Cyclone Evan

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Severe Tropical Cyclone Evan
Category 4 cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)

Tropical Cyclone Evan just off the western coast of Fiji on December 17
Formed December 9, 2012 (2012-12-09)
Dissipated December 27, 2012 (2012-12-27)
(Weakened below tropical cyclone intensity on December 19, 2012)
Highest winds 10-minute sustained:
185 km/h (115 mph)
1-minute sustained:
230 km/h (145 mph)
Lowest pressure 943 mbar (hPa); 27.85 inHg
Fatalities 5 Dead, 11 Missing
Damage $315.8 million (2012 USD)
Areas affected Fiji, Wallis and Futuna, Western Samoa, American Samoa and Tonga
Part of the 2012–13 South Pacific cyclone season

Severe Tropical Cyclone Evan (RSMC Nadi designation: 04F, JTWC designation: 04P) was considered to be the worst tropical cyclone to affect the island nation of Samoa since Cyclone Val in 1991 and Cyclone Ofa in 1990. The system was first noted on December 9, as a weak tropical depression about 700 km (435 mi) to the northeast of Suva, Fiji. Over the next couple of days the depression gradually developed further before it was named Evan on December 12, as it had developed into a tropical cyclone. During that day the system moved towards the Samoan Islands and gradually intensified, before the system slowed down and severely affected the Samoan Islands during the next day with wind gusts of up to 210 km/h (130 mph).

The storm moved east and impacted the French islands of Wallis and Futuna before affecting Samoa and American Samoa. On December 16, Evan turned to the south, and paralleled western areas of Fiji.[1]

Meteorological history

On December 9, the Fiji Meteorological Service's Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in Nadi (RSMC Nadi) started to monitor a weak tropical depression, that had developed within the South Pacific Convergence Zone, about 700 km (435 mi) to the northeast of Suva, Fiji.[2][3] Over the next two days, the depression gradually developed further in an area of low vertical windshear and favourable sea surface temperatures of between 28–30 °C (82–86 °F), as it was steered eastwards by an upper level ridge of high pressure.[3][4][5] Late on December 11, the JTWC started to issue warnings and designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 04P, after 1-minute sustained winds had become equivalent to a tropical storm and the precipitation radar on NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission had observed a complete eyewall surrounding the systems Eye.[5][6] RSMC Nadi then reported early the next day that the system had become a category one tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and named it Evan, while located about 410 km (255 mi) to the west of Pago Pago on the American Samoan island of Tutuila.[7][8] After it had been named, the system continued to be steered eastwards towards the Samoan islands by the upper level ridge, as it quickly intensified further with RSMC Nadi reporting at 1200 UTC that the system had become a category 2 tropical cyclone.[9][10] At 1800 UTC the JTWC reported that the system had become equivalent to a category one hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale (SSHS) with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 120 km/h (75 mph), as it started to affect Western Samoa.[11][12]

Over the next 12 hours the system developed a 17 km (11 mi) cloud filled eye on visible imagery, while the systems forward motion started to slow down as it entered a weak steering environment with the upper level ridge of high pressure to the north of the system weakened and a subtropical ridge of high pressure developed to the south of the system.[13][14] At 0600 UTC RSMC Nadi reported that Evan had become a category 3 severe tropical cyclone, as it passed near the island of Upolu.[15] During December 16 the system continued to intensify as started to recurve towards the west, before at 1800 UTC (0700 UTC+13, December 17) the JTWC reported that Evan had reached an intensity of 185 km/h (115 mph), which made it equivalent to a category 3 hurricane on the SSHS.[16]

