagner's works. "Although Wagner died in 1883, he is not played [in Israel] because his music is too inextricably linked with Nazism, and so is too painful for those who suffered," Barenboim told a reporter. "Why play what hurts people?"[43] Not long afterwards, it was announced that Barenboim would lead the Israel Philharmonic in two Wagner overtures,[44] which took place on 27 December "before a carefully screened audience."[45]

In 2000, the Israel Supreme Court upheld the right of the Rishon LeZion Orchestra to perform Wagner's Siegfried Idyll.[46] At the Israel Festival in Jerusalem in July 2001, Barenboim had scheduled to perform the first act of Die Walküre with three singers, including tenor Plácido Domingo. However, strong protests by some Holocaust survivors, as well as the Israeli government, led the festival authorities to ask for an alternative program. (The Israel Festival's Public Advisory board, which included some Holocaust survivors, had originally approved the program.)[47] The controversy appeared to end in May, after the Israel Festival announced that a selection by Wagner would not be included at the 7 July concert.[48] Barenboim agreed to substitute music by Schumann and Stravinsky.

However, at the end of the concert with the Berlin Staatskapelle, Barenboim announced that he would like to play Wagner as a second encore and invited those who objected to leave, saying, "Despite what the Israel Festival believes, there are people sitting in the audience for whom Wagner does not spark Nazi associations. I respect those for whom these associations are oppressive. It will be democratic to play a Wagner encore for those who wish to hear it. I am turning to you now and asking whether I can play Wagner." A half-hour debate ensued, with some audience members calling Barenboim a "fascist." In the end, a small number of attendees walked out and the overwhelming majority remained, applauding loudly after the performance of the Tristan und Isolde Prelude.[49]

In September 2001, a public relations associate for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, where Barenboim was the Music Director, revealed that season ticket-holders were about evenly divided about the wisdom of Barenboim's decision to play Wagner in Jerusalem.[50]

Barenboim regarded the performance of Wagner at the 7 July concert as a political statement, and said he had decided to defy the ban on Wagner when a news conference he held the previous week was interrupted by the ringing of a mobile phone to the tune of Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries.[51] "I thought if it can be heard on the ring of a telephone, why can't it be played in a concert hall?" he said.[52]

A Knesset committee subsequently called for Barenboim to be declared a persona non-grata in Israel until he apologized for conducting Wagner's music.[53] The move was condemned by the musical director of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra Zubin Mehta and members of Knesset.[54] Prior to receiving the $100,000 Wolf Prize, awarded annually in Israel, Barenboim said, "If people were really hurt, of course I regret this, because I don’t want to harm anyone."[55]

In 2005, Barenboim gave the inaugural Edward Said Memorial Lecture at Columbia University, entitled "Wagner, Israel and Palestine".[56] During the two-hour speech, Barenboim "compared Herzl's ideas to Wagner's; criticized Palestinian terrorist attacks but also justified them; and said Israeli actions contributed to the rise of international anti-Semitism."[57]

In 2010, before conducting Wagner's Die Walküre for the gala premiere of La Scala's season in Milan, he said that the perception of Wagner was unjustly influenced by the fact that he was Hitler's favorite composer: "I think a bit of the problem with Wagner isn't what we all know in Israel, anti-Semitism, etc... It is how the Nazis and Hitler saw Wagner as his own prophet... This perception of Hitler colors for many people the perception of Wagner... We need one day to liberate Wagner of all this weight."[58]

Over the years, observers of the Wagner battle have weighed in on both sides of the issue.[59]

Political views

Daniel Barenboim leads a rehearsal of the West-East Divan in Seville, Spain, 2005
Rehearsal of the West-East Divan under the lead of Daniel Barenboim, 2005

Barenboim, a supporter of Palestinian rights, is an outspoken critic of Israel's conservative governments and the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories. In an interview with the British music critic Norman Lebrecht in 2003, Barenboim accused Israel of behaving in a manner which was, "morally abhorrent and strategically wrong", and, "putting in danger the very existence of the state of Israel."[60] In 1967, at the start of the Six-Day War, Barenboim and du Pré had performed for the Israeli troops on the front lines, as well as during the Yom Kippur war in 1973. During the Gulf War, he and an orchestra performed in Israel in gas masks.[61]

