Cesare Lombroso

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Cesare Lombroso
Cesare Lombroso
Born	Ezechia Marco Lombroso (1835-11-06)6 November 1835 Verona
Died	19 October 1909(1909-10-19) (aged 73) Turin
Nationality	Italian
Fields	Medicine Criminology
Known for	Italian school of positivist criminology
Influences	Auguste Comte Charles Darwin Francis Galton Bénédict Morel Bartolomeo Panizza Carl Rokitanski^[1]
Influenced	Enrico Ferri Raffaele Garofalo Arnold Aletrino
Signature

Cesare Lombroso (born Ezechia Marco Lombroso; Italian: [ˈtʃɛzare lombˈroso]; 6 November 1835 – 19 October 1909), was an Italian criminologist, physician, and founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology. Lombroso rejected the established Classical School, which held that crime was a characteristic trait of human nature. Instead, using concepts drawn from physiognomy, early eugenics, psychiatry and Social Darwinism, Lombroso's theory of anthropological criminology essentially stated that criminality was inherited, and that someone "born criminal" could be identified by physical defects, which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic.

Life

Criminology and Penology

Schools
Chicago School · Classical School
Conflict Criminology
Environmental Criminology
Feminist School · Frankfurt School
Integrative Criminology
Italian School · Left Realism
Marxist Criminology
Neo-Classical School
Positivist School
Postmodernist School
Right Realism
Criminal justice portal
See also Wikibooks:Social Deviance
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Lombroso was born in Verona, Italy, on 6 November 1835 to a wealthy Jewish family.^[2] His father was Aronne Lombroso, a tradesman from Verona, and his mother was Zeffora (or Zefira) Levi from Chieri near Turin.^[3] He studied literature, linguistics, and archæology at the universities of Padua, Vienna, and Paris, but changed his plans and became an army surgeon in 1859. In 1866 he was appointed visiting lecturer at Pavia, and later took charge of the insane asylum at Pesaro in 1871. He became professor of forensic medicine and hygiene at Turin in 1878.^[4] That year he wrote his most important and influential work, L'uomo delinquente, which went through five editions in Italian and was published in various European languages. However, it was not until 1900 that his work was published in English. Lombroso later became professor of psychiatry (1896) and criminal anthropology (1906) at the same university.^[2] He died in Turin in 1909.^[5]

Concept of criminal atavism

Lombroso's general theory suggested that criminals are distinguished from noncriminals by multiple physical anomalies. He postulated that criminals represented a reversion to a primitive or subhuman type of man characterized by physical features reminiscent of apes, lower primates, and early man and to some extent preserved, he said, in modern "savages". The behavior of these biological "throwbacks" will inevitably be contrary to the rules and expectations of modern civilized society.

Through years of postmortem examinations and anthropometric studies of criminals, the insane, and normal individuals, Lombroso became convinced that the "born criminal" (reo nato, a term given by Ferri) could be anatomically identified by such items as a sloping forehead, ears of unusual size, asymmetry of the face, prognathism, excessive length of arms, asymmetry of the cranium, and other "physical stigmata". Specific criminals, such as thieves, rapists, and murderers, could be distinguished by specific characteristics, he believed. Lombroso also maintained that criminals had less sensibility to pain and touch; more acute sight; a lack of moral sense, including an absence of remorse; more vanity, impulsiveness, vindictiveness, and cruelty; and other manifestations, such as a special criminal argot and the excessive use of tattooing.

Besides the "born criminal", Lombroso also described "criminaloids", or occasional criminals, criminals by passion, moral imbeciles, and criminal epileptics. He recognized the diminished role of organic factors in many habitual offenders and referred to the delicate balance between predisposing factors (organic, genetic) and precipitating factors such as one's environment, opportunity, or poverty.

Lombroso's research methods were clinical and descriptive, with precise details of skull dimension and other measurements. He did not engage in rigorous statistical comparisons of criminals and noncriminals. Although he gave some recognition in his later years to psychological and sociological factors in the etiology of crime, he remained convinced of, and identified with, criminal anthropometry.

