Christopher Nolan

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Christopher Nolan

Nolan at the 2013 European film premiere of Man of Steel in Leicester Square, London.
Born Christopher Jonathan James Nolan
(1970-07-30) 30 July 1970
London, United Kingdom
Nationality British
Education BA in English literature
Alma mater Haileybury and Imperial Service College
University College London
Occupation Film director, screenwriter, film producer
Spouse(s) Emma Thomas; 4 children
Relatives Jonathan Nolan (brother)
Awards See here

Christopher Jonathan James Nolan (born 30 July 1970)[1] is a British–American film director, screenwriter and producer. Nolan created several of the most successful films of the early 21st century, and his eight pictures have grossed more than $3.5 billion worldwide.[2] He is known for bridging the gap between art house and blockbuster films by presenting audiences with intelligent, challenging narratives.

Having made his directorial debut with Following (1998), Nolan gained considerable attention for his second feature, Memento (2000). The acclaim of these independent films afforded Nolan the opportunity to make the big-budget thriller Insomnia (2002), and the more offbeat production The Prestige (2006); both were well-received critically and commercially. He found further popular and critical success with the big-screen epics The Dark Knight trilogy (2005–2012) and Inception (2010). He is currently working on the science-fiction film Interstellar, which is set to be released in November 2014. Nolan runs the London-based production company Syncopy Inc. with his wife Emma Thomas.

Nolan's films are rooted in philosophical, sociological and ethical concepts and ideas, exploring human morality, the construction of time, and the malleable nature of memory and personal identity. Experimentation with metafictive elements, temporal shifts, solipsistic perspectives, nonlinear storytelling and the analogous relationship between the visual language and narrative elements, permeate his entire body of work. Described as "one of the most innovative storytellers and image makers at work in movies today",[3] Nolan is an Honorary Fellow of University College London, a three-time Academy Award nominee, and a recipient of numerous career achievement awards, including the BAFTA Britannia Award for Artistic Excellence in Directing.

Early life

Nolan attended University College London, and used its Flaxman Gallery for a scene in Inception (2010).[1]

Christopher Nolan was born in London on 30 July 1970. His British father, Brendan Nolan, was an advertising copywriter while his American mother, Christina (née Jensen), worked as a flight attendant.[4][5] Nolan's childhood was split between Chicago and London, and he has both British and American citizenship.[6][7] He has an older brother, Matthew, and a younger brother, Jonathan.[8] Nolan began making films at age seven, borrowing his father's Super 8 camera and shooting short movies with his action figures.[9][10] From the age of 11, he aspired to be a professional filmmaker.[8]

Nolan was educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College, an independent school on Hertford Heath in Hertfordshire, and later read English literature at University College London (UCL). He chose UCL specifically for its filmmaking facilities, which comprised a Steenbeck editing suite and 16 mm film cameras.[11] Nolan was president of the Union's Film Society,[11] and with Emma Thomas, his girlfriend and future producer, he screened 35 mm feature films during the school year and used the money earned to produce 16 mm films over the summers.[12]

During his college years, Nolan made two short films. The first was the surreal 8 mm Tarantella (1989), which was shown on Image Union (an independent film and video showcase on the Public Broadcasting Service).[13] The second was Larceny (1995), filmed over a weekend in black-and-white with a limited cast, crew and equipment.[14] Funded by Nolan and shot with the society's equipment, it appeared at the Cambridge Film Festival in 1996 and is considered one of UCL's best shorts.[15]

Career

Early work and Following

After graduation, Nolan directed corporate videos and industrial films.[11] He also made a third short, Doodlebug (1997), about a man chasing an insect around a flat with a shoe, only to discover when killing it that it is a miniature of himself.[16] During this period of his career, Nolan had little or no success getting his projects off the ground; he later recalled the "stack of rejection letters" that greeted his early forays into making films, adding "there's a very limited pool of finance in the UK. To be honest, it's a very clubby kind of place ... Never had any support whatsoever from the British film industry."[17]

In 1998 Nolan directed his first feature, which he personally funded and filmed with friends.[18] Following depicts an unemployed young writer (Jeremy Theobald) who trails strangers through London, hoping they will provide material for his first novel, but is drawn into a criminal underworld when he fails to keep his distance. The film was inspired by Nolan's experience of living in London and having his flat burgled: "There is an interesting connection between a stranger going through your possessions and the concept of following people at random through a crowd – both take you beyond the boundaries of ordinary social relations".[19] Following was made on a modest budget of £3,000,[20] and was shot on weekends over the course of a year. To conserve film stock, each scene in the film was rehearsed extensively to ensure that the first or second take could be used in the final edit.[21][22] Co-produced with Emma Thomas and Jeremy Theobald, Nolan wrote, photographed and edited the film himself.[21] Following won several awards during its festival run[23][24] and was well received by critics; The New Yorker wrote that it "echoed Hitchcock classics", but was "leaner and meaner".[9] On 11 December 2012, it was released on DVD and Blu-ray as part of the Criterion Collection.[25]

Memento, Insomnia and Batman Begins

"[The] difference between shooting Following with a group of friends wearing our own clothes and my mum making sandwiches to spending $4 million of somebody else's money on Memento and having a crew of a hundred people is, to this day, by far the biggest leap I've ever made."

