Continuing Anglican movement
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The Continuing Anglican movement encompasses a number of Christian churches in various countries that profess Anglicanism while remaining outside the Anglican Communion. These churches generally believe that "traditional" forms of Anglican faith and worship have been unacceptably revised or abandoned within some Anglican Communion churches in recent decades. They claim, therefore, that they are "continuing" or preserving Anglicanism's line of Apostolic Succession as well as historic Anglican belief and practice.
The modern "Continuing" movement principally dates to the 1977 Congress of St. Louis in the United States, at which meeting participants rejected the ordination of women and the changes that had been made in the Episcopal Church's Book of Common Prayer.
Relations with the Anglican Communion
Continuing churches have generally been formed by clergy and lay people who left churches belonging to the Anglican Communion. These particular Anglican Communion churches are charged by the Continuing movement with being greatly compromised by adopting what they consider to be secular cultural standards and liberal approaches to theology.[1] Many Continuing Anglicans believe that the faith of some churches in communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury has become either unorthodox or un-Christian and therefore have not sought to also be in communion with them.[2][3] Although the term Anglican usually refers to those churches in communion with the Church of England and the Archbishop of Canterbury, many Continuing churches, particularly those in the United States, use the term Anglican to differentiate themselves from the Episcopal Church. Many continuing Anglicans feel that they are remaining true to historic Anglican tradition and Biblical Christianity and that it is the Episcopal Church in the United States, as well as other parts of the Anglican Communion, which have become unorthodox.[4]
Theological diversity
Anglicanism in general has always sought a balance between the emphases of Catholicism and Protestantism, while tolerating a range of expressions of evangelicalism and ceremony. Clergy and laity from all Anglican churchmanship traditions have been active in the formation of the Continuing movement.
While there are high church, broad church, and low church Continuing Anglicans, many Continuing churches are Anglo-Catholic with highly ceremonial liturgical practices. Others belong to a more Evangelical or low church tradition, support the Thirty-Nine Articles, and observe Morning Prayer more frequently than Holy Communion.
The Continuing churches in the United States reject the 1979 revision of the Book of Common Prayer made by the Episcopal Church and use the 1928 version or prior official versions of the Book of Common Prayer for their services instead. In addition, some Anglo-Catholic bodies also use the Anglican Missal or English Missal in celebrating the Eucharist.
Liturgical use of the 1611 "Authorized Version" of Holy Scripture (more widely known as the King James Version) is also a common feature. This is done for many reasons, including aesthetics, and in protest against what some claim to be liberal or progressive theology that updated English translations such as the New Revised Standard Version are believed to embody.[5]
History
Origins
The Continuing movement originated in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America and the Anglican Church of Canada. Related churches in other countries, such as the Anglican Catholic Church in Australia and the Church of England (Continuing), were founded later.
In 1976, the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America voted to approve the ordination of women to the priesthood and to the episcopate and also provisionally adopted a new and doctrinally controversial Book of Common Prayer, later called the 1979 version. During the following year, 1977, several thousand dissenting clergy and laypersons responded to those actions by meeting in St. Louis, Missouri under the auspices of the Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen[6] and adopted a theological statement, the Affirmation of St. Louis.[7] The Affirmation expressed a determination "to continue in the Catholic Faith, Apostolic Order, Orthodox Worship and Evangelical Witness of the traditional Anglican Church, doing all things necessary for the continuance of the same."
Out of this meeting came a new church with the provisional name of the "Anglican Church in North America (Episcopal)". The first bishop of the new church, the Right Reverend Charles Doren, was consecrated by a retired bishop of the Episcopal Church, the Right Reverend Albert Arthur Chambers of the Diocese of Springfield, Illinois, along with Bishop Francisco Pagtakhan of the Philippine Independent Church as co-consecrator.
Although expected to be the third bishop participating in Doren's consecration, the Right Reverend Mark Pae of the Anglican Church of Korea sent a letter of consent instead. This development left the new group open to charges of violating the customs of apostolic succession, in which three bishops customarily are present, although only one is necessary for a valid consecration.
The newly consecrated Bishop Doren then joined with Bishops Chambers and Pagtakhan in consecrating as bishops the Reverend James Mote, the Reverend Robert Morse, and the Reverend Francis Watterson. Bishop Watterson left the movement shortly afterward and became a Roman Catholic priest.