West-Eastern Divan

In 1999, Barenboim and Palestinian-American intellectual Edward Said jointly founded the West-Eastern Divan orchestra.[62][63] It is an initiative to bring together, every summer, a group of young classical musicians from Israel, the Palestinian territories and Arab countries to promote mutual reflection and understanding.[64][65][66] Barenboim and Said were recipients of the 2002 Prince of Asturias Awards for their work in "improving understanding between nations." Together they wrote the book Parallels and Paradoxes, based on a series of public discussions held at New York's Carnegie Hall.[67]

In September 2005, presenting the book written with Said, Barenboim refused to be interviewed by uniformed Israel Defense Forces Radio reporter Dafna Arad, considering the wearing of the uniform insensitive for the occasion. In response, Israeli Education Minister Limor Livnat of the Likud party called him "a real Jew hater" and "a real anti-Semite".[68]

After being invited for the fourth time to the Doha Festival for Music and Dialogue with the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra in 2012, Barenboim's invitation was cancelled by the authorities because of “Sensitivity to the developments in the Arab world” after a campaign in the media against him,[69] accusing him of “being a Zionist”.[70]

In July 2012, Barenboim and the orchestra played a pivotal role at the BBC Proms, performing a cycle of Beethoven's nine symphonies, the ninth timed to coincide with the opening of the London 2012 Olympic Games.[71] In addition he was an Olympic flag carrier at the opening ceremony of the Games, credited for bringing "harmony in place of discord".

Wolf Prize

In May 2004, Barenboim was awarded the Wolf Prize at a ceremony at the Israeli Knesset. Education Minister Livnat held up the nomination until Barenboim apologized for his performance of Wagner in Israel.[72] Barenboim called Livnat's demand "politically motivated", adding "I don't see what I need to apologize about. If I ever hurt a person privately or in public, I am sorry, because I have no intention of hurting people...", which was good enough for Livnat,[73] but the ceremony was boycotted by Knesset Speaker Reuven Rivlin, also a member of the Likud party.[74] In his acceptance speech, Barenboim took the opportunity to express his opinions on the political situation, referring to the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948:

"I am asking today with deep sorrow: Can we, despite all our achievements, ignore the intolerable gap between what the Declaration of Independence promised and what was fulfilled, the gap between the idea and the realities of Israel? Does the condition of occupation and domination over another people fit the Declaration of Independence? Is there any sense in the independence of one at the expense of the fundamental rights of the other? Can the Jewish people whose history is a record of continued suffering and relentless persecution, allow themselves to be indifferent to the rights and suffering of a neighboring people? Can the State of Israel allow itself an unrealistic dream of an ideological end to the conflict instead of pursuing a pragmatic, humanitarian one based on social justice?"[75]

Israel's President Moshe Katsav and Education Minister Livnat criticized Barenboim for his speech. Livnat accused him of attacking the state of Israel, to which Barenboim replied that he had not done so, but that he instead had merely cited the text of the Israeli Declaration of Independence.[76]

In March 2007, Barenboim said: "The whole subject of Wagner in Israel has been politicized and is a symptom of a malaise that goes very deep in Israeli society..."[77]

Performing in the West Bank and Gaza Strip

Barenboim has performed several times in the West Bank, in 1999 at Bir Zeit University and several times in Ramallah.[78]

In December 2007, Barenboim and 20 musicians from England, the United States, France and Germany, and one Palestinian were scheduled to play a baroque music concert in Gaza.[79] Although they had received authorization from Israeli authorities, the Palestinian was stopped at the Israel-Gaza border and told that he needed individual permission to enter.[79] The group waited seven hours at the border, and then canceled the concert in solidarity.[79] Barenboim commented: "A baroque music concert in a Roman Catholic church in Gaza – as we all know – has nothing to do with security and would bring so much joy to people who live there in great difficulty."[79]

In January 2008, after performing in Ramallah, Barenboim accepted honorary Palestinian citizenship, becoming the first Jewish Israeli citizen to be offered the status. Barenboim said he hoped it would serve as a public gesture of peace.[13] Some Israelis criticized Barenboim's decision to accept Palestinian citizenship. The parliamentary faction chairman of the Shas party demanded that Barenboim be stripped of his Israeli citizenship, but the Interior Minister told the media that "the matter is not even up for discussion."[80]

