Chinese box turtle

Yellow margined box turtle
Ryukyu Box turtle Cuora flavomarginata evelynae
Conservation status
Endangered  (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Testudinoidea
Family:	Geoemydidae
Subfamily:	Geoemydinae
Genus:	Cuora
Species:	C. flavomarginata
Binomial name
Cuora flavomarginata (Gray, 1863)
Synonyms[1]
Cistoclemmys flavomarginata Gray, 1863 Cyclemys flavomarginata (Gray, 1863) Cuora flavomarginata flavomarginata Cistoclemmys flavomarginata Gray, 1863 Cuora flavomarginata Günther, 1864 Terrapene flavomarginata Strauch, 1865 Cystoclemmys flavomarginata Gray, 1870 Cyclemys flavomarginata Boulenger, 1889 Cyclemys [flavomarginata] flavomarginata Hsü, 1930 Cyclemys flavomarginata sinensis Hsü, 1930 Cuora flavomarginata flavomarginata Bourret, 1941 Cuora flavomarginata sinensis Bourret, 1941 Terrapene culturalia Yeh, 1961 Geoemyda flavomarginata McDowell, 1964 Cyclemy [flavomarginata] flavomarginata Mao, 1971 Cyclemy flavomarginata sinensis Mao, 1971 Cistoclemmys flavomarginatas Zhou & Zhou, 1991 (ex errore) Cistoclemmys flavomarginatus Zhou & Zhou, 1991 Cuora flavimarginata flavomarginata Rogner, 1995 Cistoclemmys flavomarginata flavomarginata Yasukawa & Ota, 1999 Cistoclemmys flavomarginata sinensis Bour, 2002 Cuora flavomarginata evelynae Cuora evelynae Ernst & Lovich, 1990 Cuora flavomarginata evelynae McCord & Iverson, 1991 Cistoclemmys flavomarginata evelynae Yasukawa & Ota, 1999

The Chinese box turtle (simplified Chinese: 食蛇龟; traditional Chinese: 食蛇龜; pinyin: shìshéguī; literally "Snake-eating turtle"), also known as the Yellow-margined box turtle, or Golden-headed turtle, is a species of Asian box turtle. Taxonomically, it has been called Cistoclemmys flavomarginata, Cuora flavomarginata, and Cyclemys flavomarginata. The Integrated Taxonomic Information System uses Cuora flavomarginata.^[2]

Anatomy

Young adult

C.f.evelynae Plastron

C. flavomarginata has a highly domed shell, the carapace and plastron of which are a dark brown with a cream-yellow stripe on the vertebral keel. The edge of the plastron is lightly pigmented due to the marginal scutes' and plastral scutes' lighter pigmentation near their edges. The skin on the limbs is brown, while the top of the head is pale green. Each side of the head has a yellow line extending from behind the eye backward. The skin beneath the head and between the limbs is a lighter pinkish color.

The name box turtle refers to C. flavomarginata's ability to bring the plastron to the edges of the carapace. This is enabled by a hinge on the plastron and ligaments connecting the carapace and plastron, which allows for limited movement.

The forefeet have five claws, while the rear have four.

The external difference between male and female C. flavomarginata is slight. Males have a broader tail than females that is almost triangular in shape.

Distribution

Stuffed specimen of Cuora flavomarginata, exhibited in the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan.

C. flavomarginata is found in Central China: Hunan, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Chongqing, eastern Sichuan, Zhejiang & Jiangsu provinces (generally along the Yangtze drainage).^[3] It is also found in Taiwan and Japan, specifically the Ryukyu Islands, Ishigaki, and Iriomote.^[4]

Ecology and life history

Trophic ecology

C. flavomarginata is omnivorous, and will eat a large variety of foods. "Adults favor earthworms, frozen pinkies (defrosted), snails, slugs, and mealworms. They also eat dry trout chow and moistened dry cat food, canned cat food; fruits including strawberries, bananas, cantaloupe, and papaya; and vegetables including grated carrots, corn on the cob, and squash. Leafy greens are ignored. Invertebrates that the turtles hunt for include June bug (Phyllophaga) larvae and slugs being principal prey."^[5]

Systematics and taxonomic history

In 1863, John Edward Gray described the species as Cistoclemmys flavomarginata. It was later moved to Cyclemys, and then to Cuora. Debate continues on whether the species is consistent with Cuora or if it should be classified separately (as Cistoclemmys). Roger Bour and Ren Hirayama have provided evidence that flavomarginata and others are distinct from Cuora, which has been criticised, but not disproved. Therefore, usage of both Cuora and Cistoclemmys have some standing.

Two subspecies have been named:

• Cuora flavomarginata sinensis (Hsü, 1930)
• Cuora flavomarginata evelynae (Ernst & Lovich, 1990)

This species has hybridized with Mauremys japonica in captivity and with female Ryukyu Black-breasted Leaf Turtles in captivity and in the wild.^[6]

References

v t e Turtle family Geoemydidae Genus Species of the family Geoemydidae Batagur Burmese roofed turtle Northern river terrapin Painted terrapin Red-crowned roofed turtle Southern river terrapin Three-striped roofed turtle Cuora Amboina box turtle Bourret's box turtle Indochinese box turtle McCord's box turtle Keeled box turtle Pan's box turtle Southern Vietnamese box turtle Chinese three-striped box turtle Yellow-headed box turtle Yellow-margined box turtle Yunnan box turtle Zhou's box turtle Cyclemys Asian leaf turtle Assam leaf turtle Eastern black-bridged leaf turtle Enigmatic leaf turtle Myanmar brown leaf turtle Oldham's leaf turtle Western black-bridged leaf turtle Geoclemys Black pond turtle Geoemyda Black-breasted leaf turtle Ryukyu black-breasted leaf turtle Hardella Brahminy river turtle Heosemys Arakan forest turtle Giant Asian pond turtle Spiny turtle Yellow-headed temple turtle Leucocephalon Sulawesi forest turtle Malayemys Malayan snail-eating turtle Mekong snail-eating turtle Mauremys Balkan pond turtle Caspian turtle Chinese pond turtle Chinese stripe-necked turtle Japanese pond turtle Red-necked pond turtle Spanish pond turtle Vietnamese pond turtle Yellow pond turtle Melanochelys Indian black turtle Tricarinate hill turtle Morenia Burmese eyed turtle Indian eyed turtle Notochelys Malayan flat-shelled turtle Orlitia Malaysian giant turtle Pangshura Assam roofed turtle Brown roofed turtle Indian roofed turtle Indian tent turtle Rhinoclemmys Black river turtle Brown wood turtle Colombian wood turtle Furrowed wood turtle Large-nosed wood turtle Maracaibo wood turtle Mexican spotted wood turtle Painted wood turtle Spot-legged turtle Sacalia Beal's eyed turtle Four-eyed turtle Siebenrockiella Black marsh turtle Philippine forest turtle Vijayachelys Cane turtle Phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2011 update: annotated checklist.