Santo Domingo
- In some cases, the article may state "D.N.", which strictly refers to the city proper, i.e., excluding the surrounding Santo Domingo Province.
| Santo Domingo | ||
|---|---|---|
| City | ||
| Santo Domingo de Guzmán | ||
| ||
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Motto: Ciudad Primada de América (First City of America) | ||
  Santo Domingo | ||
| Coordinates: 18°28′N 69°57′W / 18.467°N 69.950°WCoordinates: 18°28′N 69°57′W / 18.467°N 69.950°W | ||
| Country |
 Dominican Republic | |
| Province | National District | |
| Founded | 1496 | |
| Founder | Bartholomew Columbus | |
| Government | ||
| • Mayor | Roberto Salcedo | |
| Area[1] | ||
| • Total | 104.44 km2 (40.32 sq mi) | |
| • Metro | 1,400.79 km2 (540.85 sq mi) | |
| Elevation[2] | 14 m (46 ft) | |
| Population (December 2010, IX Census[3]) | ||
| • Total | 965,040 | |
| • Density | 9,200/km2 (24,000/sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 965,040 | |
| • Metro | 2,907,100 | |
| • Gentilic | Spanish: Capitaleño (fem. Capitaleña) | |
| Postal Code(s) |
10100 to 10699 Distrito Nacional 10700 to 11999 Santo Domingo | |
| Area code(s) | 809, 829, 849 | |
| Website | Ayuntamiento del Distrito Nacional (Spanish) | |
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Santo Domingo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsanto ðoˈmiŋɡo], Saint Dominic) known officially as Santo Domingo de Guzmán, is the capital and largest city in the Dominican Republic and is the largest city in the Caribbean region by population.[4] As of 2010, Santo Domingo had a population of 965,040, with the metropolitan area reaching 3.8 million.[3] The city lies within the boundaries of the Distrito Nacional (D.N.; "National District"), itself bordered on three sides by Santo Domingo Province.
Founded by Bartholomew Columbus in 1496, on the east bank of the Ozama River and then moved by Nicolás de Ovando in 1502 to the west bank of the river, the city is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the Americas, and was the first seat of Spanish colonial rule in the New World. Santo Domingo is the site of the first university, cathedral, castle, monastery, and fortress in the New World, the city's Colonial Zone, was declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[5][6] Santo Domingo was called "Ciudad Trujillo", from 1936 to 1961, after the Dominican Republic's dictator, Rafael Trujillo, named the capital after himself. Following his assassination, the city resumed its original designation.
Santo Domingo is the cultural, financial, political, commercial and industrial center of the Dominican Republic, with the country’s most important industries being located within the city. Santo Domingo also serves as the chief seaport of the country. The city's harbor at the mouth of the Ozama River accommodates the largest vessels, and the port handles both heavy passenger and freight traffic.
History
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Before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, the Taíno people populated the island which they called Quisqueya (mother of all lands) and Ayiti (land of high mountains), and which Columbus named Hispaniola, including the territory of today's Republic of Haiti. At the time, the island's territory consisted of five chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey.[7] These were ruled respectively by caciques (chiefs) Guacanagarix, Guarionex, Caonabo, Bohechío, and Cayacoa.
Dating to 1496, when the Spanish settled there, and officially to 5 August 1498, Santo Domingo is the oldest European city in the Americas. Bartholomew Columbus founded the settlement and named it La Nueva Isabela, after an earlier settlement in the north named after the Queen of Spain Isabella I.[8] In 1495 it was renamed "Santo Domingo", in honor of Saint Dominic. Santo Domingo came to be known as the "Gateway to the Caribbean" and the chief town in Hispaniola from then on.[9] Expeditions which led to Ponce de León's colonization of Puerto Rico, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar's colonization of Cuba, Hernando Cortes' conquest of Mexico, and Vasco Núñez de Balboa's sighting of the Pacific Ocean were all launched from Santo Domingo.
