Cuthbert of Canterbury

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For other uses, see Cuthbert (disambiguation).

Cuthbert
Archbishop of Canterbury
Province	Canterbury
Diocese	Diocese of Canterbury
See	Archbishop of Canterbury
Appointed	740
Term ended	26 October 760
Predecessor	Nothelm
Successor	Bregowine
Other posts	possibly Bishop of Hereford
Orders
Consecration	740
Personal details
Born	unknown
Died	26 October 760
Buried	Canterbury
Sainthood
Feast day	26 October
Venerated in	Eastern Orthodox Church Roman Catholic Church Anglican Communion
Canonized	Pre-Congregation

Cuthbert (died 26 October 760) was a medieval Anglo-Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury in England. Prior to his elevation to Canterbury, he was abbot of a monastic house, and perhaps may have been Bishop of Hereford also, but evidence for his holding Hereford mainly dates from after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. While Archbishop, he held church councils and built a new church in Canterbury. It was during Cuthbert's archbishopric that the Diocese of York was raised to an archbishopric. Cuthbert died in 760 and was later regarded as a saint.

Early life and Hereford

Of noble birth,^[1] Cuthbert is first recorded as the Abbot of Lyminge, from where he was elevated to the See of Hereford in 736.^[2] The identification of the Cuthbert who was Bishop of Hereford with the Cuthbert who became archbishop, however, comes from Florence of Worcester and other post-Conquest sources. The contemporary record in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that Cuthbert was consecrated archbishop, where if he had been Bishop of Hereford, he would have been translated. No consecration is needed when a bishop is translated from one See to another. Given the nature of the sources, the identification of the bishop of Hereford with the archbishop of Canterbury, while likely, must not be regarded as proven.^[3]

If Cuthbert was at Hereford, he served in that capacity for four years before his elevation to the See of Canterbury in 740.^[4] He is credited with the composition of an epitaph for the tomb of his three predecessors at Hereford. The cathedral church of the see may not even have been located at Hereford by Cuthbert's time.^[5]^[6]

Whoever Cuthbert was prior to his election to Canterbury, he probably owed his selection as archbishop to the influence of Æthelbald, King of Mercia.^[7] A number of Mercians were appointed to Canterbury during the 730s and 740s, which suggests that Mercian authority was expanding into Kent.^[8]

Canterbury

Cuthbert was the recipient of a long letter from Boniface who complained about the lax morals of the clergy in the British Isles,^[9] and too much drinking of alcohol by the Anglo-Saxon bishops.^[10] Cuthbert also sent letters to Lull who was Archbishop of Mainz and a native of England.^[11] During Cuthbert's time as archbishop he no longer claimed authority over all of Britain, like his predecessor Theodore. Pope Gregory III in 735 had sent a pallium to the bishop of York, raising the see of York to the status of an archbishopric. As a sign of the enhanced status of York, Cuthbert only consecrated bishops south of the Humber and his synods were attended only by bishops from the south of England.^[3]

Cuthbert presided over the Council of Clovesho in 747 along with Æthelbald of Mercia.^[12] This gathering mandated that all clergy should explain the basic tenets of Christianity to the laity,^[1] as well as legislating on clerical dress, control of monasteries, and the behavior of the clergy. It also mandated that each diocese hold a synod to proclaim the decisions of the council.^[12] Cuthbert sent his deacon Cynebert to Pope Gregory III after the council with a report on the council and its resolutions. This action may have been taken in response to Boniface's complaints about Cuthbert and Æthelbald to the papacy.^[1] The actions of the council were also gathered into a collection at Cuthbert's command.^[13]

After the council, Cuthbert continued to correspond with Boniface up until Boniface's martyrdom in 754, and then sent condolences to Boniface's successor. Cuthbert held a second synod in 758, but nothing is known of any enactments it made. He also built the church of St. John the Baptist in Canterbury, which was destroyed by fire in 1067. He was buried in his new church.^[14] The new church was located on the west side of the cathedral, and was used as a baptistery.^[15]^[16] The church also became a burial site for many of the archbishops, and later was used for trials by ordeal. There is no explicit contemporary reference that states that these uses were intended by Cuthbert, but the fact that the church was dedicated to St. John the Baptist argues strongly that Cuthbert at least intended the new building as a baptistery.^[17]

