Contra-rotating propellers
Aircraft equipped with contra-rotating propellers, also referred to as CRP,[1] coaxial contra-rotating propellers, or high-speed propellers, apply the maximum power of usually a single piston or turboprop engine to drive two propellers in contra-rotation (rotation about the same axis in opposite directions). Two propellers are arranged one behind the other, and power is transferred from the engine via a planetary gear or spur gear transmission. Contra-rotating propellers should not be confused with counter-rotating propellers—airscrews on different engines turning opposite directions.
Operation
When airspeed is low, the mass of the air flowing through the propeller disk (thrust) causes a significant amount of tangential or rotational air flow to be created by the spinning blades. The energy of this tangential air flow is wasted in a single-propeller design. To use this wasted effort the placement of a second propeller behind the first takes advantage of the disturbed airflow. The tangential air flow also causes handling problems at low speed as the air strikes the vertical stabilizer, causing the aircraft to yaw left or right, depending of the direction of propeller rotation.
If it is well designed, a contra-rotating propeller will have no rotational air flow, pushing a maximum amount of air uniformly through the propeller disk, resulting in high performance and low induced energy loss. It also serves to counter the asymmetrical torque effect of a conventional propeller (see P-factor). Some contra-rotating systems were designed to be used at take off for maximum power and efficiency under such conditions, and allowing one of the propellers to be disabled during cruise to extend flight time.
Advantages and disadvantages
Contra-rotating propellers have been found to be between 6% and 16% more efficient than normal propellers.[2]
However they can be very noisy, with increases in noise in the axial (forward and aft) direction of up to 30 dB, and tangentially 10 dB.[2] Most of this extra noise can be found in the higher frequencies. These substantial noise problems will limit commercial applications unless solutions can be found. One possibility is to enclose the contra-rotating propellers in a shroud. It is also helpful if the two propellers have a different number of blades (e.g. four blades on the forward propeller and five on the aft).[citation needed]
The efficiency of a contra-rotating prop is somewhat offset by its mechanical complexity and the added weight of such complex gearing that makes the aircraft heavier, thus some performance is sacrificed to carry it. Nonetheless, coaxial contra-rotating propellers and rotors are moderately common in military aircraft.
They are also being examined for use in airliners.[3]
Use in aircraft
While several nations experimented with contra-rotating propellers in aircraft, only the United Kingdom and Soviet Union produced them in large numbers. The first aircraft to be fitted with a contra-rotating propeller to fly though was in the US when two inventors from Ft Worth, Texas tested the concept on an aircraft.[4]
United Kingdom
A contra-rotating propeller was patented by F. W. Lanchester in 1909.[5]
Some of the more successful British aircraft with contra-rotating propellers are the Avro Shackleton, powered by the Rolls-Royce Griffon engine, and the Fairey Gannet, which used the Double Mamba Mk.101 engine.
Later variants of the Supermarine Spitfire and Seafire used the Griffon with contra-rotating props as well. In the Spitfire/Seafire and Shackleton's case the primary reason for using contra-rotating propellers was so as to increase the propeller blade-area, and hence absorb greater engine power, within a propeller diameter limited by the height of the aircraft's undercarriage. Whilst this also applied to the Gannet, in addition this aircraft's engine had two separate power-sections, each driving one propeller. The Short Sturgeon used 2 Merlin 140s with contra-rotating propellers.
The Bristol Brabazon prototype airliner used eight Bristol Centaurus engines driving four pairs of contra-rotating propellers, each engine driving a single propeller.[6]
USSR, Russia and Ukraine
In the 1950s, the Soviet Union developed the Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprop. It drives an 8-blade contra-rotating propeller and, at 15,000 shp, it is the most powerful turboprop in the world. Four NK-12 engines power the Tupolev Tu-95 Bear, the only turboprop bomber to enter service, as well as one of the fastest propeller-driven aircraft. The Tu-114, an airliner derivative of the Tu-95, holds the world speed record for propeller aircraft.[7] The Tu-95 was also the first Soviet bomber to have intercontinental range. The Tu-126 AEW aircraft and Tu-142 maritime patrol aircraft are two more NK-12 powered designs derived from the Tu-95.
The NK-12 engine powers another well-known Soviet aircraft, the Antonov An-22 Antheus, a heavy-lift cargo aircraft. At the time of its introduction, the An-22 was the largest aircraft in the world and is still by far the world's largest turboprop-powered aircraft. From the 1960s through the 1970s, it set several world records in the categories of maximum payload-to-height ratio and maximum payload lifted to altitude.
Of lesser note is the use of the NK-12 engine in the A-90 Orlyonok, a mid-size Soviet ekranoplan. The A-90 uses one NK-12 engine mounted atop its T-tail, along with two turbojets [citation needed] nestled in its nose.
In 1994, Antonov produced the An-70, a heavy transport aircraft. It is powered by four Progress D-27 propfan engines driving contra-rotating propellers. The characteristics of the D-27 engine and its propeller make it a propfan, a hybrid between a turbofan engine and a turboprop engine.
United States
The U.S. worked with several prototypes, including the XB-42 Mixmaster, the Douglas XTB2D Skypirate, the Curtiss XBTC, the A2J Super Savage, the Boeing XF8B, the XP-56 Black Bullet, the Fisher P-75 Eagle and the tail-sitting Convair XFY "Pogo" and Lockheed XFV "Salmon" VTOL fighters and the Hughes XF-11 reconnaissance plane. However, propeller designed aircraft were reaching their zenith and new technological developments such as the advent of the jet engine meant that the designs were quickly eclipsed.
Ultralight applications
An Austrian company, Sun Flightcraft, distributes a contra-rotating gearbox for use on Rotax 503 and 582 engines on ultralight and microlight aircraft. The Coax-P allows powered hang-gliders and parachutes to develop 15 to 20 percent more power while reducing torque moments. The manufacturer also reports reduced noise levels from dual contra-rotating props using the Coax-P gearbox.[citation needed]
Use in ships
See also
- Coaxial rotor
- Contra-rotating
References
- ↑ Sasaki, N.; Murakami, M.; Nozawa, K.; Soejima, S.; Shiraki, A.; Aono, T.; Fujimoto, T.; Funeno, I.; Ishii, N.; Onogi, H. (1998). "Design system for optimum contra-rotating propellers". Journal of Marine Science and Technology 3 (1): 3–21. doi:10.1007/bf01239802.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 ftp://ftp.clarkson.edu/.depts/mae/public_html/papers/vanderover.pdf
- ↑ Kijk magazine, 1/2013
- ↑ "Planes Propellers Revolve In Opposite Directions", November 1931, Popular Science middle page 33
- ↑ http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1941/1941%20-%202944.html
- ↑ Aviation Archive
- ↑ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) - General Aviation World Records
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Contra-rotating propellers. |
- Two Propellers in Tandem Turning in Opposite Ways Give Warplane New Speed December 1941 article with text, photos and drawing
- Aircraft.co.za - The Complete Aviation Reference
- Luftfahrtmuseum.com - Further information and pictures of contra rotators for the Fairey Gannet and Shackleton
- Video of a Spitfire PR.XIX Startup by Steve Hinton at Chino, California on YouTube
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