Cognitive appraisal

Cognitive appraisal is the personal interpretation of a situation; it is how an individual views a situation. "Appraisals refer to direct, immediate, and intuitive evaluations made on the environment in reference to personal well-being." They are "evaluative frameworks that people utilize to make sense of events."^[1] Appraisals provide a glimpse of how people subjectively experience their environments and are strong correlates of emotions.^[2]

Cognitive appraisal is regarded by some sport psychologists as an important component of burnout. The perception of a situation can be the cause of a negative psychological reaction, rather than the situation itself. An athlete who loses a string of competitions can view it positively as a challenge and an opportunity to come back from adversity, or view it negatively as evidence that he or she will never be a successful competitor.

Cognitive appraisals determine if an event will be perceived as stressful.

Appraisal rebound effects

The term appraisal rebound effects refers to the stronger activation of an appraisal as a result of trying to suppress it. At times appraisal rebounds effects can continue psychopathological symptoms. An example of this can be when patients with stress try to remove negative thoughts from their mind but fail to do so and observe the disorder symptoms appearing on the same scale or even greater at times.
Wegner hypothesizes that suppressing appraisals involve two mechanisms. The first is the conscious suppression of the appraisal and seeking distractors to avoid appraisal. The second mechanism is the unconscious process of searching for the appraisal, and when finding one, it alerts the conscious mechanism to find more distractors. This process requires too much cognitive resources, and so the distractors often fail, and the appraisal can become hyperaccessible, perpetuating the appraisal. Chronic appraisals are related to the chronic emotions of individuals since the way they chronically perceive situations affect their emotions. When individuals who tend to appraise situations in negative ways try to suppress the appraisal, they will be more likely to appraise another event negatively as well, and perpetuate their negative emotions.^[1]

Appraisal view of stress

The appraisal view of stress was developed by Richard Lazarus. He suggested that an individual's stress level is directly affected by their cognitive appraisal of the event that triggers the stress.
There are two stages of cognitive appraisal:

Stage 1

Primary appraisals. The initial evaluation of the situation comprises an assessment of the threat in the present situation.
Three kinds can be distinguished:

• Irrelevant
• Benign-positive
• Stressful - harm or loss, threat, challenge

When an event is perceived as negative in the primary appraisal process, the individual moves to stage 2.

Stage 2

Evaluation of the individual's ability to cope with a situation, and of whether or not the individual has the materials to deal with the stimulus causing the stress. Secondary appraisal interacts with the primary appraisal to determine the emotional reaction to event.

This further appraisal is made in regard to:

• Harm: The assessment of the damage that the event has already caused.
• Threat: Possible future damage that the event may cause.
• Challenge: The potential to overcome and even profit from the event.

During stage 2, if the individual finds that they do not have the materials to cope with the stimulus causing stress, it will determine the level of stress that is experienced. An example of this would be the reaction to snakes, which shows a great variation. A harmless garter snake might cause fear in some people and nothing in others.

Afterward, reappraisals occur: a continuous re-evaluation of the situation based on new information.

Cognitive responses to stress include beliefs

• What causes stress?
• Can it be controlled?
• How harmful is it?

Some responses to stress are a conscious effort to cope with the stress.^[3]

Factors in appraisal

• Vulnerability - When things of value are threatened
• Person variables - Commitments, beliefs
• Situation variables - Novelty, predictability, event uncertainty, imminence, duration, temporal uncertainty, timing in relation to life cycle, ambiguity

Example in sport

Steve Williams suggests top professional golfers do not morally judge a shot after it comes to rest. According to Williams:^[4]

"In the top golfers' eyes all shots are equal, and none is more equal that the others --- something that fits nicely into my native Kiwi egalitarianism. And since all golf shots are equal,there's no point in making value judgements on them. The top golfers just gather the data, and deliberately suppress any tendency to be either encouraged or discouraged by it. It's just data: it doesn't have a moral value."

This statement suggest that top athlete's use cognitive appraisal to devalue a particular situation or outcome neither judging it being good or bad. A situation or in this case, a singular golf shot, is what it is and nothing else. In professional golf, if the player were to allow a previous shot to dictate emotional levels, that player would experience a roller coaster of emotions on every hole since no shot, other than a hole in one, is considered perfect. By removing emotion and not placing a judgmental value on performance, like a particulate golf shot, the athlete is not held hostage psychologically by up and down swings in athletic performance or outcomes that sometimes are out of the athlete's control.

References