The burial practices of the archbishops did change after Cuthbert, but it is not clear whether this was intended by Cuthbert, as a Post-Conquest Canterbury cartulary has it, or due to other reasons, unconnected with Cuthbert. Although Sonia Hawkes argues that the change in burial customs, which extended over most of Britain, resulted from Cuthbert's mandating burial in church yards, instead of outside the city limits as had been the custom previously. However, the main evidence for this theory is a 16th-century tradition at Canterbury and the archaeological evidence of a change in burial patterns. Although a change did occur, the archaeological evidence does not give a reason why this change happened, and given the late date of the Canterbury tradition, the theory cannot be considered proven.^[3]

Death and legacy

Cuthbert died on 26 October 760,^[4] and was later considered a saint with a feast day of 26 October.^[18] He was buried in his church of St. John, and was the first Archbishop of Canterbury that was not buried in St Augustine's Abbey.^[19] His letters to the Anglo-Saxon missionaries on the European continent show him to have been highly educated.^[20]

Citations

↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hindley A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons p. 106
↑ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 217
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Brooks Early History of the Church of Canterbury pp. 80-85
↑ 4.0 4.1 Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 214
↑ Sims-Williams "Putta (d. c.688)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
↑ Yorke Kings and Kingdoms p. 31
↑ Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 113
↑ Williams Kingship and Government p. 24
↑ Hindley A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons p. 142
↑ Kirby Making of Early England p. 52
↑ Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 174
↑ 12.0 12.1 Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 116
↑ Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society pp. 111-112
↑ Williams "Cuthbert (d. 760)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
↑ Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 202
↑ Brooks Early History of the Church of Canterbury pp. 39-40
↑ Brooks Early History of the Church of Canterbury p. 51
↑ Catholic Online Saints and Angels Cuthbert of Canterbury accessed on 6 September 2007
↑ Blair and Blair Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England p. 150
↑ Blair and Blair Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England p. 144

References

Blair, John P. (2005). The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-921117-5.
Blair, Peter Hunter; Blair, Peter D. (2003). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England (Third ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53777-0.
Brooks, Nicholas (1984). The Early History of the Church of Canterbury: Christ Church from 597 to 1066. London: Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-7185-0041-5.
Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
Hindley, Geoffrey (2006). A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons: The Beginnings of the English Nation. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7867-1738-5.
Kirby, D. P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24211-8.
Kirby, D. P. (1967). The Making of Early England (Reprint ed.). New York: Schocken Books. OCLC 399516.
Sims-Williams, Patrick (2004). "Putta (d. c.688)" ((subscription or UK public library membership required)). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22912. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
Stenton, F. M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.
Williams, Ann (2004). "Cuthbert (d. 760)" ((subscription or UK public library membership required)). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6977. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
Williams, Ann (1999). Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England c. 500–1066. London: MacMillan Press. ISBN 0-333-56797-8.
Yorke, Barbara (1997). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16639-X.

External links

Entry for Cuthbert of Canterbury at Prosopography of Anglo Saxon England project

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Walhstod	Bishop of Hereford 736–740	Succeeded by Podda
Preceded by Nothelm	Archbishop of Canterbury 740–760	Succeeded by Bregowine

v t e Archbishops of Canterbury

Pre-Conquest	Augustine Laurence Mellitus Justus Honorius Deusdedit Wighard Theodore of Tarsus Berhtwald Tatwine Nothhelm Cuthbert Bregowine Jænberht Æthelhard Wulfred Feologild Ceolnoth Æthelred Plegmund Athelm Wulfhelm Oda Ælfsige Byrhthelm Dunstan Æthelgar Sigeric the Serious Ælfric of Abingdon Ælfheah Lyfing Æthelnoth Eadsige Robert of Jumièges Stigand