Early on December 17, the JTWC reported that Cyclone Evan had reached its peak intensity with 1-minute windspeeds of 230 km/h (145 mph), which made it equivalent to a category 4 hurricane on the SSHS.[16][17] During that day Evan started to gradually weaken as it moved around the coast of the Fijian island of Viti Levu. With RSMC Nadi reporting by 1800 UTC (0700 UTC+13, December 18) that the system had weakened into a category 3 severe tropical cyclone.[17][18] By December 19, wind shear from the Northwest had exposed the system's low level circulation center completely, pushing the bulk of convection and thunderstorm activity about 120 km (75 mi) to the southeast of the center. Evan had also moved into cooler sea surface temperatures, below 27°C (81°C), so evaporation and thunderstorm development had waned, needing to falling cloud heights because of less evaporation.[19]

On December 19, RSMC Nadi reported that Cyclone Evan had weakened below cyclone intensity and declassified it as a tropical cyclone, before the JTWC issued their final warning later that day as the system started to transition into an extratropical cyclone.[20][21] Over the next couple of days the remnant low continued moving southwards and moved below 25°S and into the Wellington tropical cyclone warning centre's (TCWC Wellington) area of responsibility.[22][23] During December 21, the system started to move towards the southwest as it directed a moist tropical airmass onto the North Island during the next day.[22][24] The remnants of Evan were last noted by TCWC Wellington during December 25.[25][26]

Preparations and impact

Cyclone Evan from peak intensity to weakening as it moves to the west of the Fiji islands on December 17

Fiji

During December 10, RSMC Nadi issued heavy rain warnings for parts of Fiji, as the trough of low pressure associated with the system, was bringing heavy rain and squally thunderstorms to parts of Fiji which they warned could lead to flash floods in parts of the archipelago.[27] These warnings were subsequently cancelled during the next day as the system moved away from Fiji, however they started to note that the global numerical weather guidance products were agreeing on the depression, re-curving as a tropical cyclone and to start directly impacting Fiji from December 16.[28][29] During the next three days, RSMC Nadi issued calls for communities to be prepared, heed warnings and act responsibly, so that they could avoid "unnecessary loss of lives and properties", as Cyclone Evan was expected to be at least a Category 4 Severe Tropical Cyclone when it entered Fijian waters.[8][30] Between December 15 - 18 as the system approached and passed through the archipelago, RSMC Nadi issued various strong, gale, storm and hurricane force wind warnings for Fiji.[31][32][33]

As of December 15, at least 400 people had evacuated to emergency shelter in anticipation of the storm on the island of Vanua Levu, according to Fijian authorities.[34] Air Pacific announced they are suspending all flights to Savusavu, as well as the international flights from Nadi to Auckland and Brisbane on December 16.[35][36]

Upon passing over Fiji, over 8,000 people were living in shelters, including many tourists. Although there were no initial reports of casualties, the storm brought considerable damage. Trees and power lines were down across the island group. In addition, flooding and structural damage was reported from resorts and homes.[37]

Damage throughout Fiji amounted to FJ$169.9 million (US$108.8 million). Additionally, short-term economic losses related to the cyclone were estimated reach FJ$73.4 million (US$40.9 million).[38]

Wallis and Futuna

Wettest tropical cyclones in Wallis and Futuna
Highest known recorded totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref
Rank mm in
1 674.9 26.57 Raja 1986 Maopoopo, Futuna Island [39]
2 556.7 21.92 Fran 1992 Hihifo, Wallis Island [39]
3 291.2 11.46 Val 1975 Hihifo, Wallis Island [39]
4 220.6 8.69 Hina 1997 Maopoopo, Futuna Island [39]
5 186.0 7.32 Evan 2012 Futuna Island [40]
6 180.0 7.09 Val 1980 Maopoopo, Futuna Island [39]
7 171.6 6.76 Keli 1997 Hihifo, Wallis Island [39]
8 160.8 6.33 Unnamed 1966 Malaetoli, Wallis Island [39]
9 119.0 4.69 Waka 2001 Hihifo, Wallis Island [39]
10 110.8 4.36 Unnamed 1969 Malaetoli, Wallis Island [39]

