Cyclopyrrolones

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Cyclopyrrolones are a family of hypnotic and anxiolytic nonbenzodiazepine drugs with similar pharmacological profiles to the benzodiazepine derivatives.

Although cyclopyrrolones are chemically unrelated to benzodiazepines, they function via the benzodiazepine receptor/GABA neurotransmitter. The best-known cyclopyrrolone derivatives are zopiclone (Imovane) and its enantiomer eszopiclone (Lunesta), which are used to treat insomnia, and have a known potential for abuse. Other cyclopyrrolone derivatives include suriclone, pagoclone, pazinaclone and suproclone.

Cyclopyrrolones
- eszopiclone - hypnotic (Lunesta)
- zopiclone - hypnotic (Imovane)
- pagoclone - anxiolytic
- suriclone - anxiolytic
- pazinaclone - anxiolytic
- suproclone - anxiolytic

External links

British Medical Journal

Anxiolytics (N05B)

GABA_A
PAMs

non-N05B	Alcohols (2M2B, Ethanol (beverage), Ethchlorvynol, Methylpentynol) Chlormezanone Etifoxine Inhalants Kavalactones (Kava) Skullcap Valerenic acid (Valerian)

Benzodiazepine	Adinazolam Alprazolam Bretazenil Bromazepam Camazepam Chlordiazepoxide Clobazam Clonazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam Diazepam^# Ethyl Loflazepate Etizolam Fludiazepam Halazepam Imidazenil Ketazolam Lorazepam^# Medazepam Nordazepam Oxazepam Pinazepam Prazepam

Carbamates	Difebarbamate Emylcamate Febarbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate (Carisoprodol, Tybamate) Phenprobamate Procymate

Nonbenzodiazepines	Abecarnil Adipiplon Alpidem CGS-8216 CGS-9896 CGS-13767 CGS-20625 Divaplon ELB-139 Fasiplon GBLD-345 Gedocarnil L-838,417 NS-2664 NS-2710 Ocinaplon Pagoclone Panadiplon Pipequaline RWJ-51204 SB-205,384 SL-651,498 Taniplon TP-003 TP-13 TPA-023 Y-23684 ZK-93423

Pyrazolopyridines	Cartazolate Etazolate ICI-190,622 Tracazolate

α₂δ VDCC Blockers

CRH₁ Antagonists

mGluR₂_/₃ Agonists

mGluR5 NAMs

TSPO agonists

σ₁ agonists

Antidepressants

Others

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

M: PSO/PSI

mepr

dsrd (o, p, m, p, a, d, s), sysi/epon, spvo

proc (eval/thrp), drug (N5A/5B/5C/6A/6B/6D)

Hypnotics/sedatives (N05C)

GABA_A
agonists/PAMs

Alcohols:	2M2B Chloralodol Ethanol Alcohol Ethchlorvynol Methylpentynol Trichloroethanol

Barbiturates:	Allobarbital Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbital Butabarbital Butobarbital Cyclobarbital Ethallobarbital Heptabarb Hexobarbital Mephobarbital Methohexital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Propylbarbital Proxibarbal Reposal Secobarbital Talbutal Thiamylal Thiopental Vinbarbital Vinylbital

Benzodiazepines:	Brotizolam Cinolazepam Climazolam Doxefazepam Estazolam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutoprazepam Haloxazolam Loprazolam Lormetazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Quazepam Temazepam Triazolam

Carbamates:	Carisoprodol Emylcamate Ethinamate Hexapropymate Meprobamate Methocarbamol Phenprobamate Procymate Tybamate

Neuroactive Steroids:	Acebrochol Allopregnanolone Alphadolone Alphaxolone Eltanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone Org 20599 Org 21465 Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone

Nonbenzodiazepines:	CL-218,872 Eszopiclone Indiplon JM-1232 Lirequinil Necopidem Pazinaclone ROD-188 Saripidem Suproclone Suriclone SX-3228 U-89843A U-90042 Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone

Phenols:	Fospropofol Propofol

Piperidinediones:	Glutethimide Methyprylon Pyrithyldione Piperidione

Quinazolinones:	Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL-164

Volatiles/gases	Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Centalun Chloral hydrate Paraldehyde

Others:	Bromide Lithium bromide Potassium bromide Sodium bromide Chloralose Clomethiazole Dichloralphenazone Etomidate Gaboxadol Loreclezole Metomidate Org 25435 Petrichloral Sulfonmethane Triclofos Valerenic acid Valerian

GABA_B
agonists

1,4-Butanediol
Aceburic acid
GABOB
GHB (Sodium oxybate)
GBL
GVL

H₁ inverse
agonists

Antihistamines:	Captodiame Cyproheptadine Diphenhydramine Doxylamine Hydroxyzine Methapyrilene Pheniramine Promethazine Propiomazine

Antidepressants	Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine, etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine, etc.

Antipsychotics	Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine, etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone, etc.

α₁-Adrenergic
antagonists

Antidepressants	Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine, etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin

Antipsychotics	Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine, etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone, etc.

Others:	Niaprazine

α₂-Adrenergic
agonists

5-HT_2A
antagonists

Antidepressants	Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine, etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine, etc.

Antipsychotics	Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine, etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone, etc.

Others:	Eplivanserin Niaprazine Pruvanserin Volinanserin

Melatonin
agonists

Orexin
antagonists

Others

Acecarbromal
Apronal
Bromisoval
Cannabidiol
- Cannabis
Carbromal
Embutramide
Evoxine
Fenadiazole
Gabapentin
Kavalactones
- Kava
Mephenoxalone
Opioids
- Oxycodone
- Morphine
  - Opium), etc.
Passion flower
Scopolamine
- Mandrake
UMB68
Valnoctamide

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