—Nolan on the jump from his first film to his second.[18]

As a result of Following's success, Nolan was afforded the opportunity to make his second film, which he had been planning since 1997. During a road trip from Chicago to Los Angeles, his brother Jonathan pitched the idea for "Memento Mori", about a man with anterograde amnesia who uses notes and tattoos to hunt for his wife's murderer. Nolan developed a screenplay that told the story in reverse; Aaron Ryder, an executive for Newmarket Films, said it was "perhaps the most innovative script I had ever seen".[26] The film was optioned and given a budget of $4.5 million.[27] Memento, starring Guy Pearce and Carrie-Anne Moss, premiered in September 2000 at the Venice International Film Festival to critical acclaim.[28] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal wrote in his review, "I can't remember when a movie has seemed so clever, strangely affecting and slyly funny at the very same time."[29] Basil Smith, in the book The Philosophy of Neo-Noir, draws a comparison with John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding which argues that conscious memories constitute our identities, a theme which Nolan explores in the film.[30] The film was a box-office success[31] and received a number of accolades, including Academy Award nominations for Best Original Screenplay and Best Film Editing.[32] Memento was considered by numerous critics to be one of the best films of the 2000s.[33]

Impressed by his work on Memento, Warner Bros. recruited Nolan to direct the psychological thriller Insomnia (2002), starring Academy Award winners Al Pacino, Robin Williams and Hilary Swank.[34] With a $50 million budget, it was described as "a much more conventional Hollywood film than anything the director has done before".[34] A remake of the 1997 Norwegian film of the same name, Insomnia is about two Los Angeles detectives sent to a northern Alaskan town to investigate the methodical murder of a local teenager. It was well received by critics and performed well at the box office, earning $113 million worldwide.[35][36] Dave Montalbano stated that in Insomnia, Nolan "concocts his own recipe for film noir and creates his own cinema art form."[37]

After Insomnia, Nolan planned a Howard Hughes biographical film starring Jim Carrey. He had written a screenplay, but when he learned that Martin Scorsese was making a Hughes biopic (2004's The Aviator) he reluctantly tabled his script and moved on to other projects.[38][39] In early 2003, Nolan approached Warner Bros. with the idea to make a new Batman film. Fascinated by the character and story, he wanted to make a film grounded in a "relatable" world more reminiscent of a classical drama than a comic-book fantasy.[40] Batman Begins, the biggest project Nolan had undertaken to that point,[40] premiered in June 2005 to both critical acclaim and commercial success.[41] Starring Christian Bale in the title role, along with Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, and Morgan Freeman, the film revived the franchise, heralding a trend towards darker films which rebooted (or retold) backstories.[42] It tells the origin story of the character from Bruce Wayne's initial fear of bats, the death of his parents, his journey to become Batman, and his fight against Ra's al Ghul's plot to destroy Gotham City. Kyle Smith of The New York Post felt it was "a wake-up call to the people who keep giving us cute capers about men in tights. It wipes the smirk off the face of the superhero movie."[43] Batman Begins was the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2005 in the United States and the year's ninth-highest-grossing film worldwide.[44] It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography and three BAFTA awards.[45][46]

The Prestige and The Dark Knight

Nolan with the cast and crew of The Dark Knight (2008) at the European premiere in London.

Before returning to the Batman franchise, Nolan directed, co-wrote and produced The Prestige (2006), an adaptation of the Christopher Priest novel about two rival 19th-century magicians.[47] In 2001, when Nolan was in post-production for Insomnia, he asked his brother Jonathan to help write the script for the film. The screenplay was an intermittent, five-year collaboration between the brothers.[48] Nolan initially intended to make the film as early as 2003, postponing the project after agreeing to make Batman Begins.[49] Starring Christian Bale and Hugh Jackman in the lead roles, The Prestige received critical acclaim (including Oscar nominations for Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction),[50] and earned over $109 million worldwide.[51][52] With a dark and twisting tale, the film critic Roger Ebert described it as "quite a movie — atmospheric, obsessive, almost satanic."[53]

In July 2006 Nolan announced that the follow-up to Batman Begins would be called The Dark Knight.[54] Approaching the sequel, Nolan wanted to expand on the noirish quality of the first film by broadening the canvas and taking on "the dynamic of a story of the city, a large crime story ... where you're looking at the police, the justice system, the vigilante, the poor people, the rich people, the criminals."[55] Released in 2008, to great critical acclaim, The Dark Knight has been cited as one of the best films of the 2000s and one of the best superhero films ever made.[33][56][57] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times felt the film offered more than the usual Hollywood blockbuster: "Pitched at the divide between art and industry, poetry and entertainment, it goes darker and deeper than any Hollywood movie of its comic-book kind."[58] Ebert expressed a similar point of view, describing it as a "haunted film that leaps beyond its origins and becomes an engrossing tragedy."[59] The film set a number of box-office records during its theatrical run,[60] earning $534,858,444 in North America and $469,700,000 abroad, for a worldwide total of $1,004,558,444.[61] The Dark Knight is the first feature film shot partially in the 15/70 mm IMAX format.[62] At the 81st Academy Awards the film was nominated for eight Oscars, winning two: the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing and a posthumous Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Heath Ledger.[63]

Inception and The Dark Knight Rises

After The Dark Knight's success, Warner Bros. signed Nolan to direct Inception. Nolan also wrote and co-produced the film, described as "a contemporary sci-fi actioner set within the architecture of the mind".[64] Before being released in theaters, critics like Peter Travers and Lou Lumenick wondered if Nolan's faith in moviegoers intelligence would cost him at the box office.[65] Starring a large ensemble cast led by Leonardo DiCaprio, the film was released on 16 July 2010, and was a critical and commercial success.[66] Mark Kermode named it the best film of 2010, stating "Inception is proof that people are not stupid, that cinema is not trash, and that it is possible for blockbusters and art to be the same thing."[67] Veteran producer John Davis speculated that its success could inspire studios to make more original content; "I can promise you that heads of studios are already going into production meetings saying we need fresh ideas for summer movies, we want original concepts like Inception that are big and bold enough to carry themselves".[68] The film ended up grossing over $820 million worldwide[69] and was nominated for eight Oscars, including Best Picture; it won Best Cinematography, Best Sound Mixing, Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects.[70]

Nolan accepting a "Certificate of Appreciation" from Pittsburgh during a break from filming The Dark Knight Rises in 2011.

