Cyclone Nargis

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis

Very severe cyclonic storm (IMD) Category 4 Tropical Cyclone (SSHWS)
Cyclone Nargis on May 1 as a category 2 storm
Formed	April 27, 2008 (2008-04-27)
Dissipated	May 3, 2008 (2008-05-04)
Highest winds	3-minute sustained: 165 km/h (105 mph) 1-minute sustained: 215 km/h (130 mph)
Lowest pressure	962 mbar (hPa); 28.41 inHg
Fatalities	138,366 total
Damage	$10 billion (2008 USD)
Areas affected	Bangladesh, Burma, India, Sri Lanka
Part of the 2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

Cyclone Nargis (JTWC designation: 01B, also known as Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis) was a rare, eastward moving at low-latitude strong tropical cyclone that caused the worst natural disaster in the recorded history of Myanmar.^[1] The cyclone made landfall in Myanmar on Friday, 2 May 2008, sending a storm surge 40 kilometers up the densely populated Irrawaddy delta, causing catastrophic destruction and at least 138,000 fatalities.^[2][3][4] The Labutta Township alone was reported to have 80,000 dead, with about 10,000 more deaths in Bogale. There were around 55,000 people missing and many other deaths were found in other towns and areas, although the Myanmar government's official death toll may have been underreported, and there have been allegations that government officials stopped updating the death toll after 138,000 to minimize political fallout. The feared 'second wave' of fatalities from disease and lack of relief efforts never materialized.^[5] Damage was estimated at over K62,988,000,000 (US$10 billion), which made it the most damaging cyclone ever recorded in this basin.^[6]

Nargis is the deadliest named cyclone in the North Indian Ocean Basin, as well as the second deadliest named cyclone of all time, behind Typhoon Nina of 1975. Including unnamed storms like the 1970 Bhola cyclone, Nargis is the eighth deadliest cyclone of all time, but an uncertainty between the deaths caused by Nargis and those caused by other cyclones (like the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone), could put Nargis as seventh deadliest or higher, because the exact death toll is uncertain. Nargis was the first tropical cyclone to strike the country since Cyclone Mala made landfall in 2006, which was slightly stronger, but had a significantly lower impact. According to reports, Indian authorities had warned Myanmar about the danger that Cyclone Nargis posed 48 hours before it hit the country's coast.

Relief efforts were slowed for political reasons as Myanmar's military rulers initially resisted large-scale international aid. U.S. President George W. Bush said that an angry world should condemn the way Myanmar's military rulers were handling the aftermath of such a catastrophic cyclone.^[7] Myanmar's military junta finally accepted aid a few days after India's request was accepted.^[8]

Hampering the relief efforts, only ten days after the cyclone, nearby central China was hit by a massive earthquake, known as the Sichuan earthquake which measured 7.9 in magnitude and it alone had taken 87,476 lives,^[9] and caused US$85 billion in damage, making it the costliest disaster in Chinese history and third costliest disaster ever known. Furthermore, some donated aid items were found to be available in the country's black market, and Myanmar's junta warned on May 15 that legal action would be taken against people who traded or hoarded international aid.

The name "Nargis" (نرگس [ˈnərɡɪs]) is an Urdu word meaning daffodil; the word has its roots in the Persian name Nargess, which has the same meaning.^[10] The first named storm of the 2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Nargis developed on April 27 in the central area of Bay of Bengal. Initially it tracked slowly northwestward and, encountering favorable conditions, it quickly strengthened. Dry air weakened the cyclone on April 29, though after beginning a steady eastward motion Nargis rapidly intensified to attain peak winds of at least 165 km/h (105 mph) on May 2 according to IMD observations; the JTWC assessed peak winds of 217 km/h (135 mph), making it a weak Category 4 cyclone on the SSHS. The cyclone moved ashore in the Ayeyarwady Division of Myanmar at peak intensity and, after passing near the major city of Yangon (Rangoon), the storm gradually weakened until dissipating near the border of Myanmar and Thailand.