In June 1502,[10] Santo Domingo was destroyed by a major hurricane, and the new Governor Nicolás de Ovando had it rebuilt on a different site on the other side of the Ozama River.[11] The original layout of the city and a large portion of its defensive wall can still be appreciated today throughout the Colonial Zone, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
In 1586, Francis Drake captured the city and held it for ransom.[12] Drake's invasion signaled the decline of Spanish dominion over Hispaniola, which was accentuated in the early 17th century by policies that resulted in the depopulation of most of the island outside of the capital. An expedition sent by Oliver Cromwell in 1655 attacked the city of Santo Domingo, but was defeated. The British troops withdrew and took Jamaica, instead.[13] In 1697, the Treaty of Ryswick included the acknowledgement by Spain of France's dominion over the Western third of the island, now Haiti.
From 1795 to 1822 the city changed hands several times along with the colony it headed. It was ceded to France in 1795, captured by rebellious Haitian slaves in 1801, recovered by France in 1802, recovered by Spain in 1809. In 1821 Santo Domingo became the capital of an independent nation: Spanish Haiti. The nation was unified with Haiti two months later . The city and the colony lost much of their Spanish population as a result of these events.[12][14][15]
Santo Domingo was again the capital of a free nation, when Dominicans gained their independence from Haitian occupation on February 27, 1844 led by their national hero Juan Pablo Duarte. The city was a prize fought over by various political factions over the succeeding decades of instability. In addition, the country had to fight multiple battles with Haiti; the Battle of March 19, Battle of March 30, Battle of Las Carreras, and Battle of Beler, are a few of the most prominent encounters, mentioned in the national anthem and with city streets named after them.[16] In 1861 Spain returned to the country, having struck a bargain with Dominican dictator Pedro Santana whereby the latter was granted several honorific titles and privileges, in exchange for annexing the young nation back to Spanish rule. The Dominican Restoration War began in 1863 however, and in 1865 the country was free again after Spain withdrew.
Over the next two-thirds of a century Santo Domingo and the Dominican Republic went through many revolutions, power changes, and occupation by the United States, 1916–24. The city was struck by hurricane San Zenón in 1930, which caused major damage.[17] After its rebuilding, Santo Domingo was known officially as Ciudad Trujillo in honor of dictator Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, who governed from 1930. Following his assassination in 1961 the city was renamed back to Santo Domingo. It was the scene of street fighting during the 1965 United States occupation of the Dominican Republic.
The year 1992 marked the 500th anniversary, El Quinto Centenario, of Christopher Columbus' Discovery of America. The Columbus Lighthouse – Faro a Colón – was erected in Santo Domingo in honor of this occasion, with an approximate cost of 400 million Dominican pesos .[18]
Geography
The Ozama river flows 148 kilometres (92 miles) before emptying into the Caribbean Sea. Santo Domingo's position on its banks was of great importance to the city's economic development and the growth of trade during colonial times. The Ozama River is where the country's busiest port is located.
Climate
The average temperature in Santo Domingo varies little, because the tropical trade winds help mitigate the heat and humidity throughout the year. Thanks to these trade winds, Santo Domingo has a tropical climate but seldom experiences the oppressive heat and humidity that one may expect to find. December and January are the coolest months and July and August are the warmest. Santo Domingo averages 1,445 millimetres (56.9 in) of rain annually. Its driest months are from January through April, however, due to the trade winds and mountains to the southwest, rain is seen even during these months. Because its driest month is just below 60 millimetres (2.4 in), Santo Domingo falls under the tropical monsoon climate category under the Köppen climate classification. Like many other cities in the Caribbean, Santo Domingo is very susceptible to hurricanes. The lowest recorded temperature has been 13.0 °C (55.4 °F) and the highest 39.5 °C (103.1 °F).
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.5 (90.5) |
32.4 (90.3) |
33.0 (91.4) |
34.5 (94.1) |
39.5 (103.1) |
35.7 (96.3) |
36.0 (96.8) |
35.0 (95) |
35.0 (95) |
35.3 (95.5) |
33.8 (92.8) |
33.0 (91.4) |
39.5 (103.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 29.2 (84.6) |
29.2 (84.6) |
29.6 (85.3) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.8 (87.4) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.5 (88.7) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.1 (88) |
30.6 (87.1) |
29.6 (85.3) |
30.4 (86.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.4 (75.9) |
24.4 (75.9) |
24.9 (76.8) |
25.6 (78.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.0 (78.8) |
24.9 (76.8) |
25.9 (78.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 19.6 (67.3) |
19.7 (67.5) |
20.2 (68.4) |
21.1 (70) |
22.2 (72) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.8 (73) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.3 (72.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
21.5 (70.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 13.0 (55.4) |
13.5 (56.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
16.8 (62.2) |
16.0 (60.8) |
18.6 (65.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
16.7 (62.1) |
15.3 (59.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) | 63.0 (2.48) |
56.8 (2.236) |
53.8 (2.118) |
71.9 (2.831) |
187.7 (7.39) |
140.1 (5.516) |
144.6 (5.693) |
177.4 (6.984) |
180.9 (7.122) |
186.8 (7.354) |
99.8 (3.929) |
84.3 (3.319) |
1,447.1 (56.972) |
| Avg. rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.6 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 11.3 | 10.3 | 11.4 | 12.0 | 11.8 | 13.0 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 115.4 |
| % humidity | 82.5 | 80.8 | 79.3 | 78.8 | 82.5 | 83.7 | 83.8 | 84.6 | 85.1 | 85.7 | 84.2 | 83.3 | 82.9 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 229.6 | 230.5 | 258.4 | 253.3 | 244.2 | 234.7 | 229.6 | 237.7 | 222.7 | 207.9 | 218.8 | 205.7 | 2,773.1 |
| Source #1: World Meteorological Organization[19] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: NOAA (extremes, humidity and sun)[20] | |||||||||||||
Population
The demographics of Santo Domingo are similar to other metropolitan areas of the country, except that the population of illegal immigrants (mainly Haitians) is larger in the city because of the relative ease of finding work and the economic dynamism compared to other provinces. Santo Domingo, like most of the country, is made up of native-born Dominican mulattos, though there are large numbers of Afro-Dominicans and Euro-Dominicans, as well as a large immigrant community, in fact over 20% of the city's population is immigrants, mainly Haitians. However, there are also recent immigrants from Europe, Asia, as well as other Latin American nations present in the city. The city of Santo Domingo has a significant community of Asians (mainly Chinese), Arabs (mostly Lebanese), and Europeans (mostly Spanish and Italian) are also present in the city. There are also significant numbers of Jamaicans and Puerto Ricans, in the city, as well as US born Dominicans returning to their parents' home country. The northeast quadrant of the city is the poorest while the southwest is wealthier. Santo Domingo is also considered one of the epicenters of the growing Dominican middle-class. The city is one of most economically developed cities in Latin America. Santo Domingo's population in 2010 was 3.8 million in the metropolitan area.
Government and politics
Santo Domingo is the center of the national government of the Dominican Republic. The President's office and ministries, National Congress, Supreme Court of Justice, and other main government institutions are located in the metropolitan area.
The city is administered by the Ayuntamiento del Distrito Nacional (City Hall), which is responsible for municipal functions.[21] The current mayor of Santo Domingo is Roberto Esmérito Salcedo, of the governing Dominican Liberation Party.
The "Policía Nacional" (National Police) and "Policia Turística" (Tourist Police) (POLITUR) are tasked with enforcing city safety.
Economy
The city is the center of economic activity in the Dominican Republic, it is where most of the country wealth is concentrated since it is the main sector where everything related to politics occurs. Many national and international firms have their headquarters or regional offices in Santo Domingo. The city attracts many international firms and franchises such as Goldcorp and Barrick due to its geographic location and economic stability.
The infrastructure is adequate for most business operations, however, power outages (blackouts ) continue to be a problem in certain parts of the city. A key element that has helped the city grow and compete globally is the telecommunications infrastructure. In recent years, the Dominican Republic has enjoyed a modern telecommunications system due to its privatization and integration with the U.S. systems.
The city's economic growth is very noticeable in the increased building towers, shopping malls, highways, and the increase in commercial activity.
Santo Domingo has a great social divide ranging from the extremely poor to the very rich. Areas of high income families are found in the central Polygon of the city, which is bordered by the Avenida John F. Kennedy northward February 27 Avenue south, Avenida Winston Churchill to the west and Avenida Máximo Gómez to the east, and is characterized by its mostly residential area and its very active nightlife .
Santo Domingo has areas of high development, among them Serralles, Naco, Arroyo Hondo, Piantini, Urb Fernandez, " Ens. Juliet, Paradise, The Prairies, Los Prados, Bella Vista, Sarasota and other sectors, which consist mostly of costly buildings and luxury houses, contrasting with the outskirts of the city as Gualey and Capotille which are less economically developed .
Bella Vista and La Esperilla are currently the fastest growing sectors with large mega -projects. Gazcue belongs to the more traditional southeastern area of the city and is known for its buildings dating from the 1930s to the 1960s.
The city's shopping centers are located primarily on Avenida Winston Churchill, where there are places such as Acropolis Center, Blue Mall, and large supermarkets. It is also the home of the largest commercial banks, such as Banco Popular Dominicano, Scotiabank, Citibank, Banco BHD, Banco del Progreso, Banreservas, among others. February 27 Avenue is very commercially successful and is considered the most important avenue of the city. The oldest malls in the country are Plaza Central and Plaza Naco, the latter served as the first shopping center in the city. Bella Vista Mall is one of the newest malls built in the city, which attracts many high-income families. The city has an established securities market in the late 90s.
Commercial centers
- Acropolis Center
- Ágora Mall
- Bella Vista Mall
- Blue Mall
- Carrefour
- Diamond Mall
- Galería 360 Mall
- IKEA
- Jumbo
- La Sirena
- Malecon Center
- Megacentro
- Novo-Centro
- Plaza Central
- Plaza Lama
- Plaza Las Américas
- Plaza Naco
- Sambil Santo Domingo
- Silver Sun Tower
- Super Pola
Landmarks
Many of Santo Domingo's most notable landmarks are located within the Zona Colonial district of the city, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990. The Colonial Zone, bordered by the Río Ozama, also has an impressive collection of 16th century buildings, including palatial houses and majestic churches that reflect the architectural style of the late medieval period.
The city's most important colonial buildings include the Catedral Santa María La Menor, called La Catedral Primada de América, America's First Cathedral, which states its distinction; the Alcázar de Colón, America's first castle, once the residence of Viceroy of the Indies Don Diego Colón, a son of Christopher Columbus; the Monasterio de San Francisco, the ruins of the first monastery in the Americas; the Museo de las Casas Reales, in a monumental complex that includes the former Palace of the Governors and the building of the former Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo; the Fortaleza Ozama, the oldest fortress in the Americas; the Pantéon Nacional, a former Jesuit edifice now hosting the remains of various renowned Dominicans; and the Dominican Convent, the first convent in the Americas.
Just outside the fortifications's Puerta del Conde is the Altar de la Patria, erected in 1976 as a monument to the heroes of the country's independence in 1844.[22] Outside of the Ciudad Colonial, the Malecón (seawall) is a vibrant commercial and touristic area, marked by major hotels and several Trujillo-era monuments including a large obelisk located at the eastern end of George Washington Avenue.
Other places of cultural interest are Plaza de la Cultura, which houses the city's most important cultural venues, including the Teatro Nacional (National Theater) and various museums; the Palacio Nacional, which houses the Presidency of the Dominican Republic; the Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of Fine Arts), a neoclassical building that is the permanent home of the country's National Symphony Orchestra; and the Boulevard 27 de Febrero, a pedestrian promenade located on the busy Avenida 27 de Febrero, which displays works of art from prominent Dominican artists and sculptors. Another attraction is the Centro Olímpico Juan Pablo Duarte, a sports complex in the center of Santo Domingo. This complex was used during the 2003 Pan American Games.