Cyclone Evan affected Wallis and Futuna on two separate occasions while it was active, with the cyclone first affecting Futuna during December 11, before passing within 20 km (10 mi) of Wallis Island during December 15, and 70 km (45 mi) of Futuna Island during the next day.[40] On December 11 Futuna Island recorded 186 mm (7.3 in) of rainfall and windspeeds of up to 55 km/h (35 mph) as Evan passed just to the north of the island.[40] Ahead of the system affecting the French Territory for the second time, various warning alerts were issued for the two islands, with people were urged to prepare.[41][42][43] As the system passed near Wallis island, wind gusts of up to 156 km/h (97 mph) were recorded, which were the highest recorded wind gusts on Wallis Island since records began in 1971.[40] The cyclone passed through the French territory without any reported casualties, and while Futuna Island was spared any major damage, extensive damage was reported on Wallis Island.[44]

Samoa

Cyclone Evan nearing the coast of Upolu, Samoa on December 13

Cyclone Evan affected the independent state of Samoa between December 11 and 15, and was considered to be the worst tropical cyclone to affect Samoa, since Cyclone Val in 1991 and Cyclone Ofa in 1990.[45][46] After the system was named on November 12, the Samoan Deputy and Acting Prime Minister Fonotoe Pierre Lauofo, signed a Disaster Declaration which lasted for 48 hours and activated all disaster response provisions of the Samoan National Disaster Management Plan.[47][48] During that day the Samoa Meteorology Division issued gale and storm force wind warnings and a hurricane watch for Samoa, while preparations for the system started with several people boarding up their homes.[45][49][50] During the next day these preparations continued before the SMS issued a hurricane warning for Upolu, after marginal hurricane force winds of 114 km/h (71 mph) were observed on Mount Fiamoe, Upolu.[45][49]

The cyclone struck, causing widespread damage in the capital, Apia. Many of the roads were blocked by flood waters and downed banana trees. Evan also caused damage to Faleolo International Airport in Apia, where the departures lounge collapsed, forcing its temporary closure. As a result, Air Pacific cancelled all flights to Apia for December 14 and 15, citing safety concerns.[51][52] Wind gusts of up to 210 km/h (130 mph) were reported. The storm destroyed houses and caused almost complete failures in the power and water supply systems.[53] The Disaster Management Office reported that the Tanugamanono power plant was heavily damaged and power might not be restored for up to two months in some areas. A water treatment plant near Apia was also reported destroyed.[54] At least three deaths were reported after the storm,[55] including two children who were in low-lying areas and drowned. Authorities expressed concern over about the fate of at least 7 people who are still missing, as well as up to 3,000 others now living in emergency shelters.[56][57]

The US Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa David Huebner confirmed the United States had provided NZ$60,000 to the Samoan Red Cross for relief operations. New Zealand authorities said they were also ready to provide financial aid, if the local government requests it. On December 15 they did provide NZ$50,000, as well as a P-3 Orion plane to search for eight missing fishermen.[58] Two days later the New Zealand Foreign Affairs Minister Murray McCully announced an additional NZ$550,000 was to be made available to the Samoan government, as well as the Samoan Red Cross and any agencies on the ground that might need it. Five additional New Zealand Red Cross workers were also sent to support local efforts. The Samoan Parliament opened with a somber prayer session, as the legislators prepared to receive initial assessments of the economic damage wrecked by Evan. According to reports, the bill is expected to be at least NZ$200,000,000, and possibly rise as high as 300 million.[59][60]

On December 17 Samoan authorities confirmed that the death toll reached 14, after rescuers abandoned the search for 10 missing sailors.[61] In all, damage from the storm amounted to A$200 million (US$207 million).