In January 2009, Barenboim cancelled two concerts of the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra in Qatar and Cairo "due to the escalating violence in Gaza and the resulting concerns for the musicians’ safety."[81]

In May 2011, Barenboim conducted the "Orchestra for Gaza" composed of volunteers from the Berlin Philharmonic, the Berlin Staatskapelle, the Orchestra of La Scala in Milan, the Vienna Philharmonic and the Orchestre de Paris—at al-Mathaf Cultural House. The concert, held in Gaza City, was co-ordinated in secret with the United Nations. The orchestra flew from Berlin to Vienna and from there to El Arish on a plane chartered by Barenboim, entering the Gaza Strip at the Egyptian Rafah Border Crossing. The musicians were escorted by a convoy of United Nations vehicles.[82] The concert, the first performance by an international classical ensemble in the strip, was attended by an invited audience of several hundred schoolchildren and NGO workers, who greeted Barenboim with applause.[83] The orchestra played Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik and Symphony No. 40, also familiar to an Arab audience as basis of one of the songs of the famous Arab singer Fairuz. In his speech Barenboim said: "Everyone has to understand that the Palestinian cause is a just cause therefore it can be only given justice if it is achieved without violence. Violence can only weaken the righteousness of the Palestinian cause".[84]

Awards and recognition

Honorary degrees


Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording:

Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance:

Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance:

Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra):

Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra):

In 2005, he was voted the 111th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website Ynet to determine whom the general public considered the 200 greatest Israelis.[97]

In 2009 Konex Foundation from Argentina granted him the Diamond Konex Award for Classical Music as the most important musician in the last decade in his country.