Museums
Santo Domingo is the location of numerous museums, many of which are located in the Zona Colonial district.[18] In the Zona Colonial is the Museum of Alcázar, in Diego Colon's restored palace,[23] the Museum of the Casas Reales, with artefacts of the colonial period and a collection of ancient weapons donated by Trujillo,[24] the Naval Museum of the Atarazanas, in the former naval yards, Museo de la Catedral, Museo Memorial de la Resistencia Dominicana, documenting the struggle for freedom during the regimes of Trujillo and Balaguer, Museo Duarte, dedicated to the hero of Dominican independence, and the World of Ambar Museum.
In the Plaza de la Cultura are the Museum of the Dominican Man, with artefacts from the pre-Columbian Taíno civilization, the National Museum of History and Geography, the Museum of Natural History and the Museum of Modern Art. Other museums include the Museo Bellapart, a prominent private collection of 19th- and 20th-Century Dominican painting and sculpture and the Museo Prehispanico, a major private collection of pre-Columbian Taíno art.[25]
Parks and recreational areas
The city has various parks, many of which are relatively large. Santo Domingo (D.N) is surrounded by the Santo Domingo Greenbelt. Mirador Norte Park lies in the north of the city, close to Villa Mella and Mirador Sur Park is located in the southwest section of the city. Mirador del Este is located on the East bank of the Ozama river and it is the seat of the Columbus Lighthouse. Independencia Park and Colón Park are located in Zona Colonial.
Other notable parks include:
- Parque Enriquillo
- Parque Independencia
- Parque Metropolitano Las Praderas
- El Malecón
- Jardín Botánico Nacional
- Parque Zoológico Nacional
- Barrio Chino de Santo Domingo
- Parque Núñez de Cáceres
Health
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Public:
Nonprofit:
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Education
There are eighteen universities in Santo Domingo, the highest number of any city in the Dominican Republic. Established in 1538, the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD) is the oldest university in the Americas and is also the only public university in the city.[26][27] Santo Domingo holds the nation's highest percentage of residents with a higher education degree.[citation needed]
Other universities include:
- Universidad Adventista Dominicana (UNAD)
- Universidad APEC (UNAPEC)
- Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo (INTEC)
- Universidad del Caribe (UNICARIBE)
- Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE) (UNIBE)
- Universidad Católica Santo Domingo (UCSD)
- Universidad de la Tercera Edad (UTE)
- Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago (UTESA)
- Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña (UNPHU)
- Instituto de Ciencias Exactas (INCE)
- Universidad Organización y Método (O&M)
- Universidad Interamericana (UNICA)
- Universidad Eugenio María de Hostos (UNIREMOS)
- Universidad Francisco Henríquez y Carvajal (UFHEC)
- Universidad Instituto Cultural Domínico Americano (UNICDA)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM)
- Instituto Tecnológico de las Americas (ITLA)
- Universidad de Psicologia Industrial Dominicana (UPID)
Transportation
Roads and highways
Santo Domingo is the terminus for four of the five national highways. The city is connected with the southwest of the republic by the national highway DR-2 (Avenida George Washington and Autopista 30 de Mayo), and with the cities of the country's northwest by DR-1 (Expreso Kennedy, Corredor Duarte), which serves as a direct link to the city of Santiago de los Caballeros. DR-3 (Expreso 27 de Febrero/Autopista de Las Américas) connects Santo Domingo directly to the east of the country, including the cities of San Pedro de Macorís, La Romana, and major tourist sites such as Punta Cana and Bávaro, and to the Samaná Province (in the northeast) via the Samana Highway. In the city, motoconchos (motorcycle taxis), guaguas/voladoras (low quality public buses), and carros públicos/conchos (shared taxis) are common modes of transport.