Meteorological history

In the last week of April 2008, an area of deep convection persisted near a low-level circulation in the Bay of Bengal about 1150 km (715 mi) east-southeast of Chennai, India.^[11] With good outflow and low wind shear, the system slowly organized as its circulation consolidated.^[12] At 0300 UTC on April 27, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) classified the system as a depression,^[13] and nine hours later the system intensified into a deep depression.^[14] At the same time, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center classified it as Tropical Cyclone 01B. With a ridge to its north, the system tracked slowly north-northwestward as banding features improved.^[15][16] At 0000 UTC, 5:30 AM Indian Standard Time, on April 28, the IMD upgraded the system to Cyclonic Storm Nargis while it was located about 550 km (340 mi) east of Chennai, India.^[17]

On April 28 Nargis became nearly stationary while between ridges to its northwest and southeast. That day the JTWC upgraded the storm to cyclone status, the equivalent of a minimal hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale.^[18] Around the same time, the IMD upgraded Nargis to a severe cyclonic storm.^[19] The cyclone developed a concentric eye feature, which is an eyewall outside the inner dominant eyewall,^[20] with warm waters aiding in further intensification.^[21] Early on April 29, the JTWC estimated Nargis reached winds of 160 km/h (100 mph),^[22] and at the same time the IMD classified the system as a very severe cyclonic storm.^[23] Initially, the cyclone was forecast to strike Bangladesh or southeastern India.^[24][25] Subsequently, the cyclone became disorganized and weakened due to subsidence and drier air; as a result, deep convection near the center markedly decreased. At the same time, the storm began a motion to the northeast around the periphery of a ridge to its southeast.^[26] The circulation remained strong despite the diminishing convection, though satellite intensity estimates using the Dvorak technique indicated the cyclone could have weakened to tropical storm status.^[27] By late on April 29, convection had begun to rebuild,^[28] though immediate restrengthening was prevented by increased wind shear.^[29]

On May 1, 2008, after turning nearly due eastward, Cyclone Nargis began rapidly intensifying, due to greatly improved outflow in association with an approaching upper-level trough.^[30] Strengthening continued as it developed a well-defined eye with a diameter of 19 km (12 mi), and early on 2 May, 200 the JTWC estimated the cyclone reached peak winds of 215 km/h (135 mph) as it approached the coast of Myanmar, making it a Category 4 storm.^[31] At the same time, the IMD assessed Nargis as attaining peak winds of 165 km/h (105 mph).^[32] Around 1200 UTC on May 2, Cyclone Nargis made landfall in the Ayeyarwady Division of Myanmar at peak strength.^[33] The storm gradually weakened as it proceeded east over Myanmar, with its proximity to the Andaman Sea preventing rapid weakening. Its track turned to the northeast due to the approach of a mid-latitude trough to its northwest, passing just north of Yangon with winds of 130 km/h (80 mph).^[34] Early on May 3 the IMD issued its final advisory on the storm.^[35] It quickly weakened after turning to the northeast toward the rugged terrain near the Myanmar-Thailand border, and after deteriorating to minimal tropical storm status, the JTWC issued its last advisory on Nargis.^[36]

Impact

Western Bay of Bengal

On April 27 and 28, the cyclone enhanced the South-West Monsoon over Sri Lanka which resulted in very heavy rain, flooding and landslides being reported within the Western, Sabaragamuwa and Southern provinces.^[37][38] The districts of Ratnapura and Kegalle were the most affected, where more than 3,000 families were displaced.^[38] Thousands of houses were flooded, with 21 reported destroyed. The rainfall left 4,500 people homeless, and more than 35,000 people were affected on the island.^[38][39] Three people were reported injured on the island, while two were reported dead.^[38]

The India Meteorological Department recommended that fishermen should not sail on the ocean during the passage of Nargis. Strong waves and gusty winds were expected along the Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh coastline in India.^[17] Additionally, the influence of the cyclone lowered temperatures along the Indian coastline, which had been affected by a severe heat wave.^[40]

When the cyclone was originally expected to strike near Bangladesh, officials requested farmers to hurriedly finish harvesting the rice crop. At the time, the country was experiencing severe food shortages from Cyclone Sidr in the previous year and flooding earlier in the year, and a direct strike from Nargis would have resulted in destroyed crops due to strong winds.^[41]

Myanmar

The United Nations estimated that 1.50 million people were "severely affected" by this cyclone.^[42] Estimates of the people still missing were 53,836, with 84,537 confirmed dead.^[3] Some NGOs estimating that the final toll would be over 100,000.^[43] At least 10,000 people were reported to have perished in the delta town of Bogale alone.^[44]

Nargis was the deadliest tropical cyclone worldwide since the 1970 Bhola cyclone, which killed nearly 500,000 people. One aid worker claimed that the death toll from the cyclone and its aftermath might reach 300,000; if correct, Nargis would be the 2nd deadliest cyclone ever, and the fifth deadliest natural disaster of the 20th century, after the Yellow River floods, the 1976 Tangshan earthquake and the Bhola Cyclone in Bangladesh.^[45]

