Constantine Dragaš
| Constantine Dragaš | |
|---|---|
| gospodin (possibly despot[b]) | |
| Predecessor | Jovan Dragaš |
| Spouse(s) |
Unknown Eudokia of Trebizond |
| Born | >1355 |
| Died |
May 17, 1395 Rovine, Romania |
| Religion | Eastern Orthodoxy |
Konstantin Dejanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Константин Дејановић), also known as Constantine Dragaš[a] (Константин Драгаш; fl. 1365-1395) was a Serbian magnate that ruled a large province in eastern Macedonia under Ottoman suzerainty, during the fall of the Serbian Empire. He succeeded his older brother Jovan Dragaš, who had been an Ottoman vassal since the Battle of Maritsa (1371) which had devastated part of the Serbian nobility. The brothers had their own government and minted coins according to the Nemanjić style. His daughter Jelena married Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos in 1392. He fell at Rovine (May 17, 1395), serving the Ottomans against Wallachia, fighting alongside Serbian magnates Stefan Lazarević and Marko Mrnjavčević.
Constantine's grandson, last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI, was named after him, and even used the name Dragaš.
Life
Early
Constantine's father was the despot and sevastokrator Dejan, who had held the Kumanovo-region under the rule of Stefan Dušan (r. 1331-1355). Constantine's mother Teodora Nemanjić was a half-sister of Dušan. His maternal grandparents were King Stefan Dečanski (r. 1321-1331) and Queen Maria Palaiologina.
Reign
In ca. 1365, his older brother Jovan Dragaš was holding Štip and Strumica. Jovan was elevated to despot by Emperor Uroš V (before 1373), as Emperor Dušan had elevated Dejan, their father. Ottoman sources report that in 1373, the Ottoman army compelled "Saruyar" (Jovan Dragaš) in the upper Struma, to recognize Ottoman vassalship.[1] Constantine had helped Jovan in ruling the lands, and when Jovan died in 1378/1379, Constantine succeeded, subsequently managing to govern large portions of northeastern Macedonia and the Struma valley.
He minted coins, as had his brother done.[2] The Dragaš family generously donated to several monasteries on Mount Athos, including Hilandar, Pantaleimon (Rossikon) and Vatopédi.
On the 10th of February 1392, his daughter Jelena married Manuel II Palaiologos, and the next day, they were crowned Emperor and Empress by the patriarch.[3]
After the battle of Maritsa, they were forced to become vassals of the Ottoman Empire, but they maintained close links with their Christian neighbors, including the Byzantine Empire. In 1395, together with his neighbor and ally, the Serbian king of Prilep Marko, Constantine Dragaš was killed fighting for their Ottoman overlord Sultan Bayezid I against Mircea cel Bătrân of Wallachia at Rovine, near Craiova. The Ottomans named Constantine's capital Velbažd/Velbužd after him, Köstendil (now Bulgarian Kyustendil).
Family
Constantine Dragaš was married twice. The name of his first wife is unknown, but she is not identical with Thamar (Tamara), the daughter of the Emperor (tsar) Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria, who had married a certain despotēs Constantine. Constantine Dragaš married as his second wife Eudokia of Trebizond, daughter of Emperor Alexios III of Trebizond and Theodora Kantakouzene. By his first wife, Constantine Dragaš had at least one daughter and possibly a son:
- Helena Dragases (Jelena Dragaš, nun Hypomone), who married the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos and died on May 13, 1450. Their many children included the last two Byzantine emperors, of whom Constantine XI added the name Dragaš (in Greek, Dragasēs) to his own. Constantine XI was named after his grandfather.[4]
Legacy
He is venerated in Serb epic poetry as Beg Kostadin (in poetry he was given a title of beg because he became an Ottoman vassal).[5]
Notes
- ^ Name: His name is attested as Serbian Konstantin Dejanović and Konstantin Dragaš (Константин Дејановић / Драгаш), in Greek: Kωvσταντίνος Δραγάσης, Konstantínos Dragáses, Bulgarian: Константин Драгаш.
- ^ Titles: Constantine's titles vary in sources, where he is called variously "lord" (sr. gospodin, gr. kyr or authentēs), and he may have acquired the title of Despot (despotēs), perhaps by his son-in-law, the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos.
References
- ↑ Edition de lA̕cadémie bulgare des sciences, 1986, "Balkan studies, Vol. 22" p. 38
- ↑ David Michael Metcalf, "Coinage in South Eastern Europe, 820-1396", Royal Numismatic Society, 1979, p. 322
- ↑ Donald M. Nicol, "Byzantium and Venice: a study in diplomatic and cultural relations", p. 331
- ↑ Head, Constance (1977), "+Manuel+and+helena" Imperial Twilight: The Palaiologos Dynasty and the Decline of Byzantium, Nelson-Hall, p. 145, ""Constantine" was a good name, Manuel and Helena believed; for one thing, it was the name of Helena's father."
- ↑ Čubelić, Tvrtko (1970). Epske narodne pjesme: izbor tekstova s komentarima i objašnjenjima i rasprava o epskim narodnim pjesmama (in Serbian) (6 ed.). p. cxii. Retrieved 19 July 2012. "Kostadin — beg Kostadin historijsko lice; sin je Dušanova velikaša Dejana, a bio je gospodar sjeveroistočne Makedonije. Poslije bitke na Marici 1371. postao je turski vazal; zato ga pjesma naziva beg Kostadin"
Sources
- Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991.