Citroën Traction Avant

Citroën Traction Avant
Overview
Manufacturer	Citroën
Also called	Citroën 7CV Citroën 11CV Citroën 15CV Citroën Light 15 (UK) Citroën Big Fifteen (UK) Citroën Big Six (UK)
Production	7 CV 1934–1941 11CV 1934–1957 15CV 1938–1953
Assembly	Paris, France Vorst, Belgium Cologne, Germany Slough, England Copenhagen, Denmark
Designer	Flaminio Bertoni André Lefèbvre
Body and chassis
Class	Mid-size luxury car Executive car
Body style	4-door sedan 2-door coupé 2-door convertible 5-door hatchback
Layout	MF layout
Powertrain
Engine	1.3 / 1.5 / 1.6 / 1.9 L I4 2.9 L I6
Transmission	3-speed manual, column/dash shift
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,910 mm (115 in) 7CV & 11CV légère (light)[1] 3,090 mm (122 in) 11CV normale & 15-six[1] 3,270 mm (129 in) 11CV longue & 15-six limousine[1]
Length	4,450 to 4,960 mm (175.2 to 195.3 in)
Width	1,620 to 1,790 mm (63.8 to 70.5 in)
Height	1,520 to 1,580 mm (59.8 to 62.2 in)
Curb weight	1,025 to 1,170 kg (2,260 to 2,579 lb)
Chronology
Predecessor	Citroën Rosalie
Successor	Citroën DS

The Citroën Traction Avant (French pronunciation: ​[tʁaksjɔ̃ aˈvɑ̃]) is an automobile which was produced by the French manufacturer Citroën from 1934 to 1957. About 760,000 units were produced.

Impact on the world

The Traction Avant, French for "front wheel drive", was designed by André Lefèbvre and Flaminio Bertoni in late 1933 / early 1934. While not the first production front wheel drive car – Alvis built the 1928 FWD in the UK, Cord produced the L29 from 1929 to 1932 in the United States and DKW the F1 in 1931 in Germany – it was the world's first front-wheel drive steel monocoque production car. Along with DKW's 1930s models, the Traction successfully pioneered front-wheel drive on the European mass car market.

The Traction Avant's structure was a welded monocoque (unitized body). Most other cars of the era were based on a separate frame (chassis) onto which the non-structural body ("coachwork") was built. Monocoque construction (also called Unit Body or "Unibody" in the US today) results in a lighter vehicle, and is now used for virtually all car construction, although body-on-frame construction remains suitable for larger vehicles such as trucks.

This method of construction was viewed with great suspicion in many quarters, with doubts about its strength. A type of crash test was conceived, taking the form of driving the car off a cliff, to illustrate its great inherent resilience.^[2]

The novel design made the car very low-slung relative to its contemporaries – the Traction Avant always possessed a unique look, which went from appearing rakish in 1934 to familiar and somewhat old fashioned by 1955.

The suspension was very advanced for the car's era. The front wheels were independently sprung, using a torsion bar and wishbone suspension arrangement,^[3] where most contemporaries used live axle and cart-type leaf spring designs. The rear suspension was a simple steel beam axle and a Panhard rod, trailing arms and torsion bars attached to a 3-inch (76 mm) steel tube, which in turn was bolted to the monocoque.

Since it was considerably lighter than conventional designs of the era, it was capable of 100 km/h (62 mph), and consumed fuel only at the rate of 10 litres per 100 kilometres (28 mpg_-imp; 24 mpg_-US).