Lombroso's theories were disapproved throughout Europe, especially in schools of medicine, but not in the United States, where sociological studies of crime and the criminal predominated. His notions of physical differentiation between criminals and noncriminals were seriously challenged by Charles Goring (The English Convict, 1913), who made elaborate comparisons and found insignificant statistical differences.

Psychiatric art

A photograph of the medium Linda Gazzera with a fake doll, which Lombroso believed to be real ectoplasm.

Lombroso published The Man of Genius in 1889, a book which argued that artistic genius was a form of hereditary insanity. In order to support this assertion, he began assembling a large collection of "psychiatric art". He published an article on the subject in 1880 in which he isolated thirteen typical features of the "art of the insane." Although his criteria are generally regarded as outdated today, his work inspired later writers on the subject, particularly Hans Prinzhorn.

Spiritualism

Later in his life Lombroso began investigating mediumship. Although originally skeptical, he later became a believer in spiritualism.^[6] As an atheist^[7] Lombroso discusses his views on the paranormal and spiritualism in his book After Death – What? (1909) which he believed the existence of spirits and claimed the medium Eusapia Palladino was genuine. In the British Medical Journal on November 9, 1895 an article was published titled Exit Eusapia!. The article questioned the scientific legitimacy of the Society for Psychical Research for investigating Palladino a medium who had a reputation of being a fraud and imposture and was surprised that Lombroso had been deceived by Palladino.^[8]

Edward Clodd wrote "[Lombroso] swallowed the lot at a gulp, from table raps to materialisation of the departed, spirit photographs and spirit voices; every story, old or new, alike from savage and civilised sources, confirming his will to believe."^[9] Lombroso's daughter Gina Ferrero wrote that during the later years of his life Lombroso suffered from arteriosclerosis and his mental and physical health was wrecked. The skeptic Joseph McCabe wrote that because of this it is not surprising that Palladino managed to fool Lombroso into believing spiritualism by her tricks.^[10]

Cultural references

Lombroso was used for the name of the institute in Philip Kerr's techno-thriller A Philosophical Investigation.^[11]

Works

Ricerche sul cretinismo in Lombardia, (1859)
Genio e follia, (1864)
Studi clinici sulle mallatie mentali (1865)
Sulla microcefala e sul cretinismo con applicazione alla medicina legale (1873)
L'uomo delinquente, (1876)
Considerazioni al processo Passannante, (1879)
L'amore nel suicidio e nel delitto, (1881)
L'uomo di genio in rapporto alla psichiatria, (1888, English translation, Man of Genius, London, 1891)
Sulla medicina legale del cadavere, (second edition, 1890)
Palimsesti del carcere, (1891)
Trattato della pellagra, (1892)
Le più recenti scoperte ed applicazioni della psichiatria ed antropologia criminale, (1894)
Gli anarchici, (1894)
L'antisemitismo e le scienze moderne, (1894)
Genio e degenerazione, (1897)
Les Conquêtes récentes de la psychiatrie, (1898)
Le crime; causes et remédes, (1899, English translation, Crime, its Causes and Remedies, Boston, 1911)
Lezioni de medicina legale, (1900)
Delitti vecchi e delitti nuovi, (1902)
Ricerche sui fenomeni ipnotici e spiritic, (1909). He began to believe in the supernatural.

A collection of papers on Lombroso was published under the title L'opera di Cesare Lombroso nella scienza e nelle sue applicazioni, (Turin, 1906).

Works in English translation

(1891) The Man of Genius, Walter Scott.
With William Ferrero (1895) The Female Offender, D. Appleton & Company. Littleton, Colorado: Fred Rothman, (1980).
- Criminal Woman, the Prostitute, and the Normal Woman, Duke University Press, 2003.
(1909) After Death - What?, Small, Maynard & Company.
(1911) Crime: Its Causes and Remedies, Little, Brown, and Company.
With Gina Lombroso-Ferrero (1911) Criