Condensed tannin

Schematic representation of a condensed tannin molecule. Condensed tannins can be linear (with 4→8 bounds) or branched (with 4→6 bounds - dotted line).

Condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins, polyflavonoid tannins, catechol-type tannins, pyrocatecollic type tannins, non-hydrolyzable tannins or flavolans) are polymers formed by the condensation of flavans. They do not contain sugar residues.^[1]

They are called proanthocyanidins as they yield anthocyanidins when depolymerized under oxidative conditions. Different types of condensed tannins exist, such as the procyanidins, propelargonidins, prodelphinidins, profisetinidins, proguibourtinidins or prorobinetidins, formed from flavonoids structures corresponding to the related anthocyanins. One particular type of condensed tannin, found in grape, are procyanidins, which are polymers of 2 to 50 (or more) flavan-3-ol units joined by carbon-carbon bonds. These are not susceptible to being cleaved by hydrolysis.

While many hydrolyzable tannins and most condensed tannins are water soluble, several tannins are also highly octanol soluble.^[2][3] Some large condensed tannins are insoluble. Differences in solubilities are likely to affect their biological functions.

Natural occurrences

Tannins of tropical woods tend to be of a catechin nature rather than of the gallic type present in temperate woods.^[4]

Condensed tannins can be recovered from Lithocarpus glaber^[5] or can be found in Prunus sp.^[6] The bark of Commiphora angolensis contains condensed tannins.^[7]

Commercial sources of condensed tannins are plants such as quebracho wood (Schinopsis lorentzii), mimosa bark (Acacia mollissima), grapes seeds (Vitis vinifera), pine barks and spruce barks.^[8][9] Pycnogenol is a trademark for a French maritime pine bark extract.

Condensed tannins are formed in tannosomes, specialized organelles, in Tracheophytes i.e vascular plants.^[10]

Possible health effects

Condensed tannins from Lithocarpus glaber leaves have a potent free radical scavenging activity.^[5] Proanythocyanidin oligomers, extracted from grape seeds, have been used for the experimental treatment of androgenic alopecia. When applied topically to mice, they promote hair growth in vitro, and induce anagen in vivo. Procyanidin C2 is the subtype of extract most effective.^[11]

Experiments showed that both procyanidin C2 and Pycnogenol (French maritime pine bark extract) increase TNF-α secretion in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that procyanidins act as modulators of the immune response in macrophages.^[12] However, for health effects, one needs to look at randomized controlled trials to assess whether the claimed benefits are supported by evidence. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials that investigated the efficacy and safety of Pycnogenol for the treatment for chronic disorders found that current evidence is not sufficient to support claims regarding its benefit in any chronic condition.^[13]

Analysis

Condensed tannins can be characterised by a number of modern techniques including depolymerisation, asymmetric flow field flow fractionation, small-angle X-ray scattering^[14] and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.^[15] Their interactions with proteins can be studied by isothermal titration calorimetry ^[16] and this provides information on the affinity constant, enthalpy and stoichiometry in the tannin-protein complex.

Depolymerisation

Depolymerisation reactions are mainly analytical techniques but it is envisaged to use them as means to produce molecules for the chemical industry derived from waste products, such as bark from the wood industry^[17] or pomaces from the wine industry.

Depolymerisation is an indirect method of analysis allowing to gain informations such as average degree of polymerisation, percentage of galloylation, etc. The depolymerised sample can be injected on a mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization source, only able to form ions with smaller molecules.

Oxidative depolymerisation

The butanol–hydrochloric acid–iron assay^[18] (Porter assay) is a colorimetric assay. It is based on acid catalysed oxidative depolymerization of condensed tannins into corresponding anthocyanidins.^[19] The method has also been used for determination of bound condensed tannins, but has limitations.^[20] This reagent has recently been improved considerably by inclusion of acetone.^[21]

Non oxidative chemical depolymerisation

The condensed tannins can nevertheless undergo acid-catalyzed cleavage in the presence of (an excess of) a nucleophile^[22] like phloroglucinol (reaction called phloroglucinolysis), benzyl mercaptan (reaction called thiolysis), thioglycolic acid (reaction called thioglycolysis) or cysteamine. These techniques are generally called depolymerisation and give informations such as average degree of polymerisation or percentage of galloylation. These are SN1 reactions, a type of substitution reaction in organic chemistry, involving a carbocation intermediate under strongly acidic conditions in polar protic solvents like methanol. The reaction leads to the formation of free and derivated monomers that can be further analyzed. The free monomers correspond to the terminal units of the condensed tannins chains. If thiolysis is done directly on plant material (rather than on purified tannins), it is, however, important to subtract naturally occurring free flavanol monomers from the concentration of terminal units that are released during depolymerisation.

Reactions are generally made in methanol, especially thiolysis, as benzyl mercaptan has a low solubility in water. They involve a moderate (40 to 90°C) heating for a few minutes. Epimerisation may happen.^[23]

Phloroglucinolysis can be used for instance for proanthocyanidins characterisation in wine^[24] or in the grape seed and skin tissues.^[25]

Thioglycolysis can be used to study proanthocyanidins^[26] or the oxidation of condensed tannins.^[14] It is also used for lignin quantitation.^[27] Reaction on condensed tannins from Douglas fir bark produces epicatechin and catechin thioglycolates.^[17]

Condensed tannins from Lithocarpus glaber leaves have been analysed through acid-catalyzed degradation in the presence of cysteamine.^[5]

References