Investing for volume production

The scale of investment in production capacity reflected Andre Citroën's ambitions for the car. Site preparation began during the winter of 1932/33, and on 15 March 1933 work started on demolition of 30,000 M² of existing factory.^[4] Construction of the new factory started on 21 April, and by the end of August the building's shell had been erected, four times the size of the factory that it replaced, and using 5,000 tonnes of structural iron and steel.^[4] All this was achieved while continuing to produce several hundred Rosalies every day.^[4] With characteristic showmanship, André Citroën celebrated by inviting 6,000 guests - mostly dealers and agents and others who would be involved in selling and promoting the car - to a spectacular banquet in the new and at this stage still empty factory, on 8 October 1933.^[4] Citroën's gesture quickly came to be seen as hubristic, as the ensuing months became a race against time to finish the development of the car and tool up for its production before his investors lost patience.^[4]

In the end the first car was presented at Citroën's huge Paris showroom on 18 April 1934, by which time principal dealers had already had their own private unveiling on 23 March.^[4] Although there had been much chatter and speculation, before April 1934 the details of the car had been kept remarkably quiet outside the walls of the Quai de Javel plant.^[4] Volume production formally started on 19 April 1934.^[4] Although the revolutionary quasi-monocoque bodyshell was, according to most reports, not affected by the rushed launch schedule, problems with transmission joints and the hydraulic brakes - another "first" in a volume car - reflected the financial pressure to get the car into production as quickly as possible.^[4]

Variants

The original model, was a small saloon on a 2,910 mm (115 in) wheelbase, with a 1,303 cc (79.5 cu in) engine: this model was called the 7A.^[4] After just 2 months, with only about 7,000 cars produced, the 7A was succeeded in June 1934 by the 7B which used a higher-power engine of 1,529 cc (93.3 cu in) and provided two windscreen wipers in place of the single wiper on the original production cars).^[4] The manufacturer also took the opportunity to make a start on addressing some of the other initial "under the skin" teething problems.^[4]

By September 1934 15,620^[4] 7Bs had been produced before it, in turn, was succeeded in October 1934 by the 7C with an even higher-output 1,628 cc (99.3 cu in) engine. The number "7" referred to the French fiscal horsepower rating, or CV of the original car, used to determine annual car tax levels: however, manufacturers did not change the model name every time a change of engine size caused a change in fiscal horsepower, with the result that the 7B's larger engine pushed it into the 9 HP/CV tax band without triggering a change in the number by which the model was identified by Citroën.

Later models were the 11 (launched in November 1934), which had a 1,911 cc (116.6 cu in) four-cylinder engine, and the 15 (launched rather tentatively in June 1938^[5][6]), with a 2,867 cc (175.0 cu in) six. The 11 was an 11 CV, but curiously the 15 was actually in the 16 HP/CV tax band. The 11 was built in two versions, the 11BL ("légère", or "light"), which was the same size as the 7 CV, and the 11B ("Normale", or "normal"), which had a longer wheelbase and wider track.

Citroën planned two variants that never entered production, since there was not enough funding available to develop them, except as running prototype vehicles. One was an automatic transmission-equipped model, based on the Sensaud de Lavaud automatic transmission, the other a 22 CV model with a 3.8 liter V8. The transmission (which was actually originally designed for the Citroen) was a "gearless" automatic, using the torque-converter alone to match engine revolutions to the drivetrain revolutions, much like the Dynaflow Transmission introduced later in the USA. The car was supposed to have a less spartan interior than the other Traction Avants and it was to feature Citroën's own new V8 engine. About twenty prototypes were made, but when the project was canceled in 1935 due to Michelin's takeover; they were probably all destroyed.^{[citation needed]}

In addition to the 4-door body, the car was also produced as a 2-door coupé with a rumble seat, dickie seat, as a convertible also with a rumble seat, dickie seatand as an extended length Familiale, Family model with three rows of seats, seating 9 aduls. There was even a hatchback-type Commerciale, Commercial variant, in 1939, well ahead of its time, in which the tailgate was in two halves, the lower of which carried the spare wheel with the upper opening up to roof level. A one-piece top-hinged tailgate was introduced when the Commerciale resumed production in 1954 after being suspended during World War II.

The 6 cylinder, 2876cc model was used as a "Test Bed" for the introduction of the Hydraulic Suspension that underpinned the revolutionary Citroen DS19 that was launched at the Paris Motor Show in 1955. The Hydraulic suspension was fitted to the rear suspension of the "15/6 H" with a lever in the real to permit the "ride height" to be modified. A fan-belt driven high pressure pump was added and an under-bonnet reservoir to hold the "LHS" hydraulic fluid. The parts ere interchangeable with the early DS 19 models (which also had Hydraulic Disk Brakes, Hydraulically assisted steering and a hydraulically operated "semi-automatic" gearbox).

Sadly none of these other hydraulic features we fitted to the 15/6 H, which ceased production in 1956, 1 year after the arrival of the DS.

Citroen assembled the Traction Avant model in Slough (GB), Forest (B) and Cologne (Koln) (D). Each of these factories produced variations on the Paris assembled car to comply with local "type approval" and market demands. Models assembled in Slough had to be 51% UK parts to make them exempt from the Import taxes that the UK Government placed to protect the UK vehicle manufacturers from "Cheap Foreign Import". Noticeable on the Slough built cars were the following variations:

- 12 Volt Lucas electrics, Dynamo, Starter
- "English" Jaeger instruments
- Sun-roof
- Walnut Dash Board
- Connolly Hide leather interior (Seats and Door panels)
- Wool Headlining
- Lucas headlights
- UK Bumpers and over-riders
- Chrome grille
- Chevrons mounted behind the grille

and of course they were right hand drive (although a few left hand drive models were produced to the Slough "specification").

For more information visit the UK Traction Owners club (www.traction-owners.co.uk) which has over 600 members (Jan 2014)

Wartime disruption

In September 1939 France declared war on Germany and in June 1940 the German army rapidly invaded and occupied Northern France.^[1] The war years were characterised by a desperate shortage of raw materials for civilian industry and of petrol,^[1] but these factors were not apparent instantly. The Paris Motor Show scheduled for October 1939 was cancelled at short notice, but Citroën’s own planned announcements had involved the forthcoming 2CV model rather than any significant changes to the Traction.^[1] For the Traction, the last “normal” year in terms of production levels was 1939, and 8,120 of the 2910mm wheelbase 1628cc engined 7C models were produced.^[1] This tumbled to 1,133 in 1940, which was the first year when the plant suffered serious air-raid damage - on this occasion caused by a German attack - on 3 June 1940. Production of the cars was suspended in June 1941, by when a further 154 had been produced in the six-month period just ended. The 7C would continue to appear in Citroën price-lists until March 1944, but production of this smaller engined “7CV” version of the Traction was not resumed after the war.^[1] For the more powerful 1911cc engined 11 B-light models, the equivalent figures were 27,473 units produced in 1939, 4,415 in 1940 and 2,032 for 1941, though for this model production in 1941 ended only in November 1941 so the figure for that year represents 11 months of production.^[1]

In 1945 production restarted only slowly: the 11 B-light reappeared very little changed from the 1941 cars except that headlight surrounds were now painted rather than finished in chrome. By the end of December 1945 the year’s production had reached 1,525.^[1] Currency depreciation is evident from the car’s listed price which had been 26,800 francs in January 1940, and had risen to 110,670 francs in October 1945.^[1] In 1945 the car was the only model available from Citroën, and as another sign of the times, customers not able to supply their own tires were charged an additional 9,455 francs for a set of five.^[1] In May 1946, presumably reflecting an easing of the war-time tire shortage, the car could at last be purchased with tires at no extra cost, but by now the overall price of an 11 B-light had risen to 121,180 francs.^[1]

The 11 B-normal model, differentiated from the 11 B-light by its 3090mm wheelbase, experienced a similar drop off in volumes between 1939 and 1941, with just 341 cars produced during the first seven months of 1941.^[1] After the war, a single 11 B-normal was produced in 1946, in time to be presented at the October 1946 Paris Motor Show: production built up during 1947, but during the car’s ten-year post-war period the shorter 11 B-light would, in France, continue to outsell the 11 B-normal.

