Cestrum

Cestrum
Fruit and blossoms of Cestrum tomentosum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Solanales
Family:	Solanaceae
Genus:	Cestrum L.
Species
Some 150-250, see text
Synonyms
Fregirardia Habrothamnus Meyenia Schltdl. (non Backeb.: preoccupied) Parqui Wadea

Cestrum is a genus of - depending on authority - 150-250 species of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae. They are native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the Americas, from the southernmost United States (Florida, Texas: Day-blooming Cestrum, C. diurnum) south to the Bío-Bío Region in central Chile (Green Cestrum, C. parqui). They are colloquially known as cestrums or jessamines (from "jasmine", due to their fragant flowers).

They are shrubs growing to 1–4 m (3 ft 3 in–13 ft 1 in) tall. Most are evergreen, a few are deciduous. All parts of the plants are toxic, causing severe gastroenteritis if eaten.

Uses and ecology

Several species are grown as ornamental plants for their strongly scented flowers.

Some are invasive species. Especially notorious is green cestrum (C. parqui) in Australia, where it can cause serious losses to livestock which eat the leaves (particularly of drying broken branches) unaware of their toxicity.^[1]

C. laevigatum is employed by wajacas (shamans) of the Craós (Krahós, Krahô) tribe in Brazil. It is used "to see far", i.e. to aid in divination. Like the other hallucinogenic plants consumed by them, Craós wajacas consider it a potent entheogen, not to be taken by the uninitiated.^[2]

Cestrum species are used as food by the caterpillars of several Lepidoptera. These include the Glasswing (Greta oto), and Manduca afflicta which possibly feeds only on Day-blooming Cestrum (C. diurnum). It is either known or suspected that such Lepidoptera are able to sequester the toxins from the plant, making them noxious to many predators.

Cestrum species are reported as Piscicidal by Jawale et al ^{[3] [4] [5]}

Selected species

Day-blooming Cestrum (C. diurnum), the northernmost species

Green Cestrum (C. parqui), the southernmost species

• Cestrum ambatense Francey
• Cestrum aurantiacum – Orange Cestrum, Orange-flowering Jessamine, Yellow Cestrum, "orange jessamine"
• Cestrum auriculatum L'Hér.
• Cestrum bracteatum Link & Otto
• Cestrum chimborazinum
• Cestrum corymbosum Schltdl.
• Cestrum daphnoides Griseb.
• Cestrum diurnum L. – Day-blooming Cestrum, Day-blooming Jessamine
• Cestrum ecuadorense Francey
• Cestrum elegans (Brongn. ex Neumann) Schltdl.
• Cestrum endlicheri Miers.
• Cestrum fasciculatum – Early Jessamine, "red cestrum"
• Cestrum humboldtii Francey
• Cestrum laevigatum Schltdl. – dama-de-noite (Brazil)
• Cestrum lanceolatum Miers
  • Cestrum lanceolatum var. lanceolatum
• Cestrum lanuginosum Ruiz & Pavón
• Cestrum latifolium Lam.
• Cestrum laurifolium L'Hér.
• Cestrum meridanum Pittier
• Cestrum mutisii Roem. & Schult.
• Cestrum nocturnum – Night-blooming Cestrum, Night-blooming Jessamine, "Lady of the Night", Raat ki Rani (South Asia)
• Cestrum pacificum
• Cestrum parqui – Green Cestrum, Chilean Cestrum, Green Poisonberry
• Cestrum peruvianum Roemer & Schultes
• Cestrum petiolare Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth
• Cestrum psittacinum Stapf
• Cestrum quitense Francey
• Cestrum roseum Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth
• Cestrum salicifolium Jacq.
• Cestrum santanderianum Francey
• Cestrum sendtnerianum Mart. ex Sendt.
• Cestrum sessiliflorum Schott ex Sendtn.
• Cestrum stipulatum Vell.
• Cestrum strigilatum Ruiz & Pav.
• Cestrum stuebelii Hieron.
• Cestrum tomentosum L.f.
• Cestrum validum Francey
• Cestrum viridifolium Francey

References

Footnotes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cestrum.

• Diario de plantas (2007): Cestrum parqui. Version of 2007-APR-20. Retrieved 2007-NOV-14.
• Hanelt, Peter & Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (eds.) (2001): Cestrum. In: Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (Except Ornamentals). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. ISBN 3-540-41017-1
• Huxley, A. (ed.) (1992): New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan.
• North West Weeds (NWW) (2003): Green cestrum. Version of 2003-APR-15. Retrieved 2007-NOV-14.
• Reiche, Karl Friedrich (1910): 10. Cestrum L.. In: Estudios criticos sobre la Flora de Chile 5: 372-373. PDF
• Rodrigues, Eliana & Carlini, E.A. (2006): Plants with possible psychoactive effects used by the Krahô Indians, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28(4): 277-282. PDF
• Ulloa Ulloa, Carmen & Jørgensen, Peter Møller (1993): Cestrum. In: Árboles y arbustos de los Andes del Ecuador. Aarhus University Press. ISBN 87-87600-39-0
• United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2007a): Germplasm Resources Information Network - Cestrum. Retrieved 2007-NOV-14.
• United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2007b): USDA Plants Profile: Cestrum. Retrieved 2007-NOV-14.
• Jawale C.S., Kirdak R.V. and Dama L.B. (2010). Larvicidal Activity of Cestrum nocturnum (Solanaceae: Solanales) on Aedes aegypti. Bangladesh J. Pharmacol. 5:39-40.
• Jawale C.S. and Dama L.B. (2010). Hematological changes in the fresh water fish,  Cyprinus carpio exposed to sub-lethal concentration of piscicidal compounds from  Cestrum species (Family : Solanaceae). Nat. J. Life Sci. 7(1): 81-84.
• Jawale C.S., Dama L.B. (2010). Insecticidal potential of Cestrum sp. (Solanaceae:Solanales) against Tribolium castaneumand Tribolium confusum (Herbst)(Coleoptera- Tenebrionidae). Deccan Curr. Sci. 3(2): 155-161.
• Jawale C. S., DamaL. B., Pawar Kishor, Dama S.B. and Shaikh Yasmeen (2012). Cestrum nocturnum (L) A Prospective Piscicide for Control of Predatory Fish Channa punctatus (Bloch.). TrendsFisheries Res. 1(1): 14-17.