Citizen Kane trailer
| Citizen Kane trailer | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Directed by | Orson Welles |
| Written by | Orson Welles |
| Starring |
Ray Collins Joseph Cotten Everett Sloane |
| Cinematography | Harry J. Wild |
| Running time | 4 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
The Citizen Kane trailer was a four-minute, self-contained, "making of" promotional featurette by Orson Welles and the Mercury Theatre, released in 1940 to promote the film Citizen Kane. Unlike other standard theatrical trailers of the era, it did not feature a single second of footage of the actual film itself, but was a wholly original pseudo-documentary piece. It is considered by numerous film scholars such as Simon Callow, Joseph McBride and Jonathan Rosenbaum to be a standalone short film, rather than a conventional "trailer", and to represent an important stage in the development of Welles's directorial style.[1]
Content
The film takes the form of a tour around the film set, while the precise nature of the film is kept under wraps, in keeping with the secrecy built up around the Mercury Theatre's debut feature. This was partly born out of necessity, to prevent William Randolph Hearst from knowing in advance that the film was a satire on his life.
The film's producer, director, co-writer and star Orson Welles—who was then an established radio star—does not appear in person, but serves as the unseen narrator, introducing members of the cast.
There are several specially filmed excerpts of the film in rehearsal, with each member of the principal cast out of costume, reciting a signature line of their character, and stressing that the film's title character prompts extreme reactions from different people. Welles's narration alternately describes the film's title character as "a hero, a scoundrel, a no-account, a swell guy, a great lover, a great American citizen, and a dirty dog."
The trailer also contains a number of trick shots, including one of Everett Sloane appearing at first to be running into the camera. Sloane actually runs into the reflection of the camera in a mirror.
Cast
- Ray Collins...Himself/Jim Gettys
- Dorothy Comingore...Herself/Susan Alexander
- Joseph Cotten...Himself/Jedediah Leland
- George Coulouris...Himself/Walter Parks Thatcher
- Agnes Moorehead...Herself/Mary Kane
- Erskine Sanford...Himself/Herbert Carter
- Everett Sloane...Himself/Mr. Bernstein
- Paul Stewart...Himself/Raymond, the Butler
- Ruth Warrick...Herself/Emily Monroe Norton Kane
- Orson Welles...Narrator
Production
The promotional short was filmed at the same time as Citizen Kane itself, and offers the only existing behind-the-scenes footage of the film. It had a slightly different crew, with the Director of Photography being Harry J. Wild rather than Citizen Kane's Gregg Toland. However, the trailer was reportedly filmed at Toland's urging.[2] In 1985, shortly before his death, Welles recalled: "I made it myself. In fact, in Kane, I wrote the outline of the trailer and shot stuff for it while we were still shooting the movie. Because you see something that you're doing, and you say, 'That would be good for the trailer, you know?' Even if it wouldn't work in the film."[3]
As it is classified as a trailer, no copyright was ever registered on the work, and it is now in the public domain. Consequently, it can now be freely viewed on YouTube, and other video websites.
Critical reception and legacy
Numerous film critics have treated this as a cinematic work in its own right, representing a critical stage in the development of Welles's directorial style.
Jonathan Rosenbaum has argued that all of Welles's films can be divided into narrative stories and documentary essays, and points to this short as being the first example of the latter from Welles, and that it is particularly important in light of the director's later experiments with the mockumentary format, including It's All True (1942-3), Around the World with Orson Welles (1955), F for Fake (1973), The Other Side of the Wind (1970-6), Filming Othello (1978), and the later versions of Whatever Happened to Don Quixote? (1957–85).[4]
At the time, it was almost unprecedented for a film trailer to not actually feature anything of the film itself; and while the film Citizen Kane is frequently cited as a ground-breaking, influential film, Simon Callow argues its trailer was no less original in its approach. Callow writes that it has "great playful charm...it is a miniature documentary, almost an introduction to the cinema...Teasing, charming, completely original, it is a sort of conjuring trick: without his face appearing once on the screen, Welles entirely dominates its five [sic] minutes' duration."[5]
Similarly, Welles biographer Frank Brady has written "Since the film promised to be unlike any other ever made in Hollywood, Orson wanted the trailer also to be unlike any other. He spent weeks on scripting, shooting, and editing it, and emerged with a punchy and intriguing look at the behind-the-scenes life of the film. It...stood out from all the other trailers coming out from Hollywood, clarifying that Citizen Kane was going to be something special."[6]
Towards the end of his career, Welles made one more extended film trailer with wholly original material: a nine-minute F for Fake trailer (1976), made three years after the film itself, in anticipation of the European production's American debut.
Availability
The Citizen Kane trailer was first made available to a home audience on the 1987 Voyager laserdisc edition of Citizen Kane.[7] Subsequently, Gary Graver's 1993 documentary Working With Orson Welles contained the trailer, and numerous DVD editions of Citizen Kane have contained the trailer as an extra, including the most recent 2011 Blu-Ray release.
References
- ↑ Simon Callow, Orson Welles: The Road to Xanadu (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995) pp.558-9; Joseph McBride, Orson Welles (New York: DaCapo Press, rev. 1996 ed.), p.218; Jonathan Rosenbaum, 'Welles' Career: A Chronology', Jonathan Rosenbaum (ed.), Orson Welles and Peter Bogdanovich, This is Orson Welles (New York, DaCapo Press, rev. 1998 ed.)p.360; onathan Rosenbaum, "Orson Welles's Essay Films and Documentary Fictions: A Two-Part Speculation", Jonathan Rosenbaum (ed.), Discovering Orson Welles (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007) pp.129-45
- ↑ Jonathan Rosenbaum, 'Welles' Career: A Chronology', Jonathan Rosenbaum (ed.), Orson Welles and Peter Bogdanovich, This is Orson Welles (New York, DaCapo Press, rev. 1998 ed.)p.360
- ↑ Peter Biskind (ed.), My Lunches With Orson: Conversations Between Henry Jaglom and Orson Welles (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2013), p.230.
- ↑ Jonathan Rosenbaum, "Orson Welles's Essay Films and Documentary Fictions: A Two-Part Speculation", Jonathan Rosenbaum (ed.), Discovering Orson Welles (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007) pp.129-45.
- ↑ Simon Callow, Orson Welles: The Road to Xanadu (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995) pp.558-9.
- ↑ Frank Brady, Citizen Welles (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1989), p.308.
- ↑ Citizen Kane. United States: Distributed by the Voyager Co., 1987, OCLC 422762255