Initially the French army lacked enthusiasm for the Citroën Traction, believing that it offered insufficient ground-clearance for their needs.^[1] Nevertheless, by September 1939 roughly 250 had found their way into military service. With losses of cars at the frontier mounting, Citroën supplied a further 570 to the army between February and May 1940, and subsequent deliveries probably took place before military defeat intervened.^[1] During the war many of the cars were reregistered with "WH..." (Wehrmacht Heer/Army command) license plates, having been requisitioned by the German Army.^[1] These gave reliable service both in France and further afield, notably in Libya and Stalingrad. Tractions were also favoured by the Resistance, and as occupation gave way to Liberation they turned up all over France with FFI inscribed proudly on their doors. Less gloriously, the cars were known as favourites among gangsters such as the then infamous Pierrot le Fou, and his Traction gang.

UK built cars

Left-hand drive versions were built in Paris, in Forest, Belgium, in Copenhagen, Denmark for the Scandinavian market, and right-hand drive cars in Slough, England. The Slough version of the 11L was called the Light Fifteen and the long wheelbase 11 was called the Big Fifteen. This confusing terminology referred to the British fiscal tax rating of the time, which was higher than the French, so the 11CV engine was 15HP in England. The 15CV model was called "Big Six" in reference to its 6-cylinder engine. They were equipped with the leather seats and wooden dashboards popular in the UK, had a 12-volt electrical system and were distinguished by a different radiator grille and different bumpers. Some models also had a sliding sunroof.

A 1,911 cc (116.6 cu in) Light Fifteen tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1951 had a top speed of 72.6 mph (116.8 km/h) and could accelerate from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 29.7 seconds. A fuel consumption of 25.2 miles per imperial gallon (11.2 L/100 km; 21.0 mpg_-US) was recorded. The test car cost GB£812 including taxes.^[7]

A 2,866 cc (174.9 cu in) six-cylinder model was tested by the same magazine in 1954 and for this car the top speed found was 81.1 mph (130.5 km/h), acceleration from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) 21.2 seconds and fuel consumption 18.6 miles per imperial gallon (15.2 L/100 km; 15.5 mpg_-US). The test car cost GB£1,349 including taxes.^[8]

Engineering

The Traction Avant used a longitudinal, front-wheel drive layout, with the engine set well within the wheelbase, resulting in a very favourable weight distribution, aiding the car's advanced handling characteristics. The gearbox was placed at the front of the vehicle with the engine behind it and the differential between them, a layout shared with the later Renault 4 and 16 and first generation Renault 5 but the opposite way round to many longitudinal front-wheel drive cars, such as the Saab 96 and Renault 12 and 18 and most Audi models. The gear change was set in the dashboard, with the lever protruding through a vertical, H-shaped gate.^[9] Because this vertical orientation could have resulted in the car dropping out of gear when the lever was in the upper positions (i.e., second or reverse gears), the gear shift mechanism was locked when the mechanical clutch was engaged and released when the clutch pedal was depressed. The result of this layout, along with pendant pedals, umbrella-type handbrake control and front bench seats, was a very spacious interior, with a flat and unobstructed floor. The low-slung arrangement also eliminated the need for running boards to step into or out of the vehicle. These features made them ideal for use as limousines and taxi cabs, and they were quite popular among drivers and passengers alike. Until 1953, black was the only color available.^[9]

Impact on Motorsport

Another technical significance of Tranction Avant was the cast aluminium alloy transaxle, which was pioneered by Hans Ledwinka in the early 1930s for Tatra V570 used in front of the engine located in the rear, but was quite radical at the time.

As well as being a considerable part of the weight savings, the manufacturing facility for this transaxle contributed to the below mentioned financial crisis. But when John Cooper looked for a light transaxle case for Formula One rear engine revolution, Traction Avant unit was about the only candidate, as Volkswagen magnesium alloy transaxle was much smaller and lacking the space needed to house heftier gears needed for Formula One. The Traction Avant transaxle was used on Cooper T43 which won a F1 championship race as the first mid-mounted engine car to do so in 1958, and on its successors Cooper T45, T51 and T53. Cooper T51 won the GP World Championship in 1959.

