Cross entropy

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In information theory, the cross entropy between two probability distributions measures the average number of bits needed to identify an event from a set of possibilities, if a coding scheme is used based on a given probability distribution $q$ , rather than the "true" distribution $p$ .

The cross entropy for two distributions $p$ and $q$ over the same probability space is thus defined as follows:

${\mathrm {H}}(p,q)={\mathrm {E}}_{p}[-\log q]={\mathrm {H}}(p)+D_{{{\mathrm {KL}}}}(p\|q),\!$

where ${\mathrm {H}}(p)$ is the entropy of $p$ , and $D_{{{\mathrm {KL}}}}(p||q)$ is the Kullback-Leibler divergence of $q$ from $p$ (also known as the relative entropy).

For discrete $p$ and $q$ this means

${\mathrm {H}}(p,q)=-\sum _{x}p(x)\,\log q(x).\!$

The situation for continuous distributions is analogous:

$-\int _{X}p(x)\,\log q(x)\,dx.\!$

NB: The notation ${\mathrm {H}}(p,q)$ is sometimes used for both the cross entropy as well as the joint entropy of $p$ and $q$ .

Motivation

In information theory, the Kraft–McMillan theorem establishes that any directly decodable coding scheme for coding a message to identify one value x_i out of a set of possibilities X can be seen as representing an implicit probability distribution q(x_i) = 2^−l_i over X, where l_i is the length of the code for x_i in bits. Therefore, Cross entropy can be interpreted as the expected message-length per datum when a wrong distribution Q is assumed however the data actually follows a distribution P - that's why the expectation is taken over the probability distribution P and not Q.

${\mathrm {H}}(p,q)={\mathrm {E}}_{p}[l_{i}]={\mathrm {E}}_{p}[\log {\frac {1}{q(x_{i})}}]$

${\mathrm {H}}(p,q)=\sum _{{x_{i}}}p(x_{i})\,\log {\frac {1}{q(x_{i})}}\!$

${\mathrm {H}}(p,q)=-\sum _{x}p(x)\,\log q(x).\!$

Estimation

There are many situations where cross-entropy needs to be measured but the distribution of $p$ is unknown. An example is language modeling, where a model is created based on a training set $T$ , and then its cross-entropy is measured on a test set to assess how accurate the model is in predicting the test data. In this example, $p$ is the true distribution of words in any corpus, and $q$ is the distribution of words as predicted by the model. Since the true distribution is unknown, cross-entropy cannot be directly calculated. In these cases, an estimate of cross-entropy is calculated using the following formula:

$H(T,q)=-\sum _{{i=1}}^{N}{\frac {1}{N}}\log _{2}q(x_{i})$

where $N$ is the size of the test set, and $q(x)$ is the probability of event $x$ estimated from the training set. The sum is calculated over $N$ . This is a Monte Carlo estimate of the true cross entropy, where the training set is treated as samples from $p(x)$ .

Cross-entropy minimization

Cross-entropy minimization is frequently used in optimization and rare-event probability estimation; see the cross-entropy method.

When comparing a distribution $q$ against a fixed reference distribution $p$ , cross entropy and KL divergence are identical up to an additive constant (since $p$ is fixed): both take on their minimal values when $p=q$ , which is $0$ for KL divergence, and ${\mathrm {H}}(p)$ for cross entropy. In the engineering literature, the principle of minimising KL Divergence (Kullback's "Principle of Minimum Discrimination Information") is often called the Principle of Minimum Cross-Entropy (MCE), or Minxent.

However, as discussed in the article Kullback-Leibler divergence, sometimes the distribution q is the fixed prior reference distribution, and the distribution p is optimised to be as close to q as possible, subject to some constraint. In this case the two minimisations are not equivalent. This has led to some ambiguity in the literature, with some authors attempting to resolve the inconsistency by redefining cross-entropy to be D_KL(p||q), rather than H(p,q).

External links

What is cross-entropy, and why use it?

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Cross entropy

Motivation

Estimation

Cross-entropy minimization

See also

External links