Conquest–Reformation	Lanfranc Anselm Ralph d'Escures William de Corbeil Theobald of Bec Thomas Becket Roger de Bailleul Richard of Dover Baldwin of Forde Reginald Fitz Jocelin Hubert Walter Reginald John de Gray Stephen Langton Walter d'Eynsham Richard le Grant Ralph Neville John of Sittingbourne John Blund Edmund Rich Boniface William Chillenden Robert Kilwardby Robert Burnell John Peckham Robert Winchelsey Thomas Cobham Walter Reynolds Simon Mepeham John de Stratford John de Ufford Thomas Bradwardine Simon Islip William Edington Simon Langham William Whittlesey Simon Sudbury William Courtenay Thomas Arundel Roger Walden Thomas Arundel Henry Chichele John Stafford John Kemp Thomas Bourchier John Morton Thomas Langton Henry Deane William Warham Thomas Cranmer Reginald Pole

Post-Reformation	Matthew Parker Edmund Grindal John Whitgift Richard Bancroft George Abbot William Laud William Juxon Gilbert Sheldon William Sancroft John Tillotson Thomas Tenison William Wake John Potter Thomas Herring Matthew Hutton Thomas Secker Frederick Cornwallis John Moore Charles Manners-Sutton William Howley John Sumner Charles Longley Archibald Tait Edward Benson Frederick Temple Randall Davidson Cosmo Lang William Temple Geoffrey Fisher Michael Ramsey Donald Coggan Robert Runcie George Carey Rowan Williams Justin Welby

Italics indicate a person who was elected but not confirmed.

v t e Bishops of Hereford

Early Medieval	Putta Tyrhtel Torhthere Walhstod Cuthbert of Canterbury Podda Acca Headda Aldberht Esne Ceolmund Utel Wulfheard Beonna Eadwulf Cuthwulf Mucel Deorlaf Cynemund Edgar Tidhelm Wulfhelm Ælfric Athulf

High Medieval	Æthelstan Leofgar Ealdred Walter of Lorraine Robert de Losinga Gerard Roger Reynelm Geoffrey de Clive Richard de Capella Robert de Bethune Gilbert Foliot Robert of Melun Robert Foliot William de Vere Giles de Braose Hugh de Mapenor Hugh Foliot Ralph de Maidstone Michael Peter of Aigueblanche John de Breton Thomas de Cantilupe Richard Swinefield

Late Medieval	Adam Orleton Thomas Charleton John Trilleck Lewis de Charleton William Courtenay John Gilbert Thomas Trevenant Robert Mascall Edmund Lacey Thomas Polton Thomas Spofford Richard Beauchamp Reginald Boulers John Stanberry Thomas Mylling Edmund Audley

Early modern	Adriano Castellesi Richard Mayew Charles Booth Edward Foxe Edmund Bonner John Skypp John Harley Robert Parfew Thomas Reynolds John Scory Herbert Westfaling Robert Bennet Francis Godwin William Juxon Godfrey Goodman Augustine Lindsell Matthew Wren Theophilus Feild George Coke Nicholas Monck Herbert Croft Gilbert Ironside Humphrey Humphreys Philip Bisse Benjamin Hoadly Hon Henry Egerton Lord James Beauclerk Hon John Harley John Butler

Late modern	Folliott Cornewall John Luxmoore George Huntingford Hon Edward Grey Thomas Musgrave Renn Hampden James Atlay John Percival Hensley Henson Linton Smith Charles Carre Richard Parsons Tom Longworth Mark Hodson John Eastaugh John Oliver Anthony Priddis

Persondata
Name	Cuthbert of Canterbury
Alternative names	Cuthbert; Saint Cuthbert of Canterbury
Short description	Archbishop of Canterbury; Bishop of Hereford
Date of birth
Place of birth
Date of death	26 October, 760
Place of death

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