Unlike the Volkswagen alloy case used by Hewland, the Traction Avant case could not be used up side down, as the input shaft height was much higher in relation to the output shaft axis so that the oil level needed to lubricate the gears would exceed the then-unreliable input shaft oil seal height if used upside down. So the engine needed to sit high above the ground with the oil sump space below, which was not needed by dry-sump racing engines. But the French transaxle was used by several racing car constructors in the late 1950s to 60's with various levels of success.

In the case of Jack Brabham, who personally visited the ERSA foundry in Paris to discuss a possibility to strengthen the case ,^[10] the transaxle became known as "ERSA Knight" with an additional spur-gear set mounted in the bellhousing spacer (engine to transaxle adapter) suggested by Ron Tauranac, named for Jack Knight who designed the modification and made the straight-cut gears. The height offset created by the spur gear set enabled the engine to sit lower, and became the reason why Cooper T53 was called the 'Lowline', which not only made Brabham the World Champion in 1960 but also became the precursor to the establishment of Brabham as a Formula One constructor.

Impact on Citroën

The development costs of the Traction Avant, combined with the redevelopment of its factory, were very high and Citroën declared bankruptcy in late 1934. The largest creditor was Michelin, who then owned Citroën from 1934 until 1976. Under Michelin, Citroën was run as a research laboratory, a test bed for their radial tires and new automotive technologies.

In 1954 Citroën's experiments with hydropneumatic technology produced its first result, the "15H" – a variant of the 6-cylinder model 15 with a self-leveling, height-adjustable rear suspension, a field trial for the revolutionary DS released the following year.

Directly after the introduction of the Citroën ID, a simplified and more competitively priced version of the still revolutionary DS, production of the Traction Avant ended in July 1957. Over 23 years, 759,111 had been built, including 26,400 assembled in Slough in England, 31,750 assembled in Forest near Brussels and 1,823 assembled at Cologne in Germany. The total reflects the production stoppage during World War II.

The Traction Avant today

In 2006, the oldest surviving 7A has production number ("coque nr") AZ 00-18, and is displayed in partly dismantled shape (engine and front wheels detached) in the Citroën Museum in Paris. The oldest running 7A is probably number AZ-00-23, which was, until 1 September 2006, in possession of a Dutch owner and is now with a Slovenian owner.

Traction Avants are fairly robust vehicles even by modern standards; however, they are prone to leaking water inside the cabin and care needs to be taken when buying one. Every four years, Traction Avant enthusiasts ship or drive their vehicles to an exotic location for the ICCCR (International Citroen Car Clubs Rally). In 2002, for example, a group of over 30 Traction Avants drove from Los Angeles to New York without incident. .

In 2012 the 15th ICCCR was held at Harrogate, Yorkshire, UK. See www.icccr2012.org.uk for photos and details.

In 2016 the 16th ICCCR will be held in the Netherlands, (location yet to be announced).

The ICCCR welcomes all Citroen vehicles from 1919 to the prototypes of tomorrow's motoring.

Details of the history of the ICCCR an be found here: http://amicale-citroen-internationale.org/

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Citroën Traction Avant.

• Citroën Traction Avant: Information, Service & Parts
• Citroen Traction Avant at Citroenet
• The world wide English speaking Owners Club for the Traction Avant (> 600 members)
• Traction Avant links Citroën World
• Traction Avant rentals in France
• CITROËN TRACTION AVANT
• Traction Avant district CitCity
• CITROENZ: Traction Avant modelcars
• Citroën Crash Test: Traction Avant 1934
• Traction Avant Restoration Project

v t e Automobiles Citroën, a subsidiary of the PSA Peugeot Citroën since 1976, car timeline, 1950s–1970s — next »
Type	1950s										1960s										1970s
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Economy car	2CV
Off-roader																			Méhari
Supermini																										LN / LNA
																		Dyane
												Ami																	Visa
Small family car																					GS
Large family car	11 CV							ID / DSpécial / DSuper
Executive car	15 CV						DS																			CX
Grand tourer																					SM

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