Chuvashia

Chuvash Republic
Чувашская Республика — Чувашия (Russian) Чăваш Республики — Чăваш Ен (Chuvash)
—  Republic  —
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: State Anthem of the Chuvash Republic
Coordinates: 55°33′N 47°06′E / 55.550°N 47.100°E / 55.550; 47.100Coordinates: 55°33′N 47°06′E / 55.550°N 47.100°E / 55.550; 47.100
Political status
Country	Russia
Federal district	Volga[1]
Economic region	Volga-Vyatka[2]
Established	June 24, 1920[3]
Capital	Cheboksary
Government (as of August 2010)
- President[4]	Mikhail Ignatyev[5]
- Legislature	State Council[6]
Statistics
Area (as of the 2002 Census)[7]
- Total	18,300 km2 (7,065.7 sq mi)
Area rank	74th
Population (2010 Census)[8]
- Total	1,251,619
- Rank	41st
- Density[9]	68.39 /km2 (177.1 /sq mi)
- Urban	58.8%
- Rural	41.2%
Time zone(s)	MSK (UTC+04:00)[10]
ISO 3166-2	RU-CU
License plates	21
Official languages	Russian;[11] Chuvash[12]
Official website

The Chuvash Republic (Russian: Чува́шская Респу́блика — Чува́шия; Chuvash: Чăваш Республики — Чăваш Ен), or Chuvashia (Чува́шия) for short, is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). It is the homeland of the Chuvash people. Its capital is the city of Cheboksary. Population: 1,251,619 (2010 Census).^[8]

Geography

The Chuvash Republic is located in the center of the European part of Russia, in the heart of the Volga-Vyatka economic region, midway between Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan. The republic is not large, but is one of the most densely populated regions in the Russian Federation, with a total population of 1.35 million.

It is bordered by the Mari El Republic in the north, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast in the west, the Republic of Mordovia in the southwest, Ulyanovsk Oblast in the south, and the Republic of Tatarstan in the east and southeast. Some of the Volga River valley reservoirs are in the north of the republic, and the Sura River flows towards the Volga along much of the republic's western boundary. The republic's central location gives companies located here access to some of the most industrially developed regions of the country.

The largest city is Cheboksary, together with its neighbour Novocheboksarsk. However the majority of the republic is rural. Forests, mostly in the south along the Sura River, cover approximately 30% of the land.^[13]

Natural resources

The republic's natural resources include gypsum, sand, tripoli, clay, sapropel deposits, phosphorite, and peat.

Climate

The republic has a moderate continental climate. Average temperatures range from −13 °C (9 °F) in January to +19 °C (66 °F) in July. Annual precipitation can reach 500 millimeters (20 in)^[13] The varied climate offers both summer and winter recreational opportunities.

History

The ancestors of the Chuvash were Bulgars and Suars -which were Turkic tribes- residing in the Northern Caucasus in the 5th to 8th centuries. In the 7th and 8th centuries, a part of the Bulgars left for the Balkans, where, together with local Slavs, they established the state of modern Bulgaria. Another part moved to the Middle Volga Region (see Volga Bulgaria), where the Bulgar population that did not adopt Islam formed the foundation of the Chuvash people.^[13]

During the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria, the steppe-dwelling Suar migrated north, where Finnic tribes, such as the Mordvins and Mari lived. The Chuvash claim to be descendants of these Suars who assimilated with the Mari. They became vassals of the Golden Horde in 1242. Later Mongol and Tatar rulers did not intervene in local internal affairs as long as the annual tribute was paid to Sarai. When the power of the Golden Horde began to diminish, the local Mişär Tatar Murzas from Piana and Temnikov tried to rule the Chuvash area.

During Ivan the Terrible's war of conquest against the Khanate of Kazan, in August 1552, the Chuvash Orsai and Mari Akpar Tokari princes swore their loyalty to the Grand Duchy of Muscovy at Alatyr on the Suvarley River. Between 1650 and 1850, the Russian Orthodox Church sent Chuvash-speaking missionaries to try to convert the Chuvash to the Orthodox faith. A group of these missionaries created a written Chuvash language. Most of the Chuvash who stayed in the area became Orthodox Christians, but some remained pagan.

On May 15, 1917, the Chuvash joined the Idel-Ural Movement and in December 1917 joined the short-lived Idel-Ural State, when an agreement was reached with Tatar representatives to draw the eastern border of Chuvashia at the Sviyaga River. In 1918–1919, the Russian Civil War encompassed the area. This ended with victory for the Bolsheviks. To gain support from the local population, Lenin ordered the creation of a Chuvash state within the Russian SFSR. On June 24, 1920, the Chuvash Autonomous Oblast was formed, which was transformed into the Chuvash ASSR in April 1925.

Politics

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the republic was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Chuvashia CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the Republic Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Republic administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Republic of Chuvashia is the fundamental law of the region. The State Council of the Chuvash Republic is the republic's regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Republic's Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

Administrative divisions

Demographics

Population: 1,251,619 (2010 Census);^[8] 1,313,754 (2002 Census);^[14] 1,336,066 (1989 Census).^[15]

The largest city is the capital, Cheboksary (population 464,000 in 2010). Cheboksary is situated mostly on the southern bank of the Volga in the northern part of the republic (one northern bank district was added in the second part of the 20th century), approximately 650 kilometers (400 mi) east of Moscow. Nearby to the east is the next largest city, Novocheboksarsk (population 124,000 in 2010). These two are the major industrialized cities. The next largest town is Kanash.

Vital statistics

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Fertility rates
1970	1,227	22,465	10,993	11,472	18.3	9.0	9.3
1975	1,266	22,956	12,450	10,506	18.1	9.8	8.3
1980	1,302	22,612	13,908	8,704	17.4	10.7	6.7
1985	1,311	24,385	13,913	10,472	18.6	10.6	8.0
1990	1,339	21,116	13,545	7,571	15.8	10.1	5.7	2,12
1991	1,342	19,113	13,459	5,654	14.2	10.0	4.2	1,96
1992	1,346	16,673	14,141	2,532	12.4	10.5	1.9	1,72
1993	1,347	14,410	16,876	- 2,466	10.7	12.5	- 1.8	1,48
1994	1,345	14,498	18,003	- 3,505	10.8	13.4	- 2.6	1,48
1995	1,345	13,842	17,727	- 3,885	10.3	13.2	- 2.9	1,41
1996	1,343	13,542	16,880	- 3,338	10.1	12.6	- 2.5	1,37
1997	1,341	12,822	16,762	- 3,940	9.6	12.5	- 2.9	1,30
1998	1,339	13,300	15,957	- 2,657	9.9	11.9	- 2.0	1,34
1999	1,337	12,129	17,997	- 5,868	9.1	13.5	- 4.4	1,22
2000	1,331	12,363	18,640	- 6,277	9.3	14.0	- 4.7	1,24
2001	1,324	11,986	18,980	- 6,994	9.1	14.3	- 5.3	1,20
2002	1,314	12,956	19,808	- 6,852	9.9	15.1	- 5.2	1,30
2003	1,304	13,171	19,978	- 6,807	10.1	15.3	- 5.2	1,32
2004	1,295	13,734	19,371	- 5,637	10.6	15.0	- 4.4	1,38
2005	1,286	13,133	19,682	- 6,549	10.2	15.3	- 5.1	1,32
2006	1,277	13,291	18,900	- 5,609	10.4	14.8	- 4.4	1,34
2007	1,269	14,835	18,642	- 3,807	11.7	14.7	- 3.0	1,50
2008	1,262	14,967	18,436	- 3,469	11.9	14.6	- 2.7	1,51
2009	1,257	16,103	17,492	- 1,389	12.8	13.9	- 1.1	1,63
2010	1,252	16,174	18,186	- 2,012	12.9	14.5	- 1.6	1,65
2011	1,249	16,165	16,923	- 758	12.9	13.6	- 0.7	1,67
2012	1,245	17,472	16,607	865	14.0	13.3	0.7	1,83
2013	1,242	17,354	16,406	948	14.0	13.2	0.8	1,85(e)

Note: TFR^[16][17]

Ethnic groups

According to the 2010 Census, ethnic Chuvash make up 67.7% of the republic's population. Other groups include Russians (26.9%), Tatars (2.8%), Mordvins (1.1%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.^[8]

