Crown colony

A Crown Colony, also known in the 17th century as royal colony, was a type of colonial administration of the English and later British Empire.^[1][2]

Crown, or royal, colonies were ruled by a governor appointed by the Monarch. By the middle of the 19th century, the Sovereign appointed royal governors on the advice of the Secretary of State for the Colonies.^[3] Under the name of "royal colony", the first of what would later become known as Crown colonies was the English Colony of Virginia in the present-day United States, after the Crown, in 1624, revoked the Royal Charter it had granted to the Virginia Company, taking over direct administration.^[4]

Until the mid-19th century, the term "Crown Colony" was primarily used to refer to those colonies that had been acquired through wars, such as Trinidad and Tobago^[5] and British Guiana, but after that time it was more broadly applied to any colony other than the Presidencies and provinces of British India and the colonies of settlement, such as The Canadas, Newfoundland, British Columbia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, and New Zealand, later to become the Dominions.^[6]

The term continued to be used up until 1981, when the British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified the remaining British colonies as "British Dependent Territories". From 2002 they have been known as British Overseas Territories.^[7]

The current crown dependencies were never considered crown colonies; the form of government is constitutional monarchy, and the islands voluntarily cooperate with the government of the United Kingdom in certain areas. Sovereignty of the Isle of Man was purchased, and the Channel Islands are the remnants of the Duchy of Normandy.

Types of Crown colony

There were three types of Crown colony as of 1918, with differing degrees of autonomy:

Crown colonies with representative councils such as Bermuda, Jamaica, Ceylon, British Columbia and Fiji contained one or two legislative chambers, consisting of Crown appointed or locally elected members.

Crown colonies with nominated councils such as British Honduras, Sierra Leone, Grenada and Hong Kong were staffed entirely by Crown appointed members, with some appointed representation from the local population. It should be noted that Hong Kong became a Crown colony with a representative council following the introduction of election for the Hong Kong Legislative Council in 1995.

Crown colonies ruled directly by a Governor such as Basutoland,^[8] Gibraltar, Saint Helena and Singapore were fewest in number and had the least autonomy.

List of Crown colonies

A territory belonging by settlement, conquest or annexation to the British Crown or to an independent Commonwealth country.^a

Name of colony	from	to	Reason for change of status
Aden	1937	1967
Basutoland	1884	1964	Became British protectorate in 1964; then became independent as Lesotho in 1966.
Bermuda	1684	1981	Became British Dependent Territory in 1981
British Bechuanaland	1885	1895	Became part of British Cape Colony in 1895
British Guiana	1831	1966	Became independent as Guyana in 1966.
British Honduras (renamed Belize in 1964)	1884	1981	Became independent (as Belize) in 1981)
United Province of Canada	1841	1867	Became part of the Dominion of Canada in 1867.
Cape Colony	1806	1910	Became part of the Union of South Africa in 1910.
Cayman Islands	1962	1981	Became British Dependent Territory in 1981
Ceylon	1815	1948	Became independent as Ceylon in 1948.
British Columbia	1866	1871	Became part of the Dominion of Canada in 1871.
Connecticut	1636	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Cyprus	1914	1960	Became independent as Cyprus in 1960.
Delaware	1664	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
East Florida	1763	1783	Ceded to Spain. Later became part of the United States.
Falkland Islands	1841	1981	Became a British Dependent Territory in 1981.
Georgia	1732	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Gibraltar	1713	1981	Became British Dependent Territory in 1981
Hong Kong	1841	1981	Became British Dependent Territory in 1981. Reverted to Chinese sovereignty in 1997.[9]
Jamaica	1865	1962	Became independent in 1962 as Jamaica.
Kenya	1920	1963	United with the Kenya Protectorate in 1963 to form the independent country of Kenya
Labuan	1846	1890	Administered by British North Borneo Company from 1890-1904
	1906	1946	Incorporated in the Straits Settlements on 30 October 1906
	1946	1963	Incorporated in North Borneo on 15 July 1946. Became part of Malaysia in 1963[10]
Lower Canada	1791	1841	Became part of Province of Canada in 1841.
Malta	1813	1964	Became independent in 1964 as the State of Malta.
Maryland	1632	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Massachusetts Bay	1692	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Natal	1843	1910	Became part of the Union of South Africa in 1910.
Newfoundland	1854	1949	Became part of Canada in 1949.
New Hampshire	1692	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
New Jersey	1702	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
New South Wales	1788	1901	Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
New York	1691	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
New Zealand	1841	1907	Became a Dominion in 1907.
North Borneo	1946	1963	Became part of Malaysia in 1963 as Sabah and later part of Sabah became Labuan in 1984.[10]
North Carolina	1729	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Pennsylvania	1681	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Quebec	1763	1791	Divided between Upper and Lower Canada and the Northwest Territory.
Queensland	1824	1901	Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations	1706	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776 as the state of Rhode Island.
Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla	1980	1981	Became British Dependent Territory in 1981
Sarawak	1946	1963	Became part of Malaysia in 1963[10]
Sierra Leone	1808	1961	Became independent as Sierra Leone in 1961.
South Australia	1834	1901	Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
South Carolina	1729	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Straits Settlements	1786	1946	Penang became part of the Malayan Union in 1946, which was re-organised as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and became independent in 1957;[11] later became part of Malaysia in 1963[10]
	1826	1963	Singapore became part of Malaysia in 1963;[10] then became independent as the Republic of Singapore in 1965.[12]
	1826	1946	Malacca became part of Malayan Union in 1946, which reorganised as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and became independent in 1957;[11] later became part of Malaysia in 1963[10]
	1857	1955	Cocos (Keeling) Islands was transferred to Australia in 1955.[13]
	1874	1937	Dinding became part of the Federated Malay States in 1937, which later became part of the Malayan Union in 1946; the Malayan Union became the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and became independent in 1957
	1888	1957	Christmas Island was transferred to Australia in 1957.[14]
	1906	1946	Labuan was incorporated into North Borneo on 15 July 1946, which became part of Malaysia in 1963[10]
Tasmania	1803	1901	Van Diemen's Land from 1803 to 1856; Formerly part of New South Wales from 1803 to 1825, when made an independent colony. Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Upper Canada	1791	1841	Became part of Province of Canada in 1841.
Vancouver Island	1848	1866	Merged with the Colony of British Columbia in 1866
Victoria	1851	1901	Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Virginia	1624	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Western Australia	1829	1901	Swan River Colony from 1829 to 1832. Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
West Florida	1763	1783	Ceded to Spain. Later became part of the United States.

^a Source: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Great Britain Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Chronological table of the statutes. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London part of the Office of Public Sector Information. 

See also

• Direct rule
• Crown dependency
• Self-governing colony
• Colonial Office
• British overseas territories
• British Empire
• Legislative council

Notes

References