Because Myanmar's military leaders did not count the full death toll from Nargis, leaving the area shortly after it hit, and the fact that thousands more people were still missing or washed out at sea, it was feared up to 1 million people might have died in this disaster. ^{[citation needed]} If this proved to be the case, Nargis would be the deadliest cyclone ever recorded, and the third deadliest natural disaster ever recorded in history, behind the Yellow River floods of 1887 and 1931 in China. The final death toll from Nargis was at least 146,000, because there were 90,000 people confirmed dead at one point, and 56,000 other people were missing, but they were never found since it struck, so it was assumed that these 56,000 missing people were killed, and thus, its death toll would exceed that of the 1991 storm and make it the deadliest since the 1970 storm. It is now thought that hundreds of thousands of people will never be found after Nargis because their bodies have decayed, buried, or washed out to sea.^[46]

Andrew Kirkwood, country director of the British charity Save The Children, stated: "We're looking at 50,000 dead and millions of homeless, I'd characterise it as unprecedented in the history of Myanmar and on an order of magnitude with the effect of the [2004] tsunami on individual countries. There might well be more dead than the tsunami caused in Sri Lanka."^[47] Foreign aid workers estimated that 2 to 3 million were homeless, in the worst disaster in Myanmar's history, whose total damage is comparable to that of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.

Thousands of buildings were destroyed; in the town of Labutta, located in the Ayeyarwady Division, state television reported that 75 percent of buildings had collapsed and 20 percent had their roofs ripped off.^[48] One report indicated that 95 percent of buildings in the Irrawaddy Delta area were destroyed.^[49] The Ministry of Religious Affairs stated that 1,163 temples were destroyed in Ayeyarwady Division and 284 in Yangon Division.^[50]

The Burmese government formally declared five regions—Yangon, Ayeyarwady, Bago Divisions and Mon and Kayin States— as disaster areas.

A United Nations official commented on the situation as follows: "It's a bad situation. Almost all the houses are smashed. People are in a terrible situation," he said. Another UN official said that "The Irrawaddy delta was hit extremely hard not only because of the wind and rain but because of the storm surge." A diplomat in Yangon told the Reuters news agency that the area around him looked like a 'war zone' as a result of the cyclone. Burst sewage mains caused the landscape to flood with waste, ruining the rice crop.^[51]

The Daily Telegraph (UK) reported that food prices in Myanmar could be affected by this disaster.^[52] Woradet Wirawekhin (th: วรเดช วีระเวคิน), Deputy Director General of Thailand's Department of Information, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, stated on May 7, 2008 that, in reference to a report submitted by Bansan Bunnak (th: บรรสาน บุนนาค), the Thai ambassador in Yangon, conditions in the city had deteriorated, and that most businesses and markets were closed. Mr. Wirawekhin also reported that the locals faced even more adversity in basic subsistence, because local food prices had increased two- or threefold.^[53]

Aftermath

International relief

On May 6, 2008 , the Burmese government representation in New York formally asked the United Nations for help, but in other ways it remained resistant to the most basic assistance.^[47] As of May 7, 2008, the government of Myanmar had not officially endorsed international assistance, but stated that they were, "willing to accept international assistance, preferably bilateral, government to government." The biggest challenge was obtaining visas for entry into the country.

According to Thai Rath Newspaper of Thailand on May 8, 2008,^[54] in the afternoon (Bangkok time) of May 7, 2008, the Burmese junta permitted Italian flights containing relief supplies from the United Nations, and twenty-five tonnes of consumable goods, to land in Myanmar. However, many nations and organizations hoped to deliver assistance and relief to Myanmar without delay; most of their officials, supplies and stores were waiting in Thailand and at the Yangon airport, as the Burmese junta declined to issue visas for many of those individuals. These political tensions raised the concern that some food and medical supplies might become unusable, even before the Burmese junta officially accepted the international relief effort.

Bangladesh

Bangladesh, which has had experience with cyclones in the past, was one of the first countries to supply aid to Myanmar in the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis. Two planes carrying aid, organized by the Bangladesh Army, were sent to Myanmar on May 8, 2008. They carried stockpiles of emergency aid and hundreds of aid workers with experience in coping with the aftermath of a cyclone.^[55]

India

India, one of the few countries which maintains close relations with Myanmar, launched Operation Sahayata^[56] under which two Indian Navy ships and two Indian Air Force (IAF) aircraft supplied the first international relief material to the cyclone-hit country.^[57] The two aircraft carried 4 tonnes of relief supplies each while the Indian Navy transported more than 100 tonnes of relief material.^[58] On May 8, the IAF dispatched its third air consignment carrying over 32 tonnes of relief material including tents, blankets and medicines.^[59] India planned to send more aid to Burma.^[60] In a separate development, Burma denied Indian search and rescue teams and media access to critical cyclone-hit areas.^[61] India released a statement saying it had requested Burma to accept international aid especially that from the United States,^[62] to which Burma agreed.^[63][64] According to various reports, Indian authorities had warned Burma about the danger that Cyclone Nargis posed 48 hours before it hit the country's coast.^[65] As of May 16, 2008, India's offer to send a team of 50 medical personnel to set up two independent mini-hospitals in the Irrawaddy delta was accepted by the Burmese government.^[66][67] An aircraft carrying the team of doctors and approximately 6 tonnes of medicines was being prepared at Delhi's Palam Air Force Base.

