Chicano English

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Chicano English is a dialect of American English used by Chicanos. One major variation of Chicano English is Tejano English, used mainly in south Texas. It is mistakenly referred to as Spanglish, which is not a recognized dialect of English but rather a mixing of the Spanish and English languages. This is a native dialect of English, not learner English or interlanguage. It is sometimes spoken by people who know little or no Spanish.

Origins and history

A high level of Mexican immigration began in the 20th century with the exodus of refugees from the Mexican Revolution (1910) and the linkage of Mexican railroads to the U.S. (Santa Ana, 1991). The Hispanic population is one of the largest and fastest-growing ethnic groups in America. In the Los Angeles area alone, they form 40% of the population (roughly 1.4 out of 3.5 million, in the 1990 Census). The result of this migration, and the segregated social conditions the immigrants found in California, is an ethnic community that is only partly assimilated to the matrix Anglo (that is, European American) community. It retains symbolic links with Hispanic culture (as well as real links through continuing immigration), but linguistically is mostly an English-speaking rather than a Spanish-speaking community, though its members have a distinctive accent.

The phonological inventory appears to be identical to that of the local Anglo community. For example, the long and short vowels are clearly distinguished, as are the relatively rare English vowel classes /æ/. Speculatively, it seems that the main differences between the Chicano accent and the local Anglo accent are first, that the Chicanos are not participating in the ongoing phonetic changes in the Anglo communities (the raising of /æ/).

The contact of Chicanos with Anglos, who are somewhat influenced by the speech of (immigrating) Southerners (as are many Californians) who have a fronted, monophthongized /y/, might be responsible for the acquisition of a fronting rule for this phoneme, but this is mere speculation. Still, a phonetic fronting rule is necessary to reconcile the basic hypothesis that the nucleus of /y/ is phonologically identical with the nuclei of the other vowels.^[1]

As Spanish-speaking people migrated from other parts of Hispanophone world to Southwest, Chicano English is now the customary dialect of many Hispanic Americans of diverse national heritages in Southwest. As Hispanic Americans are of diverse racial origins, Chicano English serves as the distinction from non-Hispanic and non-Latino Americans in Southwest.

Phonological features

Chicano English has many features, especially in the phonology, that show the influence of Spanish. Vocabulary includes words like simon meaning "yes", firme meaning "good", flika meaning "picture", vato meaning "guy", and feria meaning "money".

Consonant variations

The rhythm tends to be syllable-timed, meaning syllables take up roughly the same amount of time with roughly the same amount of stress. Standard American English is stress-timed, meaning that only stressed syllables are evenly timed. Most Romance languages (of which Spanish is a member) are syllable-timed.
/t/ and /d/ is realized as dental stops [t̪] and [d̪] rather than the standard American alveolars [t] and [d] (also found in many Romance languages, including Spanish). Dentalization is also common in European American dialect.
The devoicing of [z] in all environments: Examples: [isi] for easy and [wʌs] for was.
The devoicing of [v] in word-final position: Examples: [lʌf] for love, [hɛf] for have, and [waɪfs] for wives.
Chicano speakers may pronounce /b/ or β instead of /v/: Examples: very [ˈbɛɹi] or [ˈβɛɹi], invite [imˈbaɪt] or [imˈβaɪt].
Absence of dental fricatives so that think may be pronounced [ˈtiŋk], [ˈfiŋk] or [ˈsiŋk], Mexican and other Latin American Spanish dialects have an important feature called seseo wherein [θ] merged with [s].
Little distinction between /j/ and /dʒ/ so that job may sound like yob and yes may sound like jes.
Little distinction of nasals in the syllable coda so that seen and seem are pronounced alike.
/tʃ/ merges with /ʃ/ so sheep and cheap are pronounced alike. An inversion may also happen, causing sheep to sound like /tʃip/ and cheap to sound like /ʃip/.

Vowel variations

Chicano English speakers may merge [æ] and [ɛ], before the [l].
/ɪŋ/ sounds like /iŋ/: sink sounds like seenk and also sing sounds like seeng.
The distinction between /ɪ/ and /iː/ before liquid consonants is frequently reduced, making feel and fill homophones.

Final consonant deletion

Syllable-final voiceless stops, in consonant clusters, may be pronounced as glottal stops, as unrelleased stops or, more commonly, be deleted.

Most becomes [moʊs] or [moʊsʔ]; Felt becomes [fɛl] or [fɛlʔ], Start becomes [stɑr] or [stɑrʔ].

Vowel structure

Most American dialects do not distinguish the word classes NORTH and FORCE (though Southern dialects like that of Anniston, Alabama, do keep them separate).^{[citation needed]} Like other American Englishes, the Chicano accent is a flat-BATH dialect. That is, it classes the BATH set with the TRAP set rather than with the PALM set.^{[citation needed]}

Because of phonetic similarity and complementary distribution, stressed and unstressed /e/ (NURSE, LETTER) are the same phonological class. Similarly, stressed and unstressed high-front-peripheral vowels (FLEECE, HAPPY) are classified together as /iː/ (unlike in older RP (cultivated Southern British), where HAPPY ends with the vowel in KIT).^[2]

The non-high front vowels before intervocalic /r/ are presumably merged in this dialect (as in the local Anglo dialect and in Chicago, but not in Philadelphia, and various Eastern dialects). That is, Mary, merry, marry are pronounced identically. This phonological collapse has two simplifying effects. First, it eliminates a rather tenuous distinction based on syllable structure rather than segmental features: Mary and merry are elsewhere distinguished phonologically as /meː.ri/ and /mer.i/.

Since /æ/ does not exist in Spanish, the fall of /l/ cannot be attributed to Spanish influence. On the contrary, the fall of /l/ seems to be a purely English sound change that happens to occur in this particular ethnic group. /uː/ is somewhat front, as in most American and many British dialects. Anglo speech in Southern California shows even greater fronting of /uː/, to such an extent that /uː/ and /ʊ/ overlap with /iː/ and /ɪ/ in formant space.

Some realizations of /iː/, /eː/, /oː/ and other long vowels were transcribed as monophthongs. This may be an effect of Spanish, though other American dialects (Minnesota, and Wisconsin, for example) also show monophthongization of these vowels, which are most commonly diphthongs in English. Also, these vowels are underlyingly long monophthongs, so the general effect here is to simplify the system of phonetic implementation, as compared with the /ij, ej, ow, uw/ of many other English dialects.^[3]

Well-known speakers of Chicano English

Notes

Bayley, Robert; & Santa Ana, Otto. (2004). Chicano English grammar. In B. Kortmann, E. W. Schneider, K. Burridge, R. Mesthrie, & C. Upton (Eds.), A handbook of varieties of English: Morphology and syntax (Vol. 2, pp. 167–183). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Briggs, Charles L. Competence in Performance: The Creativity of Tradition in Mexicano Verbal Art. University of Pennsylvania Press conduct and communication series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, (1988).
Castaneda, L. V. and Ulanoff, S. H. (2007). Examining Chicano English at school. In C. Gitsaki (Ed.). Language and Languages: Global and Local Tensions, (pp. 328–345). Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Fought, Carmen. (2003). Chicano English in context. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Galindo, Letticia D. (1987). Linguistic influence and variation of the English of Chicano adolescents in Austin, Texas. (PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin).
Liu, Jennifer Anchor dissects American English Stanford Daily, February 23, 2005
Ornstein-Galicia, J. (1988). Form and Function in Chicano English. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House Publishers.
Penfield, Joyce. Chicano English: An Ethnic Contact Dialect. Varieties of English around the world, General series; v. 7. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. Co., (1985).
Sanchez, Rosaura. Chicano Discourse: Sociohistoric Perspectives. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House Publishers, (1983).
Santa Ana, Otto. (1993). Chicano English and the Chicano language setting. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 15 (1), 1-35.
Santa Ana, Otto; & Bayley, Robert. (2004). Chicano English phonology. In E. W. Schneider, B. Kortmann, K. Burridge, R. Mesthrie, & C. Upton (Eds.), A handbook of varieties of English: Phonology (Vol. 1, pp. 407–424). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Veatch, Thomas Los Angeles Chicano English (2005)
Wolfram, Walt. (1974). Sociolinguistic aspects of assimilation: Puerto Rican English in New York City. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.