American Samoa

Enhanced infrared image of Evan on December 13

The Pago Pago National Weather Service Forecast Office issued a gale watch for all of American Samoa a day before the storm impacted the island.[62] As Evan intensified and moved closer to the archipelago, hurricane warnings and flash flood watches were issued for Tutuila, Aunuu, Manua and Swains Island.[63] On December 14 authorities announced that there had been no major damage or injuries after the passage of the storm.[58]

Tonga

During December 13, RSMC Nadi and the Tonga Meteorological Service issued a tropical cyclone alert for the islands of Niuatoputapu and Niuafo'ou, as it was possible that the system could produce gale force winds over the islands within 48 hours.[64][65] However these alerts were cancelled during December 14, as Evan was no longer predicted to pass close enough to the islands to produce gale force winds or any damage on either island.[66][67][68]

New Zealand

During December 23, as Cyclone Evan's remnants moved towards New Zealand, TCWC Wellington issued Severe Weather Warnings for parts of Northland, Auckland and Coromandel as between 70–100 mm (2.8–3.9 in) of rain expected to fall which could cause surface flooding.[22] They also predicted that parts of New Zealand would see strong or gale force winds and that the eastern coasts of Northland, might see large sea waves of about 3–4 metres (9.8–13.1 ft).[22] During that day in parts of the Coromandel Ranges, over 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain fell while in other parts of the warning area 25–50 mm (0.98–1.97 in) fell while the system was blamed for creating foggy conditions that engulfed parts of the North Island, and led to over 100 flights being cancelled at Wellington Airport.[69][70][71] On December 24, the threat of heavy rain, surface flooding, swells and strong to gale force winds continued while a swimmer drowned in rough seas of Whiritoa beach.[69][72] During that day heavy rain and the threat of flooding gradually eased, before the remnants were last noted during the next day.[25][26][73]