Italy

Italy provided €465,000 (about $732,282) worth of aid in the form of 30 tons of emergency relief equipment, such as stretchers, generators, and water purifiers in a flight organized by the World Food Program (WFP). The flight arrived in Yangon on May 8. This was the first aid flight from a Western nation, preceded only by aid from Thailand.^[68][69]

In addition to this aid, the Italian government provided €500,000 through the WFP and €500,000 through funding to relief agencies through the UN. An additional €123,000 was provided through the Red Cross, as well as €300,000 worth of further financing for emergency equipment.

Malaysia

Mercy Malaysia also trained 180 doctors from the Myanmar Medical Association in Yangon for deployment in the Irrawaddy Delta.^[70] RM 1.8 mil was collected for victims of Myanmar’s cyclone victims through The Star Myanmar Relief Fund and handed to Mercy Malaysia executive council member Dr Ahmad Faizal Perdaus.^[71] A second Malaysian Red Crescent Society (MRCS) disaster relief team was sent to Myanmar on May 21, 2008.

Thailand

Thailand sent US$100,000 in supplies, thirty tonnes of medical supplies and twelve tonnes of food supplies from Thai Red Cross. Additionally, Chaiya Sasomsap, Minister of Public Health of Thailand, stated that the Government had already sent medical supplies valued more than one billion baht ($31.3 million) to Myanmar. Furthermore, the Government of Thailand dispatched, upon the permission of the Burmese junta, twenty medical teams and twenty quick communicable disease suppression units. Samak Sundaravej stated that "if Myanmar gives the green light allowing us to help, our Air Force will provide C-130 aircraft to carry our teams there. This should not be precipitately carried out, it has to have the permission of their government."^[72] On May 7, 2008, those units, with their subordinate airplanes, were permitted to land in Yangon, carrying drinking water and construction material.^[53]

United Kingdom

One of the largest sums was donated by the United Kingdom which committed ₤17 million (approx US$33.5 million).^[73] The UK's Department for International Development sent an international relief team to help with the co-ordination of the international relief effort. Another team from the same department was also on the ground inside Myanmar.^[74] The Royal Navy dispatched HMS Westminster to the area to assist. This ship was part of the Orion 08 group deployment but was detached on a contingency tasking. This mission was codenamed Operation Songster. Prime Minister Gordon Brown remained extremely critical of the Burmese régime and had not ruled out violating Burmese sovereignty by carrying out "forced airdrops" to deliver aid.^[75]

United States

On May 5, U.S. Chargé d'Affaires in Myanmar Shari Villarosa declared a disaster due to the effects of Cyclone Nargis. In response, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) deployed a Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) and immediately provided $2 million to UNICEF, WFP, and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for emergency food, water and sanitation, and shelter assistance.

On May 6, an additional $3 million from USAID was allocated for the provision of emergency relief assistance, including $1 million to the American Red Cross and $2 million for NGO partners and on May 12, USAID Administrator Henrietta H. Fore announced $13 million in food aid and logistics assistance through the World Food Programme.

From May 12 to 20, USAID and the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) coordinated the delivery of nearly $1.2 million of U.S. relief commodities to Rangoon on 185 DOD C-130 flights. The relief supplies would provide assistance to more than 113,000 beneficiaries. The DOD efforts were under the direction of Joint Task Force Caring Response.^[76]

As of June 26, 2008, United States assistance had totaled $41,169,769 and continued to be directed by the USAID DART stationed in Thailand.^[77]

Other relief efforts

On 15 May, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) launched the Burmese HIC website. The purpose of the site was to improve information exchange and collaboration between operational agencies responding to Cyclone Nargis. Based in Bangkok, the HIC was providing support to the Humanitarian Partnership Team and other humanitarian partners in Yangon, as well as those based in Bangkok.

As of May 8, 2008, the Foundation for the People of Burma had a team on the ground in Rangoon and beyond providing direct assistance to thousands of refugees. Since this organization was administered by Buddhist volunteers and already had tacit permission from the Burmese government, all donations went directly for supplies.