References

Sources

A Handbook of Varieties of English

External links

"Spanish & Chicano English." Do You Speak American?
Hector Becerra, "East L.A. speaks from its heart", Los Angeles Times October 24, 2011
La Coacha
Dialects recordings of Chicano English
Text File Audio File

Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent

Europe

Great Britain	Black Country Brummie Cheshire Cockney Cornish Cumbrian East Anglian East Midlands Essex Estuary Geordie Kentish Lancashire Mackem Manchester Mockney Mummerset (mocking) Multicultural London Norfolk Northern Pitmatic Potteries Received Pronunciation Scottish (Highland) Scouse Southern Suffolk Sussex West Midlands Welsh (Cardiff) West Country Yorkshire

Ireland	Cork Dublin Mid-Ulster

Other	Gibraltarian Guernsey Jersey Manx

North America

United States	African American Vernacular Appalachian Baltimorese Boston Cajun California Central Pennsylvania Chicano English in Puerto Rico General American Hawai'i Hudson Valley Inland Northern American Midland New England New Jersey New York City New York Latino English North–Central American Northeast Pennsylvania Ozark Pacific Northwest Pennsylvania Dutch Philadelphia Pittsburgh Southern American Texan Tidewater Vermont Western Yat Yeshivish Yooper

Canada	Aboriginal Cape Breton Lunenburg Maritimer Newfoundland Ottawa Valley Twang Pacific Northwest Quebec West-Central Canadian

Other	Bahamian Barbadian Belizean Bermudian Caribbean Jamaican Trinidadian

Elsewhere

Australia and Oceania	Australian Australian Aboriginal Broad Australian South Australian Torres Strait Variation in Australian English Western Australian Fijian English New Zealand Palauan Solomon Islands

South America	Falkland Islands Guyanese

Africa	Cameroon Liberian Malawian Namibian Nigerian South African Ugandan

Asia	Bruneian Burmese Filipino Hong Kong Indian Malaysian Pakistani Singaporean Sri Lankan

v t e Chicano and Mexican American topics

Terms	Chicano Hispanic La Raza Latino Mexican American Tejano

Pre-Chicano Movement	Mexican-American history Mexican-American War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican Repatriation Sleepy Lagoon trial Zoot Suit Riots

Chicano Movement	Aztlán Católicos por La Raza Chicanismo Chicana feminism Chicano Blowouts Chicano Moratorium PCUN Plan Espiritual de Aztlán Plan de Santa Barbara Farm workers rights campaign Land grant struggle Colegio César Chávez

Supreme Court cases	Botiller v. Dominguez Hernandez v. Texas San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez Espinoza v. Farah Mfg. Co. U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce Plyler v. Doe Medellín v. Texas Flores-Figueroa v. U.S. Leal Garcia v. Texas Mendez v. Westminster

Culture	Chicano films Chicano literature Chicano poetry Chicano rock Chicano rap Mexican murals Skull art Teatro Campesino Tortilla art Chicano Park Estrada Courts murals Cholo Pachuco Tejano music Tex-Mex cuisine Zoot suit Lowrider

Lists	Caló words and expressions Chicano poets U.S. communities with Hispanic majority Mexican Americans Writers Notable Hispanics

Category:Mexican Americans Category:Mexican-American organizations

v t e Chicano languages

Chicano Spanish Chicano Caló words and expressions Chicano English

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