Ethnic group	1926 Census		1939 Census		1959 Census		1970 Census		1979 Census		1989 Census		2002 Census		2010 Census1
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Chuvash	667,695	74.6%	777,202	72.2%	770,351	70.2%	856,246	70.0%	887,738	68.4%	906,922	67.8%	889,268	67.7%	814,750	67.7%
Russians	178,890	20.0%	241,386	22.4%	263,692	24.0%	299,241	24.5%	338,150	26.0%	357,120	26.7%	348,515	26.5%	323,274	26.9%
Tatars	22,635	2.5%	29,007	2.7%	31,357	2.9%	36,217	3.0%	37,573	2.9%	35,689	2.7%	36,379	2.8%	34,214	2.8%
Mordvins	23,958	2.7%	22,512	2.1%	23,863	2.2%	21,041	1.7%	20,276	1.6%	18,686	1.4%	15,993	1.2%	13,014	1.1%
Others	1,301	0.1%	6,703	0.6%	8,596	0.7%	10,930	0.9%	14,874	1.3%	19,606	1.4%	23,599	1.8%	18,298	1.6%
1 48,069 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[18]

Religion

According to a 2012 official survey^[19] 54.7% of the population of Chuvashia adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4% to other Orthodox Churches, 3% of the population (mostly Tatars) follows Islam, 3% are unaffiliated generical Christians, 1% follow indigenous faiths (Vattisen Yaly, Chuvash Traditional Religion). In addition, 24% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 8% is atheist and 2.3% follows other religions or did not answer to the question.^[19]

Study of religion is compulsory for schoolchildren in Chuvashia. Of the students, 36.9% enrolled for Secular Studies, 36.0% for Orthodox studies, 25.7% for World Religions and 1.4% for Islamic studies.^[21]

Economy

The Chuvash Republic is the most populous and fertile country in the middle Volga region. There are deciduous woodlands on fertile black earth. In agriculture, wheat and sugar-beet, pigs and beef cattle have become more important than the rye, oats, barley and dairy cattle which are typical for the whole area.

The republic is Russia's center for hops growing and is famous throughout the country for its long history of beer brewing. It is also a major center for electrical engineering, especially in the area of power transmission and control systems.^[13] Other leading industries are metalworking, electricity generation, and chemical manufacturing. There are also large timber-working mills at Shumerlin.

Transportation

The transport network in the republic is one of the most developed in Russia. The republic's system of roads, railroads, waterways, and airports closely ties the region with others in and outside of Russia.^[13]

Roads

Only four roads in the Chuvash Republic are classified as important federal highways. The most important is Highway M-7, which runs from Nizhny Novgorod through the northern parts of the republic from Yadrinsky Nikolskoye via Malye Tyumerli, Kalmykovo, Khyrkasy, Novye Lapsary, Kugesi, Shivlinsk, Staraya Tyurlema, to Kazan in the Republic of Tatarstan. It also forms a connection via Chuvashia through the southern suburbs of Cheboksary and Novocheboksary to the Mari El Republic and the Vyatka Highway. Part of this road is classified as a motorway, the only one in the republic. From Yadrinsky Nikolskoye, the federal road P-178 runs through Yadrin, Shumerlya, Alatyr, to Surskoye in Ulyanovsk Oblast and further to Ulyanovsk. In the eastern part of Chuvashia, the federal road A-151 runs from Tsivilsk through Kanash, Komsomolskoye, Chkalovskoye, Karabay-Shemursha, Shemursha to Ulyanovsk and Saratov. All other roads in Chuvashia are classified as local area roads.

Automobiles, trucks, and buses are the major forms of transportation, with the republic ranking fourth in highway density in all of Russia.^[13] Cheboksary is situated on one of the main highways of the Russian Federation leading from Moscow to the industrial areas of Tatarstan, the southern Urals, and Siberia. A recently completed bridge across the Volga River in the north connects the republic to the developed Ural and Volga Federal Districts. To the south, highways connect Chuvashia with Saratov and Volgograd. Extensive public and private bus systems connect all towns within the republic with each other and with the surrounding regions.^[13]

The standard speed of transportation of containers by road is 400 kilometers (250 mi) per day. The average time of delivery from Cheboksary to Moscow is 1.5 days; to Saint Petersburg, 2.5 days; and to Western Europe, 10 to 15 days.^[13]

Railways

The railway network is highly developed, convenient, and accessible year-round. One of the largest railway junctions of Russia - Kanash — is in the center of the republic. Via Kanash, the rail system connects the major towns in Chuvashia with the big industrial centers of eastern Siberia, the Urals, and Moscow. Express trains are reliable and provide a low-cost, comfortable way to travel. Express trains to and from Moscow are available every day, with the overnight journey taking approximately fourteen hours each way.