See also

Notes

    References

    1. ↑ "Loina — Portail Officiel de Wallis & Futuna" (in French). Loina. Retrieved 17 December 2012. 
    2. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 9, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Summary December 9, 2012 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2012. 
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 10, 2012). "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans December 10, 2012 00z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012. 
    4. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 10, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 10, 2012 18z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 10, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012. 
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 12, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 04P (Evan) Warning December 14, 03z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012. 
    6. ↑ Kelley, Owen. "Tropical Storm Evan (South Pacific Ocean)". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on December 18, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012. 
    7. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 12, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 12, 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012. 
    8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 12, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone "Evan"" (Press release). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012. 
    9. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 12, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 04P (Evan) Warning December 12, 15z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2012. 
    10. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 12, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 12, 2012 12z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2012. 
    11. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 12, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 04P (Evan) Warning December 12, 21z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2012. 
    12. ↑ "Samoa and American Samoa issue alerts for Tropical Cyclone Evan". Radio New Zealand International. December 12, 2012. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013. 
    13. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 13, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 04P (Evan) Warning December 13, 03z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012. 
    14. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 13, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 13, 2012 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2012. 
    15. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 13, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 13, 2012 06z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2012. 
    16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Research Laboratory (December 13, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 04P (Evan) Running Best Track Analysis". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on December 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012. 
    17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 17, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 04P (Evan) Warning December 17, 09z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on December 17, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012. 
    18. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 17, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 17, 2012 18z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 18, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012. 
    19. ↑ http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2012/h2012_Evan.html
    20. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 19, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 16, 2012 12z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 20, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2012. 
    21. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 19, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 04P (Evan) Warning December 19, 21z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2012. 
    22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Kreft, Peter (December 23, 2012). "Christmas Weather Daily Update: Sunday December 23". Meteorological Service of New Zealand. Archived from the original on December 22, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2012. 
    23. ↑ Wellington Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (December 20, 2012). "Storm Warning 307, December 20, 2012 00z". Meteorological Service of New Zealand. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2012. 
    24. ↑ Wellington Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (December 21, 2012). "Marine Weather Bulletin for the Subtropics, December 21, 2012 18z". Meteorological Service of New Zealand. Archived from the original on December 22, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2012. 
    25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Wellington Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (December 24, 2012). "Marine Weather Bulletin for the Subtropics, December 24, 18z". Meteorological Service of New Zealand. Archived from the original on December 25, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2012. 
    26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Wellington Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (December 25, 2012). "Marine Weather Bulletin for the Subtropics, December 25, 06z". Meteorological Service of New Zealand. Archived from the original on December 25, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2012. 
    27. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. "Special Weather Bulletin Number One for heavy rain December 10, 2012 04z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012. 
    28. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 11, 2012). "Special Weather Bulletin Number Nine for Heavy Rain December 11, 2012". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012. 
    29. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 11, 2012). "Tropical Depression TD04F" (Press release). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012. 
    30. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 14, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone "Evan"" (Press release). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 14, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012. 
    31. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 15, 2012). "Special Weather Bulletin Number 5 for Fiji, December 15, 2012 03z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2012. 
    32. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 16, 2012). "Special Weather Bulletin Number 21 for Fiji, December 16, 2012 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012. 
    33. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 18, 2012). "Special Weather Bulletin Number 37 for Fiji, December 18, 2012 03z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 18, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012. 
    34. ↑ "Fiji braces for cyclone that killed 3 in Samoa". The Huffington Post. 15 December 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012. 
    35. ↑ Air Pacific cancels Savusavu flights (FBC News)
    36. ↑ Cyclone bears down on Fiji (SBS News)