In 2012, Nolan directed his third and final Batman film, The Dark Knight Rises. Although he was initially hesitant about returning to the series, he agreed to come back after developing a story with his brother and David S. Goyer which he felt would end the series on a high note.[71][72] The Dark Knight Rises was released on 20 July 2012 to critical acclaim; Andrew O'Hehir of Salon called it "arguably the biggest, darkest, most thrilling and disturbing and utterly balls-out spectacle ever created for the screen.", further describing the work as "auteurist spectacle on a scale never before possible and never before attempted".[73] Like its predecessor it performed well at the box office, becoming the thirteenth film to cross the $1-billion mark.[74][75] During a midnight showing of the film at the Century16 cinema in Aurora, Colorado, a gunman opened fire inside the theater, killing 12 people and injuring 58 others.[76] Nolan released a statement to the press expressing his condolences for the victims of what he described as a senseless tragedy.[77]

During story discussions for The Dark Knight Rises in 2010, Goyer told Nolan of his idea to present Superman in a modern context.[78] Impressed with Goyer's concept, Nolan pitched the idea for Man of Steel (2013) to Warner Bros,[78] who hired Nolan to produce and Goyer to write.[79][80] Nolan offered Zack Snyder the director's chair, based on his stylized adaptations of 300 (2007) and Watchmen (2009) and his "innate aptitude for dealing with superheroes as real characters".[81] Starring Henry Cavill, Amy Adams and Michael Shannon, Man of Steel grossed more than $660 million at the worldwide box office, but garnered a divisive critical reaction.[82][83] Joe Morgenstern criticized the film for relying on "coarsegrained action and banal computer-generated effects",[84] while James Berardinelli thought it was visually impressive, labeling it a "cinematic mayhem". He also noted that Man of Steel was closer to Watchmen than Batman Begins in terms of its look and feel. "It's a style over substance thing, spectacle over heart."[85]

Future projects

Nolan and Thomas are serving as executive producers on Transcendence (2014), the directorial debut of Nolan's longtime cinematographer Wally Pfister.[86][87] Jack Paglen wrote the screenplay, which revolves around two computer scientists who work toward a goal of technological singularity.[88] Transcendence is scheduled to be released in theaters on 18 April 2014.[89]

In January 2013 it was announced that Nolan would direct, write and produce his next project: a science-fiction film entitled Interstellar. The first drafts of the script were written by Jonathan Nolan, and it was originally to be directed by Steven Spielberg.[90] Based on the scientific theories of renowned theoretical physicist Kip Thorne, the film will depict "a heroic interstellar voyage to the farthest borders of our scientific understanding".[91] Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. are co-financing and co-distributing the project, scheduled for release on 7 November 2014.[92]

Julius Sevcík will direct Nolan's and Michael Stokes' adaptation of Ruth Rendell's psychological thriller The Keys to the Street. The film is slated to begin production in early 2014.[93] Nolan first adapted the novel into a screenplay sometime in the late 1990s and was developing the film as a possible project after Insomnia (the film was setup at Fox Searchlight Pictures), but he felt it was too similar to the films he had already done.[94]

Filmmaking

Style

Regarded as an auteur and postmodern filmmaker,[95][96] Nolan's visual style emphasizes urban settings, men in suits, muted colors (often monochrome), dialogue scenes framed in wide close-up with a shallow depth of field and modern locations and architecture. He has noted that all of his films are heavily influenced by film noir.[97]

A map showing the structure of Memento (2000).

Nolan has continuously experimented with metafictive elements, temporal shifts, solipsistic perspectives, nonlinear storytelling and the merging of style and form.[97][98][99][100] Discussing The Tree of Life (2011), Nolan spoke of Terrence Malick's work and how it has influenced his own approach to style, "When you think of a visual style, when you think of the visual language of a film, there tends to be a natural separation of the visual style and the narrative elements. But with the greats, whether it's Stanley Kubrick or Terrence Malick or Hitchcock, what you're seeing is an inseparable, a vital relationship between the image and the story it's telling".[101]

Drawing attention to the intrinsically manipulative nature of the medium, Nolan uses narrative and stylistic techniques to provoke the viewer to ask themselves why his films are put together in such ways and why the films provoke particular responses.[102] He often uses editing as a way to represent the characters' psychological states, merging their subjectivity with that of the audience.[103] For example, in Memento the fragmented sequential order of scenes is to put the audience into a similar experience of Leonard's defective ability to create new long-term memories. In The Prestige, the series of magic tricks and themes of duality and deception mirror the structural narrative of the film.[97]

The protagonists of Nolan's films are usually psychologically damaged, obsessively seeking vengeance for the death of a loved one. They are often driven by philosophical beliefs, and their fate is ambiguous.[104] In many of his films the protagonist and antagonist are mirror images of each other, a point which is made to the protagonist by the antagonist. Through these clashing of ideologies, Nolan highlights the ambivalent nature of truth.[102] His writing style incorporate a number of storytelling techniques such as flashbacks, shifting points of view and unreliable narrators. Scenes are often interrupted by the unconventional editing style of cutting away quickly from the money shot (or nearly cutting off characters' dialogue) and crosscutting several scenes of parallel action to build to a climax.[97][105] Nolan has also stressed the importance of establishing a clear point of view in his films, and makes frequent use of "the shot that walks into a room behind a character, because ... that takes [the viewer] inside the way that the character enters."[18]

Nolan uses cinéma-vérité techniques (such as hand-held camera work) to convey realism.[106] In an interview at the Film Society of Lincoln Center, Nolan explained his emphasis on realism in The Dark Knight trilogy: "You try and get the audience to invest in cinematic reality. When I talk about reality in these films, it's often misconstrued as a direct reality, but it's really about a cinematic reality."[107]

Method

Films are subjective – what you like, what you don't like, but the thing for me that is absolutely unifying is the idea that every time I go to the cinema and pay my money and sit down and watch a film go up onscreen, I want to feel that the people who made that film think it's the best movie in the world, that they poured everything into it and they really love it. Whether or not I agree with what they've done, I want that effort there – I want that sincerity. And when you don't feel it, that's the only time I feel like I'm wasting my time at the movies.[108]

—Nolan, on sincerity and ambition in filmmaking.

Nolan prefers shooting on film to digital video, and opposes the use of digital intermediates and digital cinematography, which he feels are less reliable and offer inferior image quality to film. In particular, the director advocates for the use of higher-quality, larger-format film stock such as anamorphic 35 mm, VistaVision, 65 mm and IMAX.[18][109] Nolan uses multi-camera for stunts and single-camera for all the dramatic action, from which he will then watch dailies every night; "Shooting single-camera means I've already seen every frame as it's gone through the gate because my attention isn't divided to multi-cameras."[18] When working with actors, Nolan prefers giving them the time to perform as many takes of a given scene as they want. "I've come to realize that the lighting and camera setups, the technical things, take all the time, but running another take generally only adds a couple of minutes. ... If an actor tells me they can do something more with a scene, I give them the chance, because it's not going to cost that much time. It can't all be about the technical issues."[18]

Nolan chooses to minimize the amount of computer-generated imagery for special effects in his films, preferring to use practical effects whenever possible, only using CGI to enhance elements which he has photographed in camera. For instance his films Batman Begins and Inception featured 620 and 500 visual-effects shots, respectively, which is considered minor when compared with contemporary visual-effects epics which may have upwards of 1,500 to 2,000 VFX shots:[110] "I believe in an absolute difference between animation and photography. However sophisticated your computer-generated imagery is, if it's been created from no physical elements and you haven't shot anything, it's going to feel like animation. There are usually two different goals in a visual effects movie. One is to fool the audience into seeing something seamless, and that's how I try to use it. The other is to impress the audience with the amount of money spent on the spectacle of the visual effect, and that, I have no interest in".[18]

Nolan shoots the entirety of his films with one unit, rather than using a second unit for action sequences. In that way Nolan keeps his personality and point of view in every aspect of the film. "If I don't need to be directing the shots that go in the movie, why do I need to be there at all? The screen is the same size for every shot ... Many action films embrace a second unit taking on all of the action. For me, that's odd because then why did you want to do an action film?"[18]

Themes

A staircase in a square format. The stairs make four 90-degree turns in each corner, so they are in the format of a continuous loop.
Mazes, impossible constructions and paradoxes are recurring themes and motifs in Nolan's work.[2] The penrose stairs featured in Inception is an example of the impossible objects that can be created in lucid dream worlds.

Nolan's work explores existential, ethical and epistemological themes such as subjective experience, distortion of memory, human morality, the nature of time, and construction of personal identity.[111] "I'm fascinated by our subjective perception of reality, that we are all stuck in a very singular point of view, a singular perspective on what we all agree to be an objective reality, and movies are one of the ways in which we try to see things from the same point of view".[108][112]

His characters are often emotionally disturbed and morally ambiguous, facing the fears and anxieties of loneliness, guilt, jealousy, and greed; in addition to the larger themes of corruption and conspiracy. By grounding "everyday neurosis – our everyday sort of fears and hopes for ourselves" in a heightened reality, Nolan makes them more accessible to a universal audience. Another signature theme is characters refusing the passing of time and letting go of the past. Writing for Film Philosophy, Emma Bell points out that the characters in Inception do not literally time-travel, "rather they escape time by being stricken in it – building the delusion that time has not passed, and is not passing now. They feel time grievously: willingly and knowingly destroying their experience by creating multiple simultaneous existences."[102] Jason Ney of Film Noir Foundation insists that Nolan's later films seems more hopeful and open in regards to the possibility that the characters can escape and overcome these fears.[113]

In Nolan's films reality is often an abstract and fragile concept. Alec Price and M. Dawson of Left Field Cinema, noted that the existential crises of conflicted male figures "struggling with the slippery nature of identity" is a prevalent theme in Nolan's work. The actual (or objective) world is of less importance than the way in which we absorb and remember, and it is this created (or subjectiv) reality that truly matters. "It is solely in the mind and the heart where any sense of permanency or equilibrium can ever be found."[98] According to film theorist Todd McGowan, these "created realities" also reveal the ethical and political importance of creating fictions and falsehoods. Nolan's films typically deceive spectators about the events that occur and the motivations of the characters, but they do not abandon the idea of truth altogether. Instead, "They show us how truth must emerge out of the lie if it is not to lead us entirely astray." McGowan further argues that Nolan is the first filmmaker to devote himself entirely to the illusion of the medium, calling him a Hegelian filmmaker.[114]

The Dark Knight trilogy explored themes of chaos, terrorism, escalation of violence, financial manipulation, utilitarianism, mass surveillance, and class conflicts.[99][115] Batman's arc of rising (philosophically) from a man to "more than just a man", is similar to the Nietzschian Übermensch.[116][117] The films also explore ideas akin to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's philosophical glorification of a simpler, more-primitive way of life and the concept of general will.[118] In Inception, Nolan was inspired by lucid dreaming and dream incubation.[119] The film's characters try to embed an idea in a person's mind without their knowledge, similar to Freud's theories that the unconscious influences one's behavior without their knowledge.[120] Most of the film takes place in interconnected dream worlds; this creates a framework where actions in the real (or dream) worlds ripple across others. The dream is always in a state of emergence, shifting across levels as the characters navigate it.[121] Inception, like Memento and The Prestige, uses metaleptic storytelling devices and follows Nolan's "auteur affinity of converting, moreover, converging narrative and cognitive values into and within a fictional story."[122]

Influences

Nolan has cited Stanley Kubrick,[123][124] Terrence Malick,[124] Orson Welles,[125] Fritz Lang,[126] Nicolas Roeg,[126] Sidney Lumet,[126] David Lean,[127] Ridley Scott,[18] Terry Gilliam,[125] and John Frankenheimer[128] as influences. Nolan's personal favorite films include Blade Runner (1982), Star Wars (1977), The Man Who Would Be King (1975), Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Chinatown (1974), and 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968).[129] In 2013, Criterion Collection released a list of Nolan's ten favorite films from its catalog, which included The Hit (1984), 12 Angry Men (1957), The Thin Red Line (1998), The Testament of Dr. Mabuse (1933), Bad Timing (1980), Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence (1983), For All Mankind (1989), Koyaanisqatsi (1982), Mr. Arkadin (1955), and Erich von Stroheim's Greed (1924) (unavailable on Criterion).[130]

