Cuno strikes

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The Cuno strikes were nation-wide strikes in Germany against the government of Reich chancellor Wilhelm Cuno in August 1923. The wave of strikes demanded and helped bring about the resignation of the Cuno government on August 12, 1923, just nine months after it began. The strikes also buoyed the hopes of the Communist International that a German revolution was imminent.

History

In January 1923, the Cuno government called for passive resistance of the Belgian and French occupation of the Ruhr region. At the same time, inflation in the Weimar Republic was racing out of control, whether the result of the reparations payments[1] alone or from the costs of the passive resistance, in which local authorities and companies boycotted occupation forces while the government paid the wages of those administrations and compensated the coal and steel companies for their losses.[2] The expenses caused the collapse of the Reichsmark, which had already been inflated. At the beginning of 1923, the mark traded at 21,000 to the U.S. dollar; at the end of 1923, it was nearly 6 trillion (twelve zeroes). For German society, the result was complete disaster, as people rushed out to buy things before their money lost its value and people who had had savings saw them evaporate overnight.[2] Considerable portions of the labor movement were as—or more—opposed to the German government as they were to the French occupying forces. Their motto was "Beat Cuno and Poincaré at the Ruhr and at the Spree!"[3]

A labor dispute in the Berlin printing industry triggered[4] a wildcat strike. Instigated by the Communist Party (KPD), the Reich printing plant was also affected, causing the banknote presses to be stopped and before long, a noticeable lack of paper money. Workers from power stations, construction and the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe joined the strike. The wave of strikes demanded the resignation of the Cuno government.[5] Against the will of KPD party chairwoman Ruth Fischer, Otto Wels, head of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) was able to forestall a general strike.[4]

Pressured by the SPD, a conference of trade unions on August 10, 1923 rejected a call for a general strike[5] favored by the left-wing Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund. The KPD, not accepting this defeat, the next day held a meeting of all the revolutionary works councils in greater Berlin. They called a general strike to bring down the Cuno government,[5] but were hindered from publicizing the call widely because Die Rote Fahne had been banned. Nevertheless, the strikes, supported by some in the SPD, spread out from Berlin to other cities and regions, such as Hamburg, Lusatia, Saxony Province, as well as the states of Saxony and Thuringia.[4] Factories were occupied by Communist workers and factory managements sent fleeing. In the Ruhr region, there was passive resistance rather than strikes. The response to the strike surpassed even the expectations of the leadership of the KPD.[6] In total, three and a half million workers went on strike[5] forcing Cuno and his entire cabinet to resign the next day.[3][7]

With the Cuno resignation on August 12, 1923, the strikes soon ended.[4] Workers began to returning to work in the days following the dissolution of the Cuno government. In addition to pressure from the strikes, on August 10, the KPD faction in the Reichstag had moved to censure the Cuno government. The SPD, pushed by its base and looking to avert worse social unrest or possibly revolution, saw no other political alternative than to form a grand coalition.[4] Rudolf Hilferding, in contrast to leftists aligned with Paul Levi, advocated such a move and urged Gustav Stresemann to take over the government, resolving the crisis within the framework of the parliamentary system and leaving the KPD unable to turn it into a revolutionary upheaval.

Nonetheless, the Cuno strikes nurtured in Moscow the hope of a German revolution.[5][6] There had been clashes with police in several cities and dozens of workers had been killed.[5] Leon Trotsky and other Influential members of the Soviet Politburo and the Comintern believed Germany was ready for revolution, but Heinrich Brandler, head of the KPD, felt the timing was premature.[5] Despite Brandler's misgivings, on August 23, 1923, the Soviet Politburo adopted a plan for a "German October",[8] but the attempted coup was cancelled at the last minute.[5] Word of the cancellation did not reach Hamburg in time (or was possibly ignored by the local KPD leadership) and the local insurrection took place, as planned.

References

  1. ↑ Adam Ferguson, When Money Dies: The Nightmare of Deficit Spending, Devaluation and Hyperinflation in Weimar Germany, p. 38. ISBN 1-58648-994-1
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Peter Schwarz, "The German October: The missed revolution of 1923. Part 1" World Socialist Web Site (October 30, 2008). Retrieved July 29, 2011
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wilhelm Cuno biographical timeline German Historical Museum. Retrieved July 30, 2011 (German)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Heinrich August Winkler, Weimar 1918-1933. Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie Verlag C.H. Beck, Munich (1998), pp. 201-202. ISBN 3-406-43884-9 Retrieved July 28, 2011 (German)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Peter Schwarz, "The German October: The missed revolution of 1923. Part 2" World Socialist Web Site (October 31, 2008). Retrieved July 29, 2011
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Erich Wollenberg, "Der Hamburger Aufstand und die Thälmann-Legende" (1964) (PDF) Papiertiger–Kollektiv. Republished in Schwarze Protokolle, No. 6 (1973), p. 10. Retrieved July 30, 2011 (German)
  7. ↑ Pierre Broué; Ian H. Birchall, Brian Pearce (Eds.), The German Revolution, 1917-1923 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands (2005), p. 750 ISBN 90-04-13940-0. Retrieved August 5, 2011
  8. ↑ Tim Rees, Andrew Thorpe (Eds.), International communism and the Communist International, 1919-43 Manchester University Press (1998), p. 121 ISBN 0-7190-5116-9 Retrieved July 29, 2011

Further reading

  • Heinrich August Winkler: Germany: The Long Road West. Vol. 1: 1789-1933. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2006) ISBN 978-0-19-926597-8
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