Early fractures
During the process of ratifying the new church's constitution, disputes developed which split its dioceses into two American churches and a separate Canadian church. These were the Anglican Catholic Church led by Bishop Mote, the Diocese of Christ the King (now the Anglican Province of Christ the King) led by Bishop Morse, and the Anglican Catholic Church of Canada. In 1981, Bishop Doren and others left the Anglican Catholic Church to found the United Episcopal Church of North America in opposition to the alleged inhospitality of the other jurisdictions towards Low Churchmen.
Recent developments and statistics
The original generation of Continuing parishes in the U.S. were found mainly in metropolitan areas. Since the late 1990s, a number have appeared in smaller communities, often as a result of a division in the town's existing Episcopal parish(es) or mission(s). The 2007/08 Directory of Traditional Anglican and Episcopal Parishes, published by The Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen,[8] contained information on over 900 parishes affiliated with either the Continuing Anglican churches or the Anglican realignment movement.
The principles of the Affirmation of St. Louis and, to a lesser extent, the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, provide some basis for unity in the movement, but the jurisdictions are numerous, usually quite small in membership and often splinter and recombine. Reports put the number of jurisdictions at somewhere between 20 and 40, mostly in North America, but fewer than a dozen of the churches popularly called "Continuing churches" can be traced back to the meeting in St. Louis.
Reunification efforts
In 2007, various jurisdictions made attempts at overcoming the movement's divisions. The Anglican Catholic Church, the Anglican Province of Christ the King, and the United Episcopal Church of North America entered into discussions about possible organic unity. A Communion Agreement was entered into on May 17, 2007.[9] In January 2009 one bishop from each jurisdiction consecrated three suffragan bishops in St. Louis, intending that they serve all three jurisdictions.
The Anglican Episcopal Church and the Diocese of the Great Lakes formed the North American Anglican Conference for mutual assistance between Evangelical Anglican churches. A suffragan bishop was consecrated for the Anglican Episcopal Church in late 2008 by its presiding bishop and three bishops of the Diocese of the Great Lakes.
Another regional association facilitating increased dialogue and fellowship opportunities is Common Cause Appalachia, to which some continuing Anglican churches in Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina and Tennessee belong.[10]
In 2007, one Continuing Anglican church body, the Traditional Anglican Communion (TAC), made a formal proposal to the Roman Catholic Church for admission into "full corporate and sacramental union" with that church in a manner that would permit the retention of some of its Anglican heritage.[11] The Vatican announced, on July 5, 2008, that it was giving serious consideration to appeals received from various Anglican groups seeking union with itself, observing that "the situation within the Anglican Communion in general has become markedly more complex".[12] On October 29, 2009, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith announced Pope Benedict XVI's intention to create a new type of ecclesiastical structure,[13] called a "personal ordinariate", for groups of Anglicans entering into full communion with the see of Rome.[14]
On November 4, 2009, Pope Benedict signed an apostolic constitution, Anglicanorum Coetibus. The House of Bishops of the Anglican Church in America — the American Province of the TAC — responded on March 3, 2010, voting unanimously to request acceptance under the personal ordinariate provision.[15][16] Within months, however, three ACA bishops made known their opposition to the move[17]and the church has since declared its intention to continue as a Continuing Anglican body.
Other Anglican churches
The oldest independent Anglican churches are the Free Church of England (the first congregations of which were founded in 1844) and the Reformed Episcopal Church (founded in 1873).
Other Anglican bodies not in communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury include the Church of England in South Africa; the Anglican Orthodox Church (another Low Church body that was founded in 1963), and the Orthodox Anglican Communion founded by the AOC in 1967. These churches are not universally considered to be Continuing Anglican churches because they were founded prior to the beginning of the Continuing Anglican movement of the 1970s; however, they relate to the Continuing churches on a number of levels and have similarities in beliefs and practices.
Churches
The following is a list of North American church bodies commonly called "Continuing Anglican," with the approximate number of their parishes in North America shown in parentheses. Some also have affiliated churches in other countries.