Nolan's habit for employing non-linear storylines was particularly influenced by the Graham Swift novel Waterland, which he felt "did incredible things with parallel timelines, and told a story in different dimensions that was extremely coherent". He was also influenced by the visual language of the film Pink Floyd – The Wall (1982) and the structure of Pulp Fiction (1994), stating that he was "fascinated with what Tarantino had done".[18] Other influences Nolan has cited include figurative painter Francis Bacon,[131] graphic artist M. C. Escher and authors Raymond Chandler, James Ellroy, Jim Thompson, Jorge Luis Borges,[9] and Charles Dickens.[132]

Collaborators

Emma Thomas has co-produced all of his films (including Memento, in which she is credited as an associate producer). He regularly works with his brother, screenwriter and producer Jonathan Nolan, who describes their working relationship in the production notes for The Prestige: "I've always suspected that it has something to do with the fact that he's left-handed and I'm right-handed, because he's somehow able to look at my ideas and flip them around in a way that's just a little bit more twisted and interesting. It's great to be able to work with him like that".[133]

The director has worked with screenwriter David S. Goyer on all his comic-book adaptations.[134] Nolan's former assistant and frequent collaborator, Jordan Goldberg, has produced every Nolan-directed film since The Prestige,[135] and helped rework Wally Pfister's directorial debut, Transcendence.[136] Pfister was the cinematographer for all of Nolan's films from Memento to The Dark Knight Rises. He spoke of his relationship with the director: "Mine and Chris' working relationship is defined, quite simply, by the great respect we have for each other. I've learned so much from him in terms of him pushing me to find beauty in a simpler method of photography. We're also very like-minded, we share a sense of humor, and from the beginning I trust his judgement."[137]

Lee Smith has been Nolan's editor since Batman Begins, with Dody Dorn editing Memento and Insomnia.[138] David Julyan composed the music for Nolan's early work, while Hans Zimmer and James Newton Howard provided the music for Batman Begins and The Dark Knight.[139] Zimmer scored The Dark Knight Rises, and worked with Nolan on Inception and the upcoming Interstellar.[140] The director has worked with sound designer Richard King and sound mixer Ed Novick since The Prestige.[141] Nolan has frequently collaborated with special-effects supervisor Chris Corbould,[142] stunt coordinator Tom Struthers[143] and visual effects supervisor Paul Franklin.[144] Production designer Nathan Crowley has worked with him since Insomnia (except for Inception).[145] Casting director John Papsidera has worked on all of Nolan's films, except Following and Insomnia.[146]

Christian Bale, Michael Caine and Cillian Murphy have been frequent collaborators since Batman Begins. Caine is Nolan's most prolific collaborator, having appeared in six of his films, and is regarded by Nolan to be his "good luck charm".[147][148] He is also known for casting stars from the 1980s in his films, i.e. Rutger Hauer (Batman Begins), Eric Roberts (The Dark Knight), Tom Berenger (Inception), and Matthew Modine (The Dark Knight Rises).[149] Modine said of working with Nolan: "There are no chairs on a Nolan set, he gets out of his car and goes to the set. And he stands up until lunchtime. And then he stands up until they say 'Wrap'. He's fully engaged – in every aspect of the film."[150]

Personal life

Nolan and his wife Emma Thomas in January 2011

Nolan is married to Emma Thomas, whom he met at University College London when he was 19.[8][12] She has worked as producer on all of his films, and together they founded the production company Syncopy Inc.[151] The couple have four children and reside in Los Angeles.[152][153]

Nolan does not have a cellphone or an email account; when Warner Bros. assigned him an office email account, he was unaware until some time later. "There were thousands of e-mails in this account—some from quite important people, actually ... I had them take it down, so people didn't think they were getting in touch with me." On the topic of cellphones, he has said "It's not that I'm a luddite and don't like technology; I've just never been interested. When I moved to L.A. in 1997, nobody really had cellphones, and I just never went down that path."[154][155]

Recognition

Having made some of the most influential and popular films of his time,[156] Nolan's work has been as "intensely embraced, analyzed and debated by ordinary film fans as by critics and film academics".[3] The filmmaker has been praised by many of his contemporaries, and some have cited his work as influencing their own. Rupert Wyatt, director of Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011), said in an interview that he thinks of Nolan as a "trailblazer ... he is to be hugely admired as a master filmmaker, but also someone who has given others behind him a stick to beat back the naysayers who never thought a modern mass audience would be willing to embrace story and character as much as spectacle".[157] Discussing the difference between art films and big-studio films, Steven Spielberg referred to Nolan's Dark Knight series as an example of both;[158] he has described Memento and Inception as "masterworks".[159] Nolan has also been commended by James Cameron,[160] Guillermo del Toro,[161] Danny Boyle,[162] Wong Kar-Wai,[163] Steven Soderbergh,[164] Sam Mendes,[165] Werner Herzog,[166] Matthew Vaughn,[167] Paul Thomas Anderson,[168] Paul Greengrass,[169] Rian Johnson,[170] and others.[171]

In 2007, Total Film named Nolan the 32nd greatest director of all time,[172] and in 2012, The Guardian ranked him # 14 on their list of "The 23 Best Film Directors in the World"[173] The following year, Entertainment Weekly named him the 12th greatest working director, writing that "Nolan is the rare director determined to make you, the moviegoer, walk out of the theater after his film and gasp, 'I've never seen anything like that before.' His movies are full of twists and riddles, and even his popcorn fare is stuffed with enough brain candy to fill up a graduate school syllabus."[174] He was ranked No. 2 on the same list in 2011.[175] A survey of 17 academics held in 2013, regarding which filmmakers had been referenced the most in essays and dissertations marked over the last five years, showed that Nolan was the second-most studied director in the UK after Quentin Tarantino and ahead of Alfred Hitchcock, Martin Scorsese and Steven Spielberg.[176]