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies had pledged $189,000 for relief.^[78] The federation had also launched an appeal of a further CHF73.9 million.^[79] Red Cross spokesman Matt Cochrane said that cyclone survivors needed everything. They needed emergency shelter to keep them dry, including food supplies. He said stagnant waters were a perfect breeding ground for the malaria mosquito, so insecticide-treated nets were needed.^[80] The Red Cross suffered a setback when a boat carrying supplies sank when it hit a submerged tree. Everyone aboard survived, but most of the cargo was lost.^[81] Ten Red Cross/Red Crescent relief flights carrying medical and shelter supplies were due to land in Yangon on 12 May.^[82]

Trocaire has been active in Myanmar since 1995 and were the first Irish aid agency to gain access after Cyclone Nargis. Relief work has been conducted mainly through local partners and membership of the international federation Caritas Internationalis. Trocaire had appealed for the focus of humanitarian work in Myanmar not to be lost in the wake of China's more recent earthquake.^[83]

Save the Children, one of the few agencies allowed to work in Myanmar, said the toll would likely sharply grow in the next few days as help reached isolated areas.^[83] On May 18, it announced that it believed that thirty thousand children younger than five were already facing malnutrition and could starve in under a month if food did not reach them.^[84]

Médecins Sans Frontières landed a plane of 40 tons of relief and medical supplies in Rangoon. After clearing customs the supplies were transferred to local MSF warehouses. They have approximately 200 workers in the region, many of whom have been involved in long-term projects there and were already in the region.^[85]

World Vision launched a US$3 million appeal and sought to get international aid into the country. Staff on the ground were working to distribute food, water and other non-food items while WV Myanmar managers sought approval from the government to work in the worst affected areas and to bring in aid from outside.^[86]

Avaaz.org raised over US$2 million for relief efforts in Myanmar, through over 25,062 individual donations. They entrusted delivery and dissemination of the aid to the Burmese monks, bypassing the military junta. This unique approach proved successful. As of May 25, 2008, US$550,000 was confirmed delivered to the religious establishment with another US$1,000,000 en route.^[87]

Local NGOs also responded to the emergency, many adapting from human-rights or women's focuses to humanitarian emergency relief.^[88]

Country	Contribution[89]
Association of Southeast Asian Nations	An assessment team and 30 medical personnel per country.[90]
Australia	A$25 million (US$23.5 million)[91] and 31 tonnes of supplies.[92]
Bangladesh	20 tonnes of food, medicine
Belgium	€250,000 (US$387,000) and €100,000 from Flanders
Brazil	Zinc roofing tiles, canvas tents and first aid items.
Brunei	Relief materials[93]
Cambodia	៛ 193,120,000[94]
Canada	Up to US$2 million in emergency relief, $500,000 of which is for the Red Cross, Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) is on standby; additional aid to come[95]
China	US$10 million in aid and relief materials (including 3 flights using Jade Cargo each consisting of 60 tonnes of aid)[96]
Czech Republic	US$154,000
Denmark	US$2.1 million[97]
European Union	US$3.0 million
Estonia	US$51,200
Finland	€300,000 (US$464,000)[98]
France	1,500 tons of medicine, food, and water;[81] US$775,000
Germany	US$3.0 million
Greece	US$200,000, medicine and humanitarian aid[99]
Hungary	Ft48,903,000 (US$300,000), medicine, food, humanitarian aid
India	More than 178 tonnes of relief materials; tents, food supplies, medicines. A team of 50 medical personnel is being sent to set up hospitals in the Irrawaddy delta.[66][67]
Indonesia	Rp 9,212,300,000 (US$1 million) in cash and other aids in foods and medicines
Ireland	€1,000,000 (US$1,550,000)
Israel	US$100,000, food and medical supplies by private organizations
Italy	€1,500,000 (US$2,250,000)[100]
Japan	JPY ¥28 million in tents and generators = US$267,000; US$10 million through UN World Food Program & US$570,000 pledged assistance[101]
Laos	₭171,540,000 (US$20,000) worth of food[102]
Lithuania	Lithuanian government donated Lt200,000 ($90,000) to Red Cross.[103]
Malaysia	RM12,965,800 (US$4,100,000)
Macedonia	ден1,964,000 (US$50,000)[104]
Netherlands	€1,000,000 (US$1,550,000)
New Zealand	NZ$3.5 million[105]
Norway	Up to US$1.96 million[106]
Pakistan	Relief materials and setting up of a mobile hospital in the affected region upon approval of Burmese government.[107]
Philippines	Medical workers and US$3,000,000 and relief goods in cash and C-130 Hecules with Aid[108]
Russia	80 tonnes of food, generators, medicine, tents and blankets[109]
San Marino	€30,000[110]
Serbia	Relief materials, medicines and medical supply.[111]
Singapore	US$200,000[112]
Spain	US$775,000 donation to World Food Programme
Sri Lanka	US$100,000 plus food and assistance of medical workers
Sweden	Logistical support and water cleaning systems
Switzerland	US$475,000 (initial)
Taiwan (R.O.C.)	US$200,000
Thailand	US$100,000, food and medical supplies (initial)[113]
Turkey	US$1,000,000 from Ministry of Foreign Affairs, US$600,000 from Turkish Red Crescent[114]
United Kingdom	₤45 million committed (US$73.5 million at the Nov 7, 2008, exchange rate),[115] HMS Westminster[116]
United States	US$47.245 million (as of July 10, 2008)[117]
Vietnam	₫3,195,000,000 (US$200,000)

