Cleistanthus

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Cleistanthus
Cleistanthus orgyialis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Tribe: Bridelieae
Genus: Cleistanthus
Hook.f. ex Planch.
Species
  • Cleistanthus apodus
  • Cleistanthus collinus
  • Cleistanthus cunninghamii
  • Cleistanthus hylandii
  • Cleistanthus sumatranus
  • Cleistanthus schlechteri etc.
Cleistanthus collinus in Narsapur, Medak district, India.

Cleistanthus is a plant genus of the family Phyllanthaceae. The genus comprises 140 species, found from Africa to the Pacific Islands. Cleistanthus collinus is known for being toxic and frequently used for homicidal or suicidal purposes.

Synonymy

The genus is also known as:

  • Clistanthus Post & Kuntze, orth. var.
  • Godefroya Gagnep.
  • Kaluhaburunghos Kuntze
  • Lebidiera Baill.
  • Lebidieropsis Müll.Arg.
  • Leiopyxis Miq.
  • Nanopetalum Hassk.
  • Neogoetzia Pax
  • Paracleisthus Gagnep.
  • Schistostigma Lauterb.
  • Stenonia Baill.
  • Stenoniella Kuntze
  • Zenkerodendron Gilg ex Jabl.

Cleistanthus collinus

Karra at fruiting

Cleistanthus collinus (Karra) is a plant poison also called "oduvan" (Tamil). Ingestion of its leaves or a dicoction of its leaves causes hypokalemia (kaliuresis and cardiac arrhythmias),[1] metabolic acidosis, hypotension and hypoxia[2] probably due to distal renal tubular acidosis, ARDS and toxin induced vasodilatation respectively.[3][4][5] Hypokalemia and acidosis probably also induces rhabdomyolysis resulting in myoglobinuric renal failure and neuromuscular weakness.[6] Its effects are probably mediated by injury to the distal renal tubules, pulmonary epithelium and peripheral blood vessels due to glutathione depletion[7] (animal studies have shown benefit with N-acetyl cysteine).[8]

Cleistanthin A and cleistanthin B are phytoconstituents of Cleistanthus collinus Roxb. Cleistanthin A and cleistanthin B are arylnaphthalide lignans, have been reported to be toxic substance responsible for Cleistanthus collinus poisoning. Cleistanthin A is also present in Phyllanthus toxodiifolius and this plant is used as a a diuretic agent in Thailand.[9]

Cleistanthus schlechtheri

Cleistanthus schlechteri var. schlechteri (False Tamboti, Zulu: Umzithi) is a protected tree in South Africa.[10]

References

  1. ↑ Thomas K, Dayal AK, Narasimhan, Alka G, Seshadri MS, Cherian AM, Kanakasabapathi, Molly B. Metabolic and Cardiac effects of Cleistanthus Collinus poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India 1991; 39(4): 312–314.
  2. ↑ Subrahmanyam DK, Mooney T, Raveendran R, Zachariah B. A Clinical and laboratory profile of Cleistanthus collinus poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India; 2003 Nov; 51:1052-4.
  3. ↑ S. Eswarappa, A R Chakraborty, B U Palatty, M Vasnik; Cleistanthus Collinus Poisoning: Case Reports and Review of the Literature. Clinical Toxicology, 2003; 41(4), pp 369–72.
  4. ↑ Benjamin SPE, M Edwin Fernando, JJ Jayanth, Preetha B; Cleistanthus collinus poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India; 2006 Sep; 54:742-44
  5. ↑ Nampoothiri K, Chrispal A, Begum A, Jasmine S, Gopinath KG, Zachariah A. A clinical study of renal tubular dysfunction in Cleistanthus collinus (Oduvanthalai) poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010 Mar;48(3):193-7.
  6. ↑ S. Eswarappa, Benjamin SPE; Renal failure and neuromuscular weakness in Cleistanthus collinus poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India; 2007 Jan; 55:85-86.
  7. ↑ Sarathchandra G, Balakrishnamoorthy P; Acute toxicity of Cleistanthus collinus, an indigenous poisonous plant in Cavia procellus. Journal of Environmental Biology 1998, pp 145–8.
  8. ↑ Annapoorani KS, Damodaran C, Chandrasekharan P. A promising antidote to Cleistanthus collinus poisoning. J Sci Soc Ind 1986; 2:3-6.
  9. ↑ Parasuraman S, Raveendran R. Diuretic effects of cleistanthin A and cleistanthin B from the leaves of Cleistanthus collinus in Wistar rats. J Young Pharmacists [serial online] 2012 [cited 2013 Oct 12];4:73-7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22754257
  10. ↑ "Protected Trees". Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa. 3 May 2013. 
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