- American Anglican Church (12)
- Anglican Catholic Church (150) includes Traditional Anglican Church in Canada (9)
- Anglican Catholic Church of Canada (12)
- Anglican Churches of America (2)
- Anglican Church in America (75)
- Anglican Church of Virginia (8)
- Anglican Episcopal Church (5)
- Anglican Orthodox Church (10)
- Anglican Province of America (60)
- Anglican Province of Christ the King (42)
- Christian Episcopal Church (5)
- Diocese of the Great Lakes (5)
- Diocese of the Holy Cross (20)
- Episcopal Missionary Church (30)
- Holy Catholic Church--Western Rite (20)
- Orthodox Anglican Church (5)
- Reformed Anglican Church (5)
- Southern Episcopal Church (3)
- United Anglican Church (6)
- United Episcopal Church of North America (20)
Seminaries
The following seminaries are associated with the Continuing Anglican movement:
- Anglican Seminary of Virginia, Front Royal, Virginia
- St. Joseph of Arimathea Anglican Theological College, Berkeley, California
- Seminario Mayor Provincial
- George Whitefield College, Cape Town, South Africa
See also
References
- ↑ Morgan, Timothy C. (December 4, 2008). "Conservative Anglicans Create Rival Church", Christianity Today
- ↑ AnglicansOnline Listing of Anglican groups not in the Communion
- ↑ Webster, Daniel J. (January 22, 2004). "What is 'To Be In Communion'?"
- ↑ Affirmation of St. Louis
- ↑ Hart, Fr. Robert (March 10, 2008)."Translations and Theology"
- ↑ The Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen: Directory of Jurisdictions
- ↑ The Affirmation of St. Louis (1977)
- ↑ The Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen
- ↑ ACC and United Episcopal Church Sign Communion Agreement
- ↑ Common Cause Appalachia
- ↑ Hepworth, John. "Rome and the TAC"
- ↑ The Messenger Journal
- ↑ Vatican press release
- ↑ "Pope Benedict approves structure for admitting large groups of Anglicans into Catholic Church". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
- ↑ "TAC Formally Requests Personal Ordinariate for USA". The Anglo-Catholic. 2010-03-03. Retrieved 2010-12-10. "[...] the decision was made formally to request the implementation of the provisions of the Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum cœtibus in the United States of America by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith."
- ↑ Weatherbe, Steve (March 14, 2010). "Anglo-Catholic Bishops Vote for Rome". National Catholic Register. Retrieved 2010-03-08. The bishops voted to become part of the Roman Catholic Church along with 3,000 fellow communicants in more than 100 parishes in the United States. See also: Anglicanorum Coetibus#Anglican Church in America.
- ↑ Virtue, David (October 1, 2010)."Viewpoints"
Further reading
- de Catanzaro, Carmino J., Bp. Anglican Catholic: What's in a Name? Westmount, Qué.: Anglican Catholic Church of Canada, Parish of Saint Athanasius, [198-?], Without ISBN
- de Catanzaro, Carmino J., Bp. Why on Earth [is there] the Church? Westmount, Qué.: Anglican Catholic Church of Canada, [198-?]. Without ISBN
- Dees, James P., Bp. Reformation Anglicanism: an address ... on the Occasion of the Dedication of Cranmer Seminary ... Sept. 19, 1971 ... of the Anglican Orthodox Church. Statesville, N.C.: Anglican Orthodox Church, 1971. [21] p., col. ill.
- Divided We Stand: A History of the Continuing Anglican Movement by Douglas Bess, Tractarian Press, 2002, ISBN 0-9719636-0-6. Revised edition, Apocryphile Press, September 2006, ISBN 1-933993-10-3
- The League of Independent Episcopal Parishes (LIEP), sponsored by the Traditional Episcopal Church. Spring Hill, Flor.: League of Independent Episcopal Churches, [199-]. N.B.: No personal author or specific committee is credited for the text of this pamphlet.
- Palmer, Roland F. The Anglican Catholic Church of Canada: Questions & Answers. Westmount, Qué.: Anglican Catholic Church of Canada, [198-?]. Without ISBN
- The Traditional Episcopal Church. Spring Hill, Flor.: Traditional Episcopal Church, [199-]. N.B.: No personal author or specific committee is credited for the text of this pamphlet.
External links
- List of churches not in the Anglican Communion, at anglicansonline.org. Includes weblinks for most of the Continuing Anglican churches and some other non-Anglican churches.
- The Measure of A Bishop: The Episcopi Vagantes, Apostolic Succession, and the Legitimacy of the Anglican "Continuing Church" Movement. A master's degree thesis, written by a student at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, containing historical information on Continuing Anglican and related churches.
- Shelter in the Storm Safe Church List of traditional/Orthodox Anglican churches
- Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen Directories of Parishes & Jurisdictions