Burma controversy

Military junta's blockade of aid

In the days after the storm, the junta pursued a CNN reporter covering the effects of the storm. The reporter was eventually forced to leave the country out of fear of being imprisoned.^[118]

On May 9, 2008, the junta officially declared that their acceptance of international aid relief would be limited to food, medicines and other supplies as well as financial aid, but would not allow additional foreign aid workers or military units to operate in the country. Samak Sundaravej, Prime Minister of Thailand, stated that, following the request of Eric G. John, U.S. Ambassador to Thailand, he would visit Myanmar on 11 May in order to urge the junta to open the country. Quinton Quayle, U.K. Ambassador to Thailand, later remarked that he would also join Sundaravej.^[119] However, the junta immediately replied that it was not willing to welcome anyone at this time. Sundaravej said that he would still submit the mediating letter to the junta without delay.^[120]

The delays had attracted international condemnation. Also, on 9 May in Bangkok, Richard Horsey, spokesperson of the United Nations, urged Myanmar to accept a full scale international relief effort.^[121] United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon urged the junta to allow aid in "without hindrance". Ban's comments came after the World Food Programme resumed food aid after two shipments of high energy biscuits were stolen by the military.^[122] The Canadian House of Commons condemned the Burmese government's response in a resolution passed unanimously on May 9, 2008.^[95] Oxfam International's regional chief Sarah Ireland warned that 1.5 million face death if they did not get clean water and sanitation soon: "It's really crucial that people get access to clean water sources and sanitation to avoid unnecessary deaths and suffering."^[123] Myanmar's government seemed unaware of the scope of the death and destruction Cyclone Nargis wrought on the country more than a week ago, it was reported 13 May 2008.^[124] Some critics were even suggesting genocide since the Burmese government had deliberately denied storm victims aid, allowing for hundreds of thousands to potentially die from starvation, exposure, and disease.^[125]

On May 16, 2008, the Burmese UN ambassador accused France of deploying a warship to the Burmese coast. The French UN ambassador denied the LHD Mistral^{[citation needed]} was a warship, and claimed Myanmar's refusal to allow increased aid into the country "could lead to a true crime against humanity." France stated the ship in question was carrying 1,500 tons of relief supplies.^[126] UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown accused the ruling junta of allowing the disaster to grow into a "man-made catastrophe" through its failure to act. He also rebuked the junta as being guilty of inhuman actions.^[127]

On May 19, Myanmar agreed to allow aid from members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to enter. The decision came after an emergency ASEAN summit. The aid would start arriving May 21. Ban Ki-moon would probably visit the country the same day to "accelerate relief efforts".^[90] That day, Ban announced that Myanmar was going to "allow all aid workers regardless of nationality" to enter, although ships and helicopters were still not expected to be allowed. The announcement came after Ban had met with junta leader General Than Shwe for over two hours. Organizations welcoming the announcement included World Vision, the World Food Programme, and the International Rescue Committee.^[128]

On May 23, negotiations between UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon and Than Shwe resulted in the opening of Myanmar to aid workers, regardless of nationality. Myanmar's government was still staunchly opposed to the presence of military units in the country, only allowing dedicated relief workers.^[129] On June 5, a USS Essex-led American carrier group full of aid left the Burmese coast after being denied entry for several weeks, taking its aid back undelivered.^[130]

On May 27, to complicate world opinion and in contrast to numerous and varied accounts from international relief organizations, the Burmese junta praised U.N. aid.^[131]

On June 5, 2008, Amnesty International released a report saying that at least thirty people had been evicted from refugee camps. The report also indicated that the military was horse-trading aid for physical labour.^[130]