Nolan's work has also been recognised as an influence on videogames.[177] In 2013, the official Xbox magazine named Nolan among the 100 most important people in games, writing that "videogames have started to look a bit like his films: gritty and complex".[178]

Awards and honors

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Christopher Nolan
Year Film Academy Award nominations Academy Award wins Golden Globe nominations Golden Globe wins BAFTA nominations BAFTA wins
1998 Following
2000 Memento 2 1
2002 Insomnia
2005 Batman Begins 1 3
2006 The Prestige 2
2008 The Dark Knight 8 2 1 1 9 1
2010 Inception 8 4 4 9 3
2012 The Dark Knight Rises 1
2014 Interstellar - - - - - -
Total 21 6 6 1 22 4

Nolan screened Following at the 1999 Slamdance Film Festival, and won the Black & White Award. In 2014, he received the first-ever Founder's Award from the Festival. "Throughout his incredible successes, Christopher Nolan has stood firmly behind the Slamdance filmmaking community. We are honored to present him with Slamdance's inaugural Founder's Award," said Slamdance president and co-founder Peter Baxter.[179] At the 2001 Sundance Film Festival, Nolan and his brother Jonathan won the Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award for Memento, and in 2003, Nolan received the Sonny Bono Visionary Award from the Palm Springs International Film Festival. Festival executive director Mitch Levine said, "Nolan had in his brief time as a feature film director, redefined and advanced the very language of cinema".[180] He was named an Honorary Fellow of UCL in 2006; a title given out to individuals "who have attained distinction in the arts, literature, science, business or public life".[181]

In 2009, the director received the Board of the Governors Award from the American Society of Cinematographers. ASC president Daryn Okada said, "Chris Nolan is infused with talent with which he masterfully uses to collaboratively create memorable motion pictures ... his quest for superlative images to tell stories has earned the admiration of our members".[182] In 2011, Nolan received the Britannia Award for Artistic Excellence in Directing from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts[183] and the ACE Golden Eddie Filmmaker of the Year Award from American Cinema Editors.[184] That year he also received the Modern Master Award, the highest honor presented by the Santa Barbara International Film Festival. The executive director of the festival Roger Durling stated: "Every one of Nolan's films has set a new standard for the film community, with Inception being the latest example".[185] In addition, Nolan was the recipient of the inaugural VES Visionary Award from the Visual Effects Society.[186] In July 2012 he became the youngest director to be honored with a hand-and-footprint ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles.[187]

Filmography

Feature films

Year Film Credited as Distribution Box office
Director Producer Writer
1998 Following Yes Yes Yes Momentum Pictures
Zeitgeist Films		 $240,495
2000 Memento Yes Yes Summit Entertainment $39,723,096
2002 Insomnia Yes Warner Bros. $113,714,830
2005 Batman Begins Yes Yes $374,218,673
2006 The Prestige Yes Yes Yes Buena Vista Pictures
Warner Bros.		 $109,676,311
2008 The Dark Knight Yes Yes Yes Warner Bros. $1,004,558,444
2010 Inception Yes Yes Yes $825,532,764
2012 The Dark Knight Rises Yes Yes Yes $1,084,439,099
2013 Man of Steel Yes Yes $668,045,518
2014 Transcendence Yes
Interstellar Yes Yes Yes Paramount Pictures
Warner Bros.

Short films

Year Film Credited as
Director Producer Writer
1989 Tarantella Yes Yes Yes
1995 Larceny Yes Yes Yes
1997 Doodlebug Yes Yes Yes