Public transportation
Santo Domingo has an underground and elevated rapid transit metro system. It is the most extensive metro in the Caribbean and Central American region by total length and number of stations.[28] The Santo Domingo Metro is part of a major "National Master Plan" to improve transportation in city as well as the rest of the nation. The first line was planned to relieve traffic congestion in the Máximo Gómez and Hermanas Mirabal Avenue. The second line, which opened in April 2013, is meant to relieve the congestion along the Duarte-Kennedy-Centenario Corridor in the city from west to east. The current length of the Metro, with the sections of the two lines open as of August 2013. Four more lines are planned to be constructed in the near future, for a total of six. Before the opening of the second line, 30,856,515 passengers rode the Santo Domingo Metro in 2012.[29]
Airports
Santo Domingo is served by two international airports, the main one being Las Américas International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional de las Americas). The airport has two terminals; the newer one, just completed in 2006, added five more gates on the northern end of the facility. As of 2010, the airport handled over 3.4 million passengers per year.[30] Las Américas is located in Punta Caucedo, 15 km (9 mi) east of the National District on DR-3. It is serviced by such airlines as majors Delta Air Lines, Iberia, Air France and Cubana de Aviación. as well as smaller ones like Sunrise Airways. The Aeropuerto Internacional La Isabela is a secondary, newly constructed airport located in the northern section of the city, within kilometres of the city center. It is not currently used as a major international airport, servicing mostly domestic and charter flights.
Seaport
The Port of Santo Domingo is located on the Ozama River. Its location at the center of the Caribbean is well suited for flexible itinerary planning and has excellent support, road and airport infrastructure within the Santo Domingo region, which facilitate access and transfers. The port is suitable for both turnaround and transit calls.
The port's renovation is part of a major redevelopment project, aimed at integrating the port area and the Zona Colonial and foster a cruise, yacht, and high-end tourism destination. Supported by legislation approved in 2005, the project, developed by the Sans Souci Group, also includes the development of a new sports marina and a 122-acre (0.49 km2) mixed-leisure real estate development adjacent to the port.
Media
There are 15 television stations (both UHF and VHF) in Santo Domingo. Santo Domingo has the greatest number of television signals in the country, followed by Santiago. Additional cable television channels are provided by companies like Aster, Cable TV Dominicana, SKY Dominicana, and Telecable. In Santo Domingo there are 100 different stations in AM frequency and 44 in FM frequency.
Television
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Radio
FM
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Sports
Baseball
Baseball is the most popular sport in the country. Santo Domingo is home to two of the six teams in the Dominican Professional Baseball League.
- Tigres del Licey, founded in 1907, have won 21 national championships since 1951. Itr is the most senior national team, winning more Caribbean Series games with a total of 10, making the Dominican Republic the country with the greatest amount of Caribbean Series wins.
- Leones del Escogido, founded in 1921, are winners of 15 national championships since 1951. It is the third team with the most championships won. The team has 4 titles won in the Caribbean Series.
These two teams are based in the Estadio Quisqueya located in Widen La Fe.
Basketball
Santo Domingo's Basketball Tournament Superior is held in the National District each year, with several teams participating and representing several sectors and social clubs of the city.
Some of the teams participating in the tournament include:
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Sports clubs
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International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Santo Domingo has four sister cities designated by Sister Cities International:[31]
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Santo Domingo also has twinning agreements with the following:
Gallery
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Santo Domingo's modern architecture
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John F. Kennedy Avenue, Santo Domingo
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Santo Domingo at night
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Anacaona Avenue in Santo Domingo. Mirador del Sur park
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Alcázar de Colón
People from Santo Domingo
See also
- Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
- Ciudad Colonial (Santo Domingo)
- Culture of the Dominican Republic
- History of the Dominican Republic
- Index of Dominican Republic-related articles
- List of cities in the Caribbean
- List of cities in the Dominican Republic
- List of colonial governors of Santo Domingo
- Spanish colonization of the Americas
References
- ↑ Superficies a nivel de municipios, Oficina Nacional de Estadística
- ↑ De la Fuente, Santiago (1976). Geografía Dominicana (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Editora Colegial Quisqueyana.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 IX Census
- ↑ http://www.citymayors.com/government/caribbean-local-government.html
- ↑ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/526
- ↑ http://www.unesco.org/nac/geoportal.php?country=DO&language=S
- ↑ Perez, Cosme E. (20 December 2011). Quisqueya: un pas̕ en el mundo: La Revelacin̤ Maya Del 2012. Palibrio. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4633-1368-5. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ↑ Greenberger, Robert (1 January 2003). Juan Ponce de León: The Exploration of Florida and the Search for the Fountain of Youth. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8239-3627-4. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ↑ Bolton, Herbert E.; Marshall, Thomas Maitland (30 April 2005). The Colonization of North America 1492 to 1783. Kessinger Publishing. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7661-9438-0. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ↑ Clayton, Lawrence A. (25 January 2011). Bartolom de Las Casas and the Conquest of the Americas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4051-9427-3. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ↑ Meining 1986:9
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Dominican Republic - THE FIRST COLONY". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
- ↑ Marley, David (1998). Wars of the Americas. ABC-CLIO. pp. 148–149. ISBN 0-87436-837-5, 9780874368376 Check
|isbn=value (help). - ↑ "Elections and Events 1791-1849". University of California-San Diego. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
- ↑ Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes, 2007, p. 70
- ↑ "City street map of Santo Domingo at www.colonialzone-dr.com". Retrieved 2009-03-20.