In 2012, he was voted into the Gramophone Hall of Fame.[98]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Daniel Barenboim: In the Beginning Was Sound". The Reith Lectures. 7 April 2006. BBC Radio 4. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0076xry. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Daniel Barenboim to be La Scala's musical director". AFP. October 2011. 
  3. ↑ "News just in: Barenboim is knighted". 24 June 2011. 
  4. ↑ "Socialist award for Daniel Barenboim". 19 September 2011. 
  5. ↑
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Daniel Barenboim". danielbarenboim.com. Retrieved 4 May 2011. 
  7. ↑ Daniel Barenboim (November 2004). "Why Wilhelm Furtwängler Still Moves Us Today". danielbarenboim.com. Translation from an article originally published in Der Tagesspiegel. Retrieved 5 May 2011. 
  8. ↑ "Festrede von Daniel Barenboim beim Festakt zur Eröffnung der Salzburger Festspiele 2010" (in german). Land Salzburg, Präsidialabteilung. 26 July 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2011. 
  9. ↑ "Barenboim, Daniel," Who’s Who in World Jewry. Baltimore: WWIWJ, Inc., 1987, p. 28
  10. ↑ Zubin Mehta, The Score of My Life. New York: Amadeus Press, 2009, pp. 90, 25–26.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Michael Shelden (15 July 2004). "My affair? I don't think Jackie knew". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 23 April 2007. 
  12. ↑ AFP. "Conductor Barenboim to be Nobel nominee". Argentina: Dawn.com. Retrieved 15 October 2011. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Israeli pianist Daniel Barenboim takes Palestinian citizenship, Haaretz, 15 January 2008
  14. ↑ "Israeli conductor Daniel Barenboim to perform with orchestra in Gaza". Haaretz. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2011. 
  15. ↑ Helga Dudman, "Music with much love," Jerusalem Post, 9 June 1967, p. 5.
  16. ↑ Julian Lloyd Webber (21 July 2005). "Why make war when you can make music?". Telegraph (London). Retrieved 23 April 2007. 
  17. ↑ John von Rhein (14 May 1989). "Barenboim Backlash. The Cso's Henry Fogel Defends Solti's Successor". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 5 May 2011. 
  18. ↑ Kate Connolly (15 November 2002). "Barenboim in battle to save Berlin opera house". Telegraph (London). Retrieved 23 April 2007. 
  19. ↑ Michael Henderson (20 June 2006). "Goodbye Chicago, hello world". Telegraph (London). Retrieved 23 April 2007. 
  20. ↑ Barbara McMahon (16 May 2006). "Barenboim to be La Scala's guest". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 23 April 2007. 
  21. ↑ http://www.artsjournal.com/slippeddisc/2011/10/breaking-barenboim-to-open-as-la-scala-boss-with-netrebko-debut.html
  22. ↑ a) Michael Henderson (1 April 2006). "Daniel in the circus lions' den". Telegraph (London). Retrieved 23 April 2007. 
    b) Kate Connolly (9 March 2006). "Maverick maestro plays a different tune". London: Telegraph. Retrieved 23 April 2007. 
    c) Daniel Barenboim (8 April 2006). "In the beginning, there was sound. Then came Muzak". Telegraph (London). Retrieved 23 April 2007. 
    d) Peter Beaumont (2 April 2006). "Maestro of the Middle East". The Observer (London). Retrieved 23 April 2007. 
  23. ↑ Richard Dyer (January–February 2007). "Ideas, Appassionato". Harvard Magazine. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 23 April 2007. 
  24. ↑ Daniel J. Wakin (29 November 2006). "Unprompted, Lorin Maazel Nominates His Successor". New York Times. Retrieved 23 April 2007. 
  25. ↑ Mark Landler (30 November 2006). "Proposed Philharmonic Candidate Is Flattered, if Coy". New York Times. Retrieved 23 April 2007. 
  26. ↑ Wakin, Daniel J. (25 April 2007). "Philharmonic to Add a Position at the Top". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 1 September 2011. 
  27. ↑ Daniel Barenboim. "On Conducting the New Year’s Day Concert with the Vienna Philharmonic". Wiener Philharmoniker. Retrieved 4 May 2011. 
  28. ↑ "Neujahrskonzert 2009 – Daniel Barenboims sanfte Revolution". Kleine Zeitung (in German). 1 January 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2012. 
  29. ↑ Barenboim's liner notes for his recording of Beethoven's symphonies, Teldec, ASIN B00004S1EV, 2000.
  30. ↑ Ich bin mit Bach aufgewachsen ("I was reared on Bach"), Barenboim's liner notes for his recordings of Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier. Translated by Gery Bramall.
  31. ↑ "A conversation with Daniel Barenboim". 
  32. ↑ Daniel Barenboim (31 August 2001). "Love, the hard way". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 1 September 2011. 
  33. ↑ Stephen Moss "Daniel in the lion's den", The Guardian, 22 October 1999.
  34. ↑ Article in Argentinian newspaper "Clarín", 31 December 2006 (in Spanish)
