Charles Augustus Briggs

Charles Augustus Briggs.

Charles Augustus Briggs (January 15, 1841 – June 8, 1913^[1]), American Presbyterian scholar and theologian, was born in New York City, the son of Alanson Briggs and Sarah Mead Berrian. He was excommunicated from the Presbyterian church over his purported liberal theology regarding the Bible.^[2]

Life and thought

He was educated at the University of Virginia (1857-1860), graduated at the Union Theological Seminary in 1863, and studied further at the University of Berlin. He was pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Roselle, New Jersey from 1869 to 1874, and professor of Hebrew and cognate languages in Union Theological Seminary from 1874 to 1891, and of Biblical theology there from 1891 to 1904, when he became professor of theological encyclopaedia and symbolics. From 1880 to 1890 he was an editor of the Presbyterian Review.

In 1892 he was tried for heresy by the presbytery of New York, including James McCook, and acquitted. The charges were based upon his inaugural address of the preceding year. In brief they were as follows:

• that he had taught that reason and the Church are each a fountain of divine authority which apart from Holy Scripture may and does savingly enlighten men
• that errors may have existed in the original text of the Holy Scripture
• that many of the Old Testament predictions have been reversed by history and that the great body of Messianic prediction has not and cannot be fulfilled
• that Moses is not the author of the Pentateuch, and that Isaiah is not the author of half of the book which bears his name
• that the processes of redemption extend to the world to come (he had considered it a fault of Protestant theology that it limits redemption to this world and that sanctification is not complete at death).

The general assembly, to which the case was appealed, suspended Briggs in 1893, being influenced, it would seem, in part, by the manner and tone of his expressions; by what his own colleagues in the Union Theological Seminary called the dogmatic and irritating nature of his inaugural address.^[3]

He was ordained a priest of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1899. His scholarship procured for him the honorary degree of D.D. from the University of Edinburgh (1884) and from the University of Glasgow (1901),^[4] and that of D.Litt., from the University of Oxford (1901).^[5] With Francis Brown and S. R. Driver he prepared a revised Hebrew and English Lexicon (1891-1905, commonly known as Brown Driver Briggs or BDB) based on the lexicon of Wilhelm Gesenius, and with Driver edited the International Commentary Series. His publications include:

• Biblical Study: Its Principles, Methods and History (1883)
• Hebrew Poems of the Creation (1884)
• American Presbyterianism: Its Origin and Early History (1885)
• Messianic Prophecy (1886)
• Biblical history (1889)
• Whither? A Theological Question for the Times (1889)
• The Authority of the Holy Scripture (1891)
• The Bible, the Church and the Reason (1892)
• The Higher Criticism of the Hexateuch (1893)
• The Messiah of the Gospels (1894)
• The Messiah of the Apostles (1894)
• General introduction to the study of Holy Scripture (1899)
• New Light on the Life of Jesus (1904)
• The Ethical Teaching of Jesus (1904)
• A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Psalms (2 vols., 1906-1907), in which he was assisted by his daughter
• The Virgin Birth of Our Lord (1909)

See also

• Christian heresy in the 20th century

Notes

Literature

• The Presbyterian Review, 1880-89, made available by Princeton Theological Seminary
• Mark S. Massa: "Mediating Modernism": Charles Briggs, Catholic Modernism, and an Ecumenical "Plot". In: The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 81, No. 4 (Oct., 1988), P. 413-430
• James Kugel: How to read the Bible? Tells all history of Briggs' process and many additional details of life.
• Charles Augustus Briggs: Redemption after Death An article in the December 1889 Issue of The Magazine of Christian Literature Vol 1. No. 3. This is one of the major sources of clashes between Briggs and embedded doctrine.

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press