References

  1. ↑ "Christopher Nolan biography". Retrieved 23 January 2014. 
  2. ↑ "People Index: By Gross". BoxofficeMojo. Retrieved 9 February 2013. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "An Evening with Christopher Nolan". The Film Society of Lincoln Center – descriptions courtesy of The Criterion Collection and Film Society of Lincoln Center. 27 November 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2013. 
  4. ↑ "Batman, robbin' and murder". The Sunday Times. 27 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2013. 
  5. ↑ "Can't get him out of our heads" The Age; retrieved 10 April 2011.
  6. ↑ Boucher, Geoff (11 April 2010). "Christopher Nolan's 'Inception' — Hollywood's first existential heist film". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 January 2011. 
  7. ↑ Itzkoff, Dave (30 June 2010). "The Man Behind the Dreamscape". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 July 2010. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Lawrence, Will (19 July 2012). "Christopher Nolan interview for Inception". The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 January 2014. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Timberg, Scott (15 March 2001). "Indie Angst". New Times Los Angeles. Retrieved 4 June 2013. 
  10. ↑ "Nolan's move from Highgate to Hollywood". Evening Standard (London). Retrieved 10 April 2011.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Tempest, M. I was there at the Inception of Christopher Nolan's film career The Guardian film blog, 24 February 2011; retrieved 21 September 2011.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Wally Pfister ASC on Christopher Nolan's Inception". thecinematographer.info. 2010. Archived from the original on 11 April 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2013. 
  13. ↑ "The Filmmakers". Next Wave Films. 21 November 1999. Retrieved 23 October 2012. 
  14. ↑ "Christopher Nolan: The Movies. The Memories". Empire. Retrieved 12 February 2013. 
  15. ↑ "UCLU Film Society, London". Ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 February 2013. 
  16. ↑ "Doodlebug by Christopher Nolan". Cinema16. Retrieved 19 October 2012. 
  17. ↑ Pulver, Andrew (15 June 2005). "He's not a god - he's human". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 December 2013. 
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  20. ↑ "Interview with Christopher Nolan". Metro; retrieved 10 April 2011.
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  65. ↑ Miller, Jenni (24 June 2010). "Will 'Inception' Be Too Smart for Audiences?". Moviefone. Retrieved 10 January 2013. 
  66. ↑ "Warner Bros. Keeping INCEPTION in Oscar-voters' Minds with "New" Behind-the-Scenes Featurette". Collider.com. 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2013. 
  67. ↑ Kermode, Mark (24 December 2010). Kermode Uncut: My Top Five Films of the Year. BBC. Event occurs at 5:05. Retrieved 21 January 2014. 
  68. ↑ Schuker, Lauren (16 July 2010). "Studios Root for 'Inception'". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 10 January 2013. 
  69. ↑ "Inception (2010)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2 November 2012. 
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  71. ↑ Bettinger, Brendan (10 March 2010). "Christopher Nolan Speaks! Updates on Dark Knight Sequel and Superman Man of Steel". Collider.com. Retrieved 10 March 2010. 
  72. ↑ Boucher, Geoff (27 October 2010). "Christopher Nolan reveals title of third Batman film and that 'it won't be the Riddler'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 27 October 2010. 
  73. ↑ ""The Dark Knight Rises": Christopher Nolan's evil masterpiece". Salon. July 18, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2013. 
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  81. ↑ "Alien, Yet Familiar". The New York Times. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013. 
  82. ↑ "Man of Steel Reviews – Metacritic". Metacritic. Retrieved 12 June 2013. 
  83. ↑ "Man of Steel score – Critics' Choice". Broadcast Film Critics Association. Retrieved 25 June 2013. 
  84. ↑ "Man of Steel: "S" for Superfluous". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 January 2014. 
  85. ↑ "Man of Steel". Reelviews. Retrieved 21 January 2014. 
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  88. ↑ "Wally Pfister Says 'The Avengers' Is "Appalling", Teases His Directorial Debut Is A Sci-Fi Film". Indiewire. Retrieved 23 October 2012. 
  89. ↑ Staff (24 April 2013). "Warner Bros Dates Adam Sandler-Drew Barrymore Pic 'Blended', Shifts 'Transcendence'". Deadline. Retrieved 9 May 2013. 
  90. ↑ "Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar': 'Dark Knight Rises' Director Lines Up Next Project". Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 January 2013. 
  91. ↑ Jagernauth, Kevin (10 January 2013). "Christopher Nolan's Merging An Original Idea With Jonah Nolan's Old Screenplay For 'Interstellar'". The Playlist. Retrieved 13 January 2013. 
  92. ↑ Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' To Be Paramount–Warner Bros Co-Production And Joint Distribution
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  94. ↑ Gemma Arterton to star in Christopher Nolan-penned thriller 'The Keys to the Street', Meeting with Ridley Scott for 'Alien' prequels' The Playlist, 9 June 2011
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  110. ↑ Russell, Terrence (20 July 2010). "How Inception's Astonishing Visuals Came to Life". Wired. Retrieved 5 September 2012. 
  111. ↑ Parks, Erin Hill (June 2011). "Identity Construction and Ambiguity in Christopher Nolan's Films". Widescreenjournal. Retrieved 18 June 2013. 
  112. ↑ "Bleakness and Richness: Christopher Nolan on Human Nature". The Other Journal. Retrieved 26 December 2012. 
  113. ↑ Ney, Jason (Summer 2013). "Dark Roots". the Film Noir Foundation. 
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  115. ↑ Chen, Vivienne (7 May 2013). "The Dark Knight and the Post-9/11 Death Wish". Academia.edu. Retrieved 13 September 2013. 
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  127. ↑ "The Dark Knight Rises': Bring on the 'Knight". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 29 January 2013. 
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  131. ↑ "Christopher Nolan: how Francis Bacon inspired my Dark Knight Batman trilogy – video". The Guardian. 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2013. 
  132. ↑ Jesser, Pourroy (2012), p. 51.
  133. ↑ Roberts, Sheila. "Interview with Jonathan Nolan". Movies Online. Retrieved 14 August 2012. 
  134. ↑ Jesser, Pourroy (2012), p. 33-51.
  135. ↑ Jesser, Pourroy (2012), p. 219.
  136. ↑ "Warner Bros Buys Action Spec 'The Asterisk'". Deadline. Retrieved 15 June 2013. 
  137. ↑ "Christopher Nolan: The Movies. The Memories. Part 2: Wally Pfister on Memento". Emprie. 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2013. 
  138. ↑ Jesser, Pourroy (2012), p. 253.
  139. ↑ Jesser, Pourroy (2012), p. 254–257.
  140. ↑ "Christopher Nolan Taps Hans Zimmer For Interstellar Score". Variety. 3 June 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014. 
  141. ↑ Jesser, Pourroy (2012), p. 261.
  142. ↑ Jesser, Pourroy (2012), p. 223.
  143. ↑ Jesser, Pourroy (2012), p. 242.
  144. ↑ Jesser, Pourroy (2012), p. 286.
  145. ↑ Jesser, Pourroy (2012), p. 57.