    37. ↑ "Fiji hammered by severe cyclone, no deaths reported (Reuters)". Retrieved December 18, 2012. 
    38. ↑ "Fiji: Cyclone Evan damage estimated at $108 million". Business Insurance. April 24, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2013. 
    39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.7 39.8 "Wallis and Futuna Cyclone Passes De 1880 à nos jours" (in French). Meteo France New Caledonia. Retrieved January 2, 2014. 
    40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 "156 km/h : Record de rafales battu à Wallis" (in French). Meteo France: New Caledonia. December 22, 2012. Archived from the original on December 22, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2014. 
    41. ↑ Administration Superieure Des îles Wallis-et-Futuna (December 14, 2012) (in French). Pre Alerte — Cyclone Evan (L'Administration Superieure Communique). Loina — Portail Officiel de Wallis & Futuna. http://www.loina.wf/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/communiqu%C3%A9-PRE-ALERTE-Cyclone-EVAN.jpg. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
    42. ↑ Administration Superieure Des îles Wallis-et-Futuna (December 14, 2012) (in French). Alerte 1 - Cyclone Evan (L'Administration Superieure Communique). Loina — Portail Officiel de Wallis & Futuna. http://www.loina.wf/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Communique-alerte-1.jpg. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
    43. ↑ Administration Superieure Des îles Wallis-et-Futuna (December 15, 2012) (in French). Alerte 2 - Cyclone Evan (Niveau maximal d'alerte) (L'Administration Superieure Communique). Loina — Portail Officiel de Wallis & Futuna. http://www.loina.wf/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Alerte-2-Cyclone-EVAN1.jpg. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
    44. ↑ http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?lurel-mercredi-et-jeudi-a-wallis-durement-frappee-par-le-cyclone-evan.html
    45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Nelson, Filomena; Samoa Disaster Management Office (July 1, 2013). "Disaster Response Experience: Tropical Cyclone Evan December 2012" (PDF). 19th Regional Disaster Managers Meeting — Annual Meeting of the Heads of National Disaster Management Offices (NDMOs) of Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs). Nadi, Fiji. pp. 2–6. Archived from the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2013. 
    46. ↑ Dorney, Sean (April 30, 2013). "Australia and Samoa formalise cyclone aid deal". Australian Broadcasting Company. Retrieved May 14, 2013. 
    47. ↑ Samoa Disaster Management Office (April 16, 2013). DMO Newsletter January — March 2013 1 (2). Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. pp. 1–4. Retrieved December 10, 2013. 
    48. ↑ "Samoa declares disaster over cyclone damage". Radio New Zealand International. December 12, 2012. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2013. 
    49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 A Case Study of Tropical Cyclone Evan around Samoa (Report). World Meteorological Organization. August 17, 2013. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/DPFS/Meetings/RAV-SWFDDP-RSMT_Fiji2013/documents/Doc-3-2-1-CasestudyTC_Evan.doc. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
    50. ↑ "Special Weather Bulletin Number 3 for Samoa, December 12, 2012 15z". Samoa Meteorology Division. December 12, 2012. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2013. 
    51. ↑ Geraldine Panapasa (December 14, 2012). "Air Pac cancels Apia flights". (Fiji Times). Retrieved December 14, 2012. 
    52. ↑ "Two killed as tropical Cyclone Evan hits Samoa". ABC News. 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2012-12-13. 
    53. ↑ Brad Lendon (2012-12-13). "2 deaths reported as Cyclone Evan rips through Samoan islands". CNN. Retrieved 2012-12-13. 
    54. ↑ Cyclone Evan rips through Samoa as Apia homes flattened, BBC, 14 December 2012
    55. ↑ "Deadly cyclone leaves Samoa a total mess". TVNZ. Retrieved 14 December 2012. 
    56. ↑ Michael Field (2012-12-13). "Apia slammed as cyclone hits Samoa". Fairfax NZ News. Retrieved 2012-12-13. 
    57. ↑ "Deadly Cyclone Evan to hit Fiji". 3News NZ. 2012-12-14. Retrieved 2012-12-14. 
    58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Deadly cyclone batters Samoa". Radio NZ. Retrieved 14 December 2012. 
    59. ↑ "NZ steps up assistance for cyclone-ravaged Samoa". TV NZ. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 
    60. ↑ "Counting the cost of Cyclone Evan in Samoa". Radio Australia. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 
    61. ↑ "Fiji begins cleanup after Cyclone Evan rips through; Samoa death toll rises to 14". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 
    62. ↑ Akapo, Akapo Kofe (December 13, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone Evan (04F) - Local Statement December 11, 17z". National Weather Service Office, Pago Pago, American Samoa. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2012. 
    63. ↑ Baqui, Carol (December 13, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone Evan (04F) - Local Statement December 13, 00z". National Weather Service Office, Pago Pago, American Samoa. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2012. 
    64. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 12, 2012). "Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Tonga on Tropical Cyclone Evan". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 14, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012. 
    65. ↑ Fuaamotu Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (December 13, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone Advisory Number One for Tonga". Tonga Meteorological Services. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012. 
    66. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 14, 2012). "Special Weather Bulletin Number Six for Tonga on Tropical Cyclone Evan". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 14, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012. 
    67. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 14, 2012). "Special Weather Bulletin Number Eight for Tonga on Tropical Cyclone Evan". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012. 
    68. ↑ Ashdown, Neil; Global Insight (December 17, 2012). "Thousands evacuate in Fiji as Samoa counts the cost of Cyclone Evan". World Markets Research Limited.  (Accessed via Lexis Nexis on December 24, 2012)
    69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Kreft, Peter (December 24, 2012). "Christmas Weather Daily Update: Monday December 24". Meteorological Service of New Zealand. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2012. 
    70. ↑ "'Weird' fog grounds Christmas flights". The Nelson Mail. December 24, 2012. p. 2. (Accessed via Lexis Nexis on December 24, 2012)
    71. ↑ "Dreaming of a flight this Christmas...". The New Zealand Herald. December 24, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2012. 
    72. ↑ Akoorie, Natalie (December 26, 2012). "Brother dies on nostalgic beach swim". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on December 26, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2012. 
    73. ↑ Kreft, Peter (December 25, 2012). "Christmas Weather Daily Update: Tuesday December 25". Meteorological Service of New Zealand. Archived from the original on December 29, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2012. 

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