- ↑ Derby, Lauren (26 June 2009). The Dictator's Seduction: Politics and the Popular Imagination in the Era of Trujillo. Duke University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8223-4482-7. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Secretaría de Estado de Cultura". Retrieved 2009-03-18.
- ↑ "World Weather Information Service–Santo Domingo". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
- ↑ "Santo Dominigo Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
- ↑ Moré, Gustavo Luis; Bergdoll, Barry (30 June 2010). Caribbean Modernist Architecture. The Museum of Modern Art. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-87070-775-9. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ↑ Cruise Travel. Lakeside Publishing Co. November 1998. p. 29. ISSN 01995111. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ↑ Clammer, Paul; Grosberg, Michael; Porup, Jens (1 October 2008). Dominican Republic and Haiti. Lonely Planet. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-74104-292-4. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ↑ DK TRAVEL GUIDES (1 September 2011). DK Eyewitness Top 10 Travel Guide: Dominican Republic. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-4053-6102-6. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ↑ Harvey, Sean; Fullman, Joe (1 January 2009). The Rough Guide to the Dominican Republic. Rough Guides. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-85828-811-6. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ↑ Otfinoski, Steven (30 January 2005). Juan Ponce de León: Discoverer of Florida. Marshall Cavendish. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-7614-1610-4. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ↑ Gray, Dulce María (2001). High Literacy and Ethnic Identity: Dominican American Schooling in Transition. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-7425-0005-1. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ↑ See List of metro systems
- ↑ "Estadísticas de peaje y tiempo de recorrido al 2013" [Statistics of tolls and times of route 2013]. opret.gob.do (via: http://opret.gob.do/Estadisticas.aspx) (pdf) (in Spanish). Oficina para el Reordenamiento de Transporte (OPRET). p. 2. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
- ↑ Aerodom Siglo XXI. "Number of Passengers by Airport in 2004 (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2006-10-05. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Online Directory: Dominican Republic, Caribbean Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI)
- ↑ "NYC's Partner Cities". The City of New York. Retrieved 2012-12-16.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 "Memoria Anual, Agosto 2002-Agosto 2003". Ayuntamiento del Distrito Nacional. pp. 66–67. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
- ↑ "Sister Cities, Public Relations". Guadalajara municipal government. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
- ↑ "Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas". Ayuntamiento de Madrid. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
- ↑ "Universidade norte-americana fará parceria com a Câmara Municipal de Manaus". Jusbrasil.com. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ↑ La Guardia y Santo Domingo, dos ciudades hermanas (Spanish)
- Meinig, D.W. (1986). The Shaping of America: a Geographic Perspective on 500 Years of History. Volume I - Atlantic America, 1492-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03882-8
- Santo Domingo; Fragmentos De Patria by Banreservas ISBN 99934-898-1-6
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santo Domingo. |
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Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Santo Domingo. |
- Santo Domingo Tourism - An English-language guide to Santo Domingo
- La Capital: Ciudad Trujillo in the 1940s
- Dominican Explorer/Dominican Republic Travel Guide
- Dominican Republic Weather Information
- Fly Dominican Republic/Dominican Republic Pilots Guide
- Guide to Santo Domingo's Zona Colonial
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