Uninterrupted referendum

Despite objections raised by the Burmese opposition parties and foreign nations in the wake of the natural disaster, the junta proceeded with a previously scheduled (May 10, 2008) constitutional referendum. Voting however was postponed until May 24, 2008 in Yangon and other areas hardest hit by the storm.^[132]

On May 8, 2008, about thirty protesters assembled before Myanmar's embassy in Manila, Philippines, demanding that the junta defer voting on the referendum and immediately accept international relief. The Philippine protesters delivered the statement that "this time is not the time for politics, but it is the time to save people." The United States Government also demanded that the United Nations not endorse the referendum. Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of the Burmese opposition, also stated that holding a vote for the referendum during this disaster would be a consummately unacceptable act.^[54] About 500 Burmese activists demonstrated on 10 May outside their country's embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, demanding that Burma's military regime call off its constitutional referendum even as voting began despite a devastating cyclone.^[133]

In a public poll conducted throughout Myanmar on May 9, 2008 by Mizzima, a Myanmar news agency, 64% of those surveyed still intended to vote in the referendum. However, 71% did not know what the constitution was, and 52% had not yet decided whether they would vote to support or oppose it.^[134]

Aid distribution controversy

AP news stories stated that foreign aid provided to disaster victims was modified to make it look like it came from the military regime, and state-run television continuously ran images of Gen. Than Shwe ceremonially handing out disaster relief.^[135]

More than a week after the disaster, only one out of 10 people who were homeless, injured or threatened by disease and hunger had received some kind of aid.^[135] More than two weeks later, relief had only reached 25 percent of people in need.^[136]

Nine days after the cyclone, the military government was still refusing to grant visas and access for aid workers into the area. The UN called for an air or sea corridor to be opened to channel large amounts of aid,^[137] and the HMS Westminster was sent to the area, alongside French and United States military assets.^[138]

Activists respond to the blockade of aid

A Facebook.com page called Support the Relief Efforts for Burma (Myanmar) Cyclone Disaster Victims with 10,000 members used its members to organize a Global Day Of Action for Burma on May 17, 2008.^[139] with the help of Burma Global Action Network, Burma Campaign UK, Canadian Friends of Burma, the US Campaign for Burma, Info Birmanie, as well as countless local partners, a Global Day of Action for Burma a call for Humanitarian Intervention was held on May 17, 2008, in cities worldwide. An apparent response to the junta's blockade of aid to the Cyclone Nargis victims, the international community called for a humanitarian corridor to get aid into the hardest hit areas of Myanmar.^[140]

Records

Nargis did set many records for its death toll and its damage, but in addition to this, when Nargis reached Category 4 on the SSHS on May 2, it marked the only time that a Category 4 storm had formed in this basin for 3 consecutive years in a row (starting with 2006's Mala), going into 2007 with Sidr and Gonu, and ending with Nargis.

The exact death toll from Nargis will likely never be known for sure, but it was most likely one of the deadliest tropical cyclones worldwide in recorded history.

Private relief

Several international organizations have been approved to work within the country (either before or after) or otherwise supporting relief efforts:

• Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) is assisting survivors in the hard-hit Irrawaddy Delta by providing food aid, access to water, medical assistance, kitchen kits and other ways to help.
• Aidmatrix (The Aidmatrix Foundation) is providing an online coordination portal^[141] connecting companies, groups and individuals wanting to offer products and services, financial contributions or wanting organize workplace giving efforts.^[141]
• American Jewish World Service is providing emergency support to local organizations that are responding to immediate needs.
• Architecture for Humanity is supporting long-term, sustainable reconstruction of housing, schools, clinics and other critical infrastructure.
• Giving Children Hope has partners on the ground with which to send emergency supplies.^[142]
• CARE had offices in Yangon that were damaged.^[143]
• Cesvi Operated in the Dedaye Township on over 40 villages. The project implemented were: Watsan, Shelter and NFI's distribution, Agriculture and Livelihood, Medical and Vector control Teams.
• Chevron Corporation contributes US$2 million, of which half goes to The International Federation of the Red Cross and the other half will be allocated to four other organizations: the International Organization for Migration, Mercy Corps, Pact and Save the Children.^[144]
• Church World Service is working with the Myanmar Council of Churches on a relief effort.
• Direct Relief International is working with several groups and organizations on the ground.^[145]
• Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières has more than 200 aid workers on the ground and is responding.^[146]
• FireFly Mission is working with groups of Monks and other local NGOs on the ground. 100% of donations go to the victims directly. Firefly Mission believes in the principle of cultural relativism and do not support projects or organisations that may attempt to convert recipients or involve in activities that disrespects local cultural dynamics.
• Foundation for the People of Burma provides direct assistance and is operating in Rangoon.
• GlobalGiving has several targeted relief projects with grassroots organizations already in Myanmar, including International Medical Corps, CHF International, and IDE.^[147]
• Hungarian Baptist Aid has joined to Baptist World Aid's Search, Rescue and Medical team. Also ready to launch a humanitarian relief and a special water purification and clean water packing (waterbags) unit.
• Hewlett Packard Foundation made the donation of US$250,000 via World Food Programme(WFP).
• Lutheran World Relief is working through Church World Service.^[148]
• LDS Church has delivered several tonnes of food, blankets, and other supplies
• LIRNEasia an Asia Pacific based telecom think tank made their donations through Lekadhikari of Amarapura nikaya, Sri Lanka
• Mingalar Foundation, a Myanmar-based NGO, is helping 37,000+ unreached people (about 7,000 families) in 9 affected areas everyday by distributing food, clean water, shelter and medicine and are accepting donations online with the help of Samui Island Hotels (USA/Thailand).
• Myanmar Red Cross is appealing for help and is on the ground.^[149]
• Proximity Designs distributed US$17.9 million in aid to 2.49 million people following the storm and continues to help farming families rebuild through cash-for-work infrastructure projects in 214 villages throughout the Irrawaddy Delta.
• Save the Children is "one of the largest non-governmental organizations at work in Myanmar" and has launched a full scale relief effort.^[150]
• Sewa International has a network of volunteers and partner organizations active in the affected areas.
• ShelterBox Australian and other Rotary International bodies are assisting. ShelterBoxes started arriving on May 10.^[151]
• UNICEF is in country and has already provided relief supplies.^[152]
• Unitarian Universalist Service Committee has joined with the Unitarian Universalist Association to launch a humanitarian relief fund to help survivors of the cyclone in Myanmar. The UUSC responds strategically to crises, especially when rights are threatened or when those in need are overlooked or neglected by traditional relief approaches.
• World Relief is working with partners in the Global Relief Alliance to bring vital aid to thousands in desperate need in the aftermath of the storm.
• World Vision has 600 staff on the ground.^[153]
• Nargis Action Group Myanmar Egress is currently involved in disaster relief operations in 4 severely damaged townships in the Delta region. In so doing, Myanmar Egress has collaborated with some business companies that have been granted permission by the authorities to undertake in the rescue and relief work in several storm-hit areas in the delta. Myanmar Egress is engaging in all these disaster relief activities under the name of "Nargis Action Group Myanmar".

Impact on rice supplies

The Irrawaddy Delta is such a fertile area for rice growing that it was known as the "rice bowl" of the British Empire.^[154] Production was high enough that Myanmar could feed its citizens a high amount of rice (by the standards of Asia) with enough left over to sell on the market. Since Nargis hit right around harvest, a rice shortage and famine could result. The United Nations' Food and Agricultural Organization estimated that Nargis impacted 65% of the country's paddies. They feel that the situation would be "devastating... if the recent disaster results in severe rice shortages." This might exacerbate the crisis already occurring, but it could be partially alleviated if fall and late summer harvests were good.^[155] Myanmar had since appealed for aid to assist with getting the rice planted, as its farmers had a 40 to 50-day window of opportunity before the season's crop would be lost.^[156] The Myanmar government estimated losses of US$10 billion because of the cyclone.^[157]

Update

The UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) reported the extent of the international response to date as less than 7 percent of the actual needs for shelter after 15 months, although emergency shelter relief efforts were well funded. It estimated about 209,000 families had rebuilt their own homes alone over the past year. Out of US$150 million requested for shelter repair and reconstruction under the Post Nargis Recovery Plan (PONREPP) — a three-year recovery strategy running to 2011 — only US$50 million had been received.^[158]

See also

• Burma–Thailand relations
• Cyclone Giri
• Cyclone Mala
• Geography of Burma

• List of tropical cyclones
• List of natural disasters by death toll
• Timeline of the 2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

References

Further reading

Larkin, Emma (2010). Everything is Broken: the Untold Story of Disaster under Burma's Military Regime. Granta 

External links

Wikinews has related news: Cyclone Nargis

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyclone Nargis.

• Damage information from BBC
• Google Map: Path of Cyclone Nargis
• Red Cross - Red Cross Movement response to Cyclone Nargis
• "Eyes of the Storm" Full episode of PBS documentary on orphans of Cyclone Nargis fending for themselves.