  146. ↑ "'Dark Knight Rises' Closes Out Christopher Nolan's Batman Trilogy". Backstage. 18 July 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2013. 
  147. ↑ "Michael Caine differs with Christopher Nolan on who is the 'good luck charm'". MetroNews. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012. 
  148. ↑ "Buddy-Buddy: Seasoned Actor and Young Director". The New York Times. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2013. 
  149. ↑ "Matthew Modine is the now-obligatory '80s actor in The Dark Knight Rises". AV Club. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2013. 
  150. ↑ "Matthew Modine Rises: Private Joker on the Dark Knight, Steve Jobs, and a Batman/Iron Man steel cage match". Entertainment Weekly. 20 July 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012. 
  151. ↑ "The Z To A Of Christopher Nolan". Empire. Retrieved 18 January 2014. 
  152. ↑ "Christopher Nolan biography". Entertainment Scene 360. Retrieved 18 January 2014. 
  153. ↑ "Christopher Nolan". Forbes. Retrieved 18 January 2014. 
  154. ↑ "'Dark Knight Rises': Christopher Nolan Doesn't Use A Cell Phone". Huffington Post. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2013. 
  155. ↑ 'Dark Knight Rises' Director Christopher Nolan's Shocking Admission: No Cell Phone, Email Address, The Hollywood Reporter
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  157. ↑ Harding, Oscar (15 February 2013). "Exclusive Interview: Rupert Wyatt On Birdsong & Why He Quit Planet Of The Apes". Whatculture!. Retrieved 4 June 2013. 
  158. ↑ "In conversation with Steven Spielberg and Stacey Snider on The Front Row". YouTube. Retrieved 16 August 2013. 
  159. ↑ "Interview: Steven Spielberg talks movies 'Tintin,' 'War Horse'". AzCentral. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2013. 
  160. ↑ "James Cameron: 'Inception' Director Christopher Nolan Should Have Been Nominated for an Oscar". The Hollywood Reporter. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2013. 
  161. ↑ "Guillermo Del Toro About Producing 'Julia's Eyes' And 'Biutiful'". Deadline. 13 September 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2013. 
  162. ↑ "OSCAR: Danny Boyle Q&A On '127 Hours'". SyFy. 19 December 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2013. 
  163. ↑ "Interview: Wong Kar-Wai Talks Kung Fu, The Different 'The Grandmaster' Cuts & His Favorite Directors". The Playlist. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013. 
  164. ↑ "Interview: Steven Soderbergh". A.V. Club. 5 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2013. 
  165. ↑ "Sam Mendes Says He Was "Not at All" Interested in Bond at First, Took Direct Inspiration From Nolan's 'Dark Knight' Films". The Playlist. 18 October 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2013. 
  166. ↑ "Werner Herzog: The Hollywood Interview". Filmonic. 18 November 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2013. 
  167. ↑ "Matthew Vaughn interview: X-Men: First Class, Thor, Hollywood, James Bond, Take That and more". Den of Geek. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2013. 
  168. ↑ "Paul Thomas Anderson Shares His Opinion of Christopher Nolan's Batman Trilogy". ComicBookMovie. 26 October 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2013. 
  169. ↑ "Green Zone – Paul Greengrass interview". indieLondon. 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2013. 
  170. ↑ "Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Rian Johnson on Looper's Nolan influence". Total Film. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013. 
  171. ↑ "The Dark Knight Effect – How Hollywood fell for – and learned from – the greatest superhero sequel ever made". Empire. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2013. 
  172. ↑ Hicks, Chris (20 August 2007). "Greatest Directors Ever – Part 2". Future Publishing Limited. Retrieved 6 February 2013. 
  173. ↑ Ali Catterall, Charlie Lyne, Gwilym Mumford & Damon Wise (31 August 2012). "The 23 best film directors in the world today". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 February 2013. 
  174. ↑ "25 Greatest Working Directors". Entertainment Weekly. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013. 
  175. ↑ "Entertainment Weekly's List of 'The 25 Greatest Working Directors'". Entertainment Weekly via Firstshowing. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2013. 
  176. ↑ "Quentin Tarantino is most-studied director in the UK". Digital Spy. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013. 
  177. ↑ "Saturday Soapbox: Christopher Nolan has ruined video games". Eurogamer. Retrieved 27 June 2013. 
  178. ↑ "The 100 most important people in games". Xbox 360 magazine. Retrieved 27 June 2013. 
  179. ↑ "Christopher Nolan to Be Honored with Founder's Award at 20th Slamdance Fest (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2013. 
  180. ↑ "Palm Springs fetes Nolan". Variety. 1 January 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2013. 
  181. ↑ "Honorary Fellows of UCL". UCL. 2006. Retrieved 11 March 2013. 
  182. ↑ "Cinematographers To Honor Christopher Nolan". American Society of Cinematographers. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2013. 
  183. ↑ "'Inception' director tops himself again". Variety. 4 November 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2013. 
  184. ↑ "Christopher Nolan Credits Editor Lee Smith With Helping Viewers Understand 'Inception'". The Hollywood Reporter. 20 February 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2013. 
  185. ↑ "Modern Master – Christopher Nolan". Santa Barbara International Film Festival. 13 October 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2013. 
  186. ↑ "Christopher Nolan to Be Honored With First Visual Effects Society Visionary Award". The Hollywood Reporter. 17 November 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2013. 
  187. ↑ Christopher Nolan Hand and Footprint Ceremony, EW Magazine
Bibliography
  • Conard, Mark (5 January 2007). The Philosophy of Neo-Noir. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-7230-6. 
  • Duncan Jesser, Jody; Pourroy, Janine (2012). The Art and Making of The Dark Knight Trilogy. Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4197-0369-0. 
  • Fischer, Mark (2011). The Lost Unconscious: Delusions and Dreams in Inception. Film Quarterly , Volume 64 (3) University of California Press. 
  • McGowan, Todd (2012). The Fictional Christopher Nolan. Texas: the University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-73782-2. 
  • Montalbano, Dave (2010). The Adventures of Cinema Dave in the Florida Motion Picture World. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4628-3673-4. 
  • Mottram, James (2002). The Making of Memento. New York: Faber. ISBN 0-571-21488-6. 

Further reading

  • Nolan, Christopher "Charisma as Natural as Gravity". Christopher Nolan. Newsweek. 2008-01-26. A memoir of Heath Ledger.
  • Nolan, C. (Author); Nolan, Jonah (Preface) (2010), Inception: The Shooting Script, Insight Editions, ISBN 1-60887-015-4 
  • Nolan, C. (2001), Memento & Following, Faber and Faber, ISBN 0-571-22994-8 
  • Nolan, C.; Goyer, David, S. (2005), Batman Begins: The Screenplay, Faber and Faber, ISBN 0-571-21047-3 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christopher Nolan.
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