Chaudhry Abdul Majeed

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For the Pakistani politician, see Chaudhry Abdul Majid.
Chaudhry Abdul Majeed
Born 1937
Lahore, British Punjab, British Indian Empire
Died Islamabad, Pakistan
Residence Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory
Citizenship Pakistan
Nationality Pakistani
Fields Nuclear Chemistry
Institutions Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH)
International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)
The New Laboratories (TNL)
Alma mater University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (Pakistan)
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium)
Doctoral advisor Jozeph Jørgen
Other academic advisors Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry
Known for nuclear detterence programme
X-ray scattering technology
MLIS development
nuclear energy programme
Notable awards Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (1998)
Hilal-e-Imtiaz (2007)

Chaudhry Abdul Majeed (born:1937; Urdu: چودہری عبد لمجيد ) is a Pakistani nuclear chemist and an atomic weapon and technology expert. He is known as one of the pioneers of Pakistan's nuclear detterence programme, and has worked closely with former PAEC Chairman Munir Ahmad Khan's plutonium reprocessing project. He rose to prominence when he was apprehended by Pakistan's intelligence agencies in a joint operation in late October 2001. Majeed was also a one of the founding member of Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood's Ummah Tameer-e-Nau charity; an NGO which caused an international embarrassment for Pakistan.

Education

Majeed was educated in Lahore, Punjab, British Indian Empire. In 1955, he attended University of Engineering and Technology of Lahore, and took his double B.Sc. in Mathematics and Chemistry in 1959. The same year, he was admitted to the High-Tension Laboratory, a physics department for advanced courses in Nuclear sciences, at the Government College University, where he gained his M.Sc. in Nuclear Chemistry. His 1962 master's thesis topic was "To study the characteristics of halogen counters". It was supervised by R. M. Chaudhry.[citation needed] He then joined the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and was assigned to the PAEC-Lahore Center under the directorship of Ishfaq Ahmad.[citation needed]

In 1964, Majeed went to Belgium on a scholarship awarded by the PAEC and attended Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, from which he received his D.Sc. in Nuclear Chemistry in 1968. He continued his academic research at the plutonium facility in Belgium in the late 1960s.[1] Majeed received training at the Tihange and Doel nuclear facilities.[1] As a senior scientist he had access to classified documentations on sensitive plutonium technology which is critical to developed a nuclear weapon.[1] Majeed also worked at the International Center for Theoretical Physics, invited by Abdus Salam, during the 1970s and early 1980s. At ICTP, Majeed taught advanced courses in chemistry and mathematics as an associate professor. At ICTP, he published numerous research papers in the field of Spectroscopy, neutron and particle detectors.[2]

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

Majeed returned to Pakistan in 1974 after India had conducted a surprise nuclear test, codenamed "Pokhran-I". At the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, he was assigned to the Nuclear Chemistry Division led by Iqbal Hussain Qureshi. In 1974, Majeed was a part of Munir Ahmad Khan's team that had supervised the criticality of second nuclear pile —PARR-II reactor.[3] After the construction of the third nuclear pile—PARR-III, also known as The New-Labs; Majeed was the first technical director, and was part of a team that supervised the reactor's criticality.[3] An expert plutonium technology, Majeed, as junior scientist, is known for his contribution in plutonium reprocessing plant and the plutonium nuclear fuel cycle technology.[3] Majeed was also a part of a team at the New Labs that had succeeded to attain the fresh supplies of weapon-grade plutonium isotopes, produced by the reactor.[3] In 1990, Majeed was promoted and was made Director-general of Nuclear Chemistry Division (NCD) by Munir Ahmad Khan.[3] Throughout the 1990s, Majeed was responsible for underground work of nuclear reactors Khushab-I and CHASNUPP-I commercial nuclear power plant.[4] At there, he was the director of Radiation and Nuclear Safety Division and was omitted from the weapons development teams.

He published extensively in the 1980s and 1990s on nuclear detectors and the use of x-ray diffraction, fluorescence, and crystallography to study a wide variety of materials and elements, including stainless steel, uranium, plutonium, and thorium.[4] Due to his work for the State, he was conferred with Tamgha-e-Imtiaz which was awarded to him by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif in 1998.[4]

Events of 2001

He was one of the founding members of a Pakistani militant organisation called Ummah Tameer-e-Nau.[citation needed] He was accused of travelling through Afghanistan without notifying the Government of Pakistan. Along with fellow atomic scientist Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood, he was arrested in October 2001 in Islamabad by a joint-operation of the Inter-Services Intelligence and the Federal Investigation Agency, because of their connections to the Taliban.[citation needed] The Foreign Office confirmed the raid and a spokesman said: "They have not been arrested and they are not under detention." The spokesman adding that they were questioned over their involvement with an Afghan relief agency founded by Mahmood. "It is just an investigation to look into the credentials of various non-governmental organisations who may have been working inside Afghanistan," the spokesman added.[5]

In the hope of securing a quick release from the intelligence agencies and returning to his research at the PAEC, he readily confessed.[citation needed] The FIA and ISI's joint-Intelligence report, which was given to the Parliament's Committee on National Security and Defence Affairs, stated that Majeed admitted that Osama Bin Laden had asked them to build either a radiological or a biological weapon.[citation needed] Osama Bin Laden told him that he could smuggled the natural uranium from Uzbekistan. Majeed, however, clearly declined and said that it was not as easy as it seemed to build a nuclear bomb. He also told Bin Laden: "I'm not the nuclear weapon designer and it's not easy the way it looks. The Pakistani authorities, especially the Government of Pakistan, are too sensitive and I may get arrested for nuclear trafficking which may result in ending my life".[5]

American CIA intelligence officials said that the first interrogation of the two Pakistani scientists concluded that Mahmood and Majeed did not know enough to help build a nuclear weapon. "These two guys were nuclear scientists who didn't know how to build one themselves," the American official said. "If you had to have guys go bad, these are the guys you'd want. They didn't know much."[6]

Aftermath and legacy

He was awarded a high-civilian award "Hilal-e-Imtiaz" with a State honour from the Government of Pakistan, which issued an apology letter to his family, saying that "the State will never forget his work".[7] He was seen with respect in Pakistan. He also worked in the PAEC as an engineer.

The NGO scandal heavily disturbed his imaged and his private life also. Even though, he heavily cooperated with intelligence agencies in hoping of freedom and went back to PAEC; he was declined to give any partial freedom. He was harshly interrogated for a long time which also resulted in his death. Bashir Syed, former President of the Association of Pakistani Scientists and Engineers of North America (APSENA), said: "I know both of these persons and can tell you there is not an iota of truth that both these respected scientists and friends will do anything to harm the interest of their own country."[8]

Parliamentarian Farhatullah Babar, a family friend of Majeed and currently spokesperson of the Prime Minister of Pakistan, met the families of nuclear scientists recently, said: "Dr. Bashir has been wronged by the government and a signal has been sent to the Pakistani scientist that they would have to defend themselves in any eventuality which becomes too hot to handle for the government."[5]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bidwai, Praful (10 November 2001). "Nuclear chickens come home". The Hindu (Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India: The Hindu). pp. 49/55. Retrieved 2008. 
  2. ↑ Albright, David; Holly Higgins (April 2003). A Bomb for Ummah: The Others. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Albright, David; Holly Higgins (30 August 2002). "Pakistani Nuclear Scientists: How Much Nuclear Assistance to Al Qaeda?". Institute for Science and International Security. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved 2008. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Albright, David; Holly Higgins (30 August 2002). "Pakistani Nuclear Scientists:Who is Majeed". Institute for Science and International Security. Institute for Science and International Security. Retrieved 2009. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 http://archives.dawn.com/2002/01/31/top4.htm
  6. ↑ Frantz, Douglas and Rohde, David (28 November 2001). "A Nation Challenged: Biological terror; 2 Pakistanis Linked to Papers on Anthrax Weapons". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 July 2012. 
  7. ↑ "Chaudhry Abdul Majeed". Absolute Astronomy. Retrieved 4 April 2013. 
  8. ↑ Adam, David (1 November 2001). "Atomic-bomb experts interrogated over Taliban links". Nature 414 (3). doi:10.1038/35102221. 

Further references

  • Rahghatta,, Chidanand (2 November 2002), "U.S. Spooked by 'Spirited' Pakistani Atomic Scientist,", Times of India 
  • Latif, Asmir (24 October 2001), "Two Pakistani Atomic Scientists Arrested,", Islam Online[citation needed] 

External links

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