  35. ↑ "Bronislaw Szulc at Levant Fair Concert Hall [Tel Aviv]," Palestine Post, 20 July 1938, p. 6
  36. ↑ Chaim Gans (2003). "Moralische Aspekte des Israelischen Wagner-Boykotts". In Moshe Zuckermann. Medien – Politik – Geschichte. Tel Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte (in German). Verlag Wallstein Verlag. p. 385. ISBN 3892446571. 
  37. ↑ Paul R. Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, ed. (1995). The Jew in the Modern World. Oxford University Press. p. 230, fn1 to Richard Wagner, "Jewry in Music," translation and excerpt of "Das Judenthum in der Musik," pp. 327–331. 
  38. ↑ "Haifa Symphony Orchestra Cancels Wagnerian Concert on 'Crystal Night,'" Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 11 November 1963.
  39. ↑ "Philharmonic Drops Wagner from Program to Avoid Disturbances," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 25 June 1974
  40. ↑ Hugh Orgel, "Controversy Flares over Playing of Wagner's Music by the IPO," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 23 October 1981.
  41. ↑ "News Brief," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 7 August 1985
  42. ↑ Hugh Orgel, "Israeli Philharmonic Rehearses Two Pieces of Richard Wagner," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 2 November 1989.
  43. ↑ Helen Kaye, "Berlin orchestra won't play Wagner," Jerusalem Post International Edition, 11 November 1989, p. 7.
  44. ↑ Hugh Orgel, "Chorus of Protest Erupts in Israel over IPO Decision to Perform Wagner," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 16 December 1991.
  45. ↑ Hugh Orgel, "IPO Goes Ahead and Plays Wagner, in Guise of a Rehearsal Concert," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 29 December 1991.
  46. ↑ News Brief, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 30 October 2000.
  47. ↑ Ohad Gozani, "Israeli battle over Wagner," The Daily Telegraph, 14 May 2001. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  48. ↑ News Brief, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 31 May 2001; Larry Derfner, "Aryan virtues vs. musical greatness," Chicago Jewish Star, 25 May 2001, pp.7–8.
  49. ↑ Zipi Shohat, "Wagner gets in through the back door. Some are angry about Daniel Barenboim's decision to conduct Wagner, but call it a historic occasion nonetheless," Haaretz, 18 July 2001; Inigo Gilmore, "Barenboim shatters Israel taboo on Wagner," The Daily Telegraph, 9 July 2001; Will Hodgkinson, "Orchestral manoeuvres," The Guardian, 13 August 2004.
  50. ↑ Gila Wertheimer, "Subscribers turning a deaf ear to CSO," Chicago Jewish Star, 14 September 2001, p. 2; Letters, Chicago Jewish Star, 28 September 2001, p. 4.
  51. ↑ Daniel Barenboim, "Those who want to leave, do so," The Guardian, 6 September 2002.
  52. ↑ Joel Greenberg, "Playing a Bit of Wagner Sets Off an Uproar in Israel," New York Times, 9 July 2001, p. A4; Associated Press, "Barenboim plays Wagner," Chicago Sun-Times, 8 July 2001, p. 2A.
  53. ↑ News Brief, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 25 July 2001.
  54. ↑ Zipi Shohat, "Mehta slams Knesset boycott of Barenboim," Haaretz, 26 July 2001.
  55. ↑ Jason Keyser, "Apology (sort of) delivered, now Barenboim will get prize," Chicago Sun-Times, 17 December 2003, p. 80.
  56. ↑ "Daniel Barenboim Discusses Music as a Bridge for Peace in the Middle East," Columbia University events, 24 January 2005. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
  57. ↑ Rachel Pomerance, "Barenboim Comments Spark Anger As Controversy at Columbia Builds," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 26 January 2005; Liel Lebovitz, "Maestro Maelstrom at Columbia," The Jewish Week, 28 January 2005.
  58. ↑ Associated Press, "Israeli conductor Barenboim wants to 'liberate' Wagner from Nazi association," Haaretz, 3 December 2010.
  59. ↑ Supporting Barenboim's position: Editorial, "Keep Wagner on the program," Chicago Sun-Times, 18 December 1991; Karl E. Meyer, "Wagner, Israel – and Herzl," New York Times, 19 December 1991, p. A18; Leonard Bernstein, "Wagner’s Music Isn't Racist," New York Times, 26 December 1991; Editorial, "A grim Holocaust memory… but don't censor Wagner," Chicago Tribune, 10 July 2001. Opposing Barenboim's position: "Wagner in Israel," The Jewish Star, Calgary edition, 20 November 1981, p. 4; Gideon Hausner, "The case against Wagner," Jerusalem Post International Edition, 25–31 October 1981, p. 15; Eugene Blum, "Don't play Wagner," International Jerusalem Post, 10 November 2000; Manuela Hoelterhoff, "Should Israel Switch Off Wagner?" Wall Street Journal, 13 July 2001, p. A10; Martin Sherman, "With friends like Daniel," International Jerusalem Post, 20 September 2002, p. 13; Editorial, "Bye-bye, Daniel. As a high profile critic of Israel, Mr. Barenboim's departure [from the Chicago Symphony Orchestra] brings relief," Chicago Jewish Star, 23 June 2006, p. 4; Terry Teachout, "Why Israel Still Shuts Wagner Out," Wall Street Journal, 31 January – 1 February 2009, p. W1.
  60. ↑ "Norman Lebrecht, "Daniel Barenboim – Playing Politics". ''La Scena Musicale". Scena.org. 3 December 2003. Retrieved 1 September 2011. 
  61. ↑ "Conducting a one-man experiment in peace. Profile: Daniel Barenboim". The Sunday Times (London). 21 August 2005. Retrieved 5 May 2011. 
  62. ↑ Suzie Mackenzie (5 April 2003). "In harmony". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 1 September 2011. 
  63. ↑ Daniel Barenbolm (25 October 2004). "Sound and vision". Arts.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 1 September 2011. 
  64. ↑ Martin Kettle, "Everything to play for". The Guardian, 4 August 2001
  65. ↑ Geraldine Bedell, "Daniel's codes of conduct". The Observer, 17 August 2003
  66. ↑ Avi Shlaim, "Playing for peace". New Statesman, 31 October 2005
  67. ↑ Michael Kennedy, "A duet for solo voice". Telegraph, 23 February 2003
  68. ↑ "Conductor Barenboim in radio row". BBC. 3 September 2005. 
  69. ↑ Smadar Perry (1 May 2012). "'Zionist' Barenboim's Qatar concert cancelled". YNetnews. Retrieved 29 May 2012. 
  70. ↑ Omar Barghouti (28 April 2012). "view all Israeli-Arab Normalization Hits a Snag". Al-Akhbar English. Retrieved 29 May 2012. 
  71. ↑ "Barenboim to open 2012 Olympics with Beethoven 9th". 8 September 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2012. 
  72. ↑ Ohad Gozani (17 December 2003). "Barenboim changes tune". Telegraph (London). 
  73. ↑ "Daniel Barenboim to apologize, receive Wolf Award". Haaretz. Associated Press. 16 December 2003. Retrieved 4 May 2011. 
  74. ↑ Alon, Gideon (5 May 2004). "Rivlin to boycott Barenboim prize award". Haaretz. 
  75. ↑ Daniel Barenboim, "The Statement of Daniel Barenboim on May 9th 2004 at the Knesset on the Occasion of Receiving the Wolf Prize"
  76. ↑ "Barenboim Irks Israelis With Criticism". Associated Press, 10 May 2004.
  77. ↑ Oestreich, James R. (2 March 2007). "Musing on the Barenboim X-Factor". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 March 2010. 
  78. ↑ Jonathan Steele (with Reuters), "Barenboim defies Israeli opinion". The Guardian, 11 September 2002
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 "Conductor Barenboim slams Israel after musician barred from entering Gaza". Haaretz. Associated Press. 17 December 2007. Retrieved 17 December 2007. 
  80. ↑ "Israeli pianist Barenboim takes Palestinian passport". 14 January 2008 newspaper=Ynetnews. 
  81. ↑ Itzkoff, Dave (6 January 2009). "Barenboim Cancels Middle East Concerts". New York Times. 
  82. ↑ Michael Kimmelman (4 May 2011). "Mozart Leaps Perilous Hurdles to Reach an Audience in Gaza". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 May 2011. 
  83. ↑ "Conductor Daniel Barenboim holds Gaza 'peace concert'". BBC. 3 May 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2011. 
  84. ↑ Conal Urquhart (3 May 2011). "Daniel Barenboim brings 'solace and pleasure' to Gaza with Mozart concert. Israeli conductor voices support for non-violence and Palestinian state during performance for schoolchildren and NGO workers". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 4 May 2011. 
  85. ↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 17 May 2011. ;
  86. ↑ Barenboim Maestro Daniel. Presidenza della Repubblica
  87. ↑ President Chirac's Speech on 2007-03-25 (in french only)
  88. ↑ "Conductor Daniel Barenboim Honorary Guide of the Raelian Movement". Raelianews. Retrieved 20 July 2009. 
  89. ↑ Daniel Barenboim
  90. ↑ "Gold Medal for Daniel Barenboim". The Royal Philharmonic Society. 29 January 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2008. 
  91. ↑ "37th International İstanbul Music Festival ends". Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009. 
  92. ↑ "Årets-Næste prismodtager Daniel Barenboim, pianist og dirigent" (in Danish). Léonie Sonnings Musikfond. 29 January 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2009. 
  93. ↑ "Cérémonie de remise des insignes de Grand Officier de la Légion d'honneur à M. Daniel Barenboim". Présidence de la République – Élysée. 28 February 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2011. 
  94. ↑ "Oeuvreprijs Klassiek voor Daniel Barenboim". 29 March 2011. 
  95. ↑ "Conductor Barenboim to accept British knighthood". AFP. 23 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011. 
  96. ↑ "Conductor Daniel Barenboim receives honorary knighthood". BBC. 24 June 2011. .
  97. ↑ גיא בניוביץ' (20 June 1995). "הישראלי מספר 1: יצחק רבין – תרבות ובידור". Ynet. Retrieved 10 July 2011. 
  98. ↑ "Daniel Barenboim (pianist and conductor)". Retrieved 10 April 2012. 

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