The following lines serve railway traffic in the Chuvash Republic:

• Arzamas-Kanash line
• Krasny Usel - Kanash -Sviyazhsk line
• Kanash - Cheboksary II - Cheboksary I - Cheboksary II - Novocheboksarsk line

In addition to these lines, there are 26 kilometers (16 mi) of 1520 mm gauge industrial lines running from Altyshevo station, on Alatyr-Kanash section, to Pervomaysky, located just west of Starye Aybesi in Alatyrsky District.

All railway lines in Chuvashia are operated by the MPS Gorky Railway Division. Steam locomotives were mostly replaced in 1970 by diesel locomotives and when the main Arzamas-Kanash-Sviyazhsk line was electrified, the diesel locomotives were replaced by electric ones.

The Arzamas-Kanash-Sviyazhsk line is a double track main line, while the others are single track lines. The 84 km (52 mi) Sviyazhsk-Kanash section was electrified in 1986, the 142 km (88 mi) Kanash-Sergach section in 1987.

In 1967, there were four daily passenger trains in both directions on the Alatyr-Kanash line. One of them was the semifast Sochi-Sverdlovsk-Sochi long distance transit train, halting only at Alatyr, Buinsk, and Kanash. Cheboksary was connected by daily semifast passenger train to Moscow. The travel time was 17.30 hours for the 758 km (471 mi) journey. 21 express and passenger trains used the Arzamas-Kanash-Sviyazhsk main line in the summer high season in both directions. Of these, four did not halt in Chuvashia. Most of the remaining semifast trains stopped at Shumerlya, Piner, Burnary, and Kanash. Four pairs of semifast trains also stopped at Tyurmari. In the 1999-2000 timetable, 11 pairs of Moscow-Kanash-Kazan express trains stopped at Kanash. The Chuvashia 53/54 express trains between Moscow and Kanash took 11.23 hours, back 10.57 hours.

In addition to Russian 1524 mm gauge railways, there were six 750 mm narrow gauge railway lines: two short peat briquette industry lines at Severny and Sosnovka on the north side of the Volga, and four forest railways at Shumerlya, Atrat and Kirya. All opened in the 1930s. In 1965, their total length was 145 kilometers (90 mi):

• Shumerlya-Kabanovo-Rechnoy-Burak-Krasnobar forest railway - total length 72 kilometers (45 mi)
• Shumerlya-Kumashka-Salantshik-Yakhaykino forest railway - 46 kilometers (29 mi)
• Kirya-Lesopunkt Lyulya forest railway - 13 kilometers (8.1 mi)
• Atrat-Dolnaya Polyana-Lesozavod Gart forest railway - 14 kilometers (8.7 mi)

All lines were closed in the economic uncertainty after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

Rivers

The Volga and Sura Rivers connect Chuvashia to a national and international water network. To the south, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Astrakhan, the Caspian Sea, and Black Sea are directly reachable. To the west, the Volga River connects Cheboksary with Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Moscow and the northern regions of Russia. By using river-sea vessels, cargo transportation is possible from Chuvash river ports all the way to Saint Petersburg, Novorossiysk (on the Black Sea), Astrakhan, and ports situated on the Danube River. However, the river is frozen from December through April.^[13]

Boat tours to the major cities along the Volga are of tourist interest, and Cheboksary is a frequent stop on the many boat tours that travel up and down the Volga.^[13]

Air

The international Cheboksary Airport receives both cargo and passenger aircraft of practically all types and sizes. There are regularly scheduled flights to Moscow and other destinations. Cheboksary is also about a four-hour drive from Nizhny Novgorod, a city with international air connections through Lufthansa.

Culture

While Russian is the predominant business language, the Chuvash language is still spoken by many, especially in the country. The Chuvash language belongs to the Oghur subgroup of the Turkic language group. In ancient times a runic system of writing was used. Chuvashi now uses a modified Cyrillic script that was adopted in 1871.

There has been a resurgence of native Chuvash pride, with many people looking back to their Chuvash roots and exploring the culture and heritage and relearning the language. Most building signs, road signs, and announcements are in both Russian and Chuvash.

At present Chuvash Republic has 6 professional theaters:

• Chuvash State Opera and Ballet Theater
• Chuvash State Academic Drama Theater
• Chuvash Children`s Theater
• Chuvash State Puppet Theater
• Chuvash State Philharmonic Society
• Russian State Drama Theater
• Chuvash State Youth Theater
• Chuvash State Experimental Drama Theater

and over 30 amateur theaters, a Philharmonic Society, an Academic Folk Song and Dance Group, an Academic Choir, a Chamber Orchestra, and some professional concert groups.

There are also more than 20 museums, exhibition halls and modern art galleries.

• Chuvash National Museum.
• Art Museum
  • Museum of Vasily Chapayev
  • Literature Museum named after K.Ivanov
  • Museum and Exhibition Center
  • Culture and Exhibition Center «Raduga»
  • Chuvash Beer Museum
  • Chuvash State Geological Museum
  • Museum of Cheboksary
  • Space Museum
  • Art Gallery
  • Contemporary Art Center
  • Art Gallery «6Х7»

Chuvash Republic has more than 565 public libraries, the book collection being over 10 million units.

• The Chuvash National Library

Monuments of Architecture

There are about 627 monuments of architecture in Chuvashia, including 54 of national importance: the Vvedensky Cathedral (1657), the Holy Trinity Monastery (1566), the Salt House, the houses of Chuvash famous merchants (Zeleischikov, Solovtsov, the Efremov family) (18th-19th century) in Cheboksary, the Tolmachev family house and Trinity Cathedral (18th century) in the town of Tsivilsk, the Burashnikov house in the town of Yadrin.

Surhuri (Chuvash: Сурхури) is the Chuvash national holiday.

Education and sport

There are five higher educational institutions, including the Chuvash State University, the Chuvash State Pedagogical Institute, and the Chuvash State Agricultural Academy located in Cheboksary. These, together with 28 colleges and technical schools, are currently attended by approximately 45,000 students. Chuvashia, along with Mordovia, has given some of the best modern race walkers, as Vera Sokolova, Olimpiada Ivanova, Yelena Nikolayeva and Vladimir Andreyev. Additionally, the 2008 IAAF World Race Walking Cup was held in Cheboksary.

Radio

• Chuvash national radio
• Radio of Chuvashia

References

Sources

• Нестеров, В. А. (1981) [1981]. Населённые пункты Чувашской АССР. 1917–1981 годы: Справочник об административно-территориальном делении (in Russian). Чувашское книжное издательство. p. 352. 
• Государственный Совет Чувашской Республики. 30 ноября 2000 г. «Конституция Чувашской Республики», в ред. Закона №47 от 5 октября 2006 г. (State Council of the Chuvash Republic. November 30, 2000 Constitution of the Chuvash Republic, as amended by the Law #47 of October 5, 2006. ).

Further reading

• Vovina, Olessia P. (December 2000). "Building the road to the temple: Religion and national revival in the Chuvash Republic". Nationalities Papers 28 (4): 695–706. doi:10.1080/00905990020009683. 
• "Культурное наследие Чувашии" (in Russian). Национальная библиотека Чувашской Республики. Retrieved 6 February 2012. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chuvashia.

• Official website of the Chuvash Republic
• Chuvashia travel guide from Wikivoyage
• About flag and coat of arms of the Chuvash Republic
• Chuvashia news
• National anthem of the Chuvash Republic (mp3)

v t e Subdivisions of Russia Federal subjects Republics Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia Khakassia Komi Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia–Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Krais Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Oblasts Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Federal cities Moscow St. Petersburg Autonomous oblast Jewish Autonomous okrugs Chukotka AO Khanty-Mansi AO1 Nenets AO2 Yamalo-Nenets AO1 1administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast 2administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast Internal additional non-constitutional divisions by different institutions Economic regions (by Ministry of Economic Development) Military districts (by Ministry of Defence) Federal districts (by President) Judicial districts (by law "On arbitration courts")

v t e History of Russia by federal subject Republics Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay–Cherkessia Karelia Khakassia Komi Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia–Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Krais Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Oblasts Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Federal cities Moscow St. Petersburg Autonomous oblasts Jewish Autonomous okrugs Chukotka Khanty-Mansi Nenets Yamalo-Nenets

v t e Politics of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Kosovo Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other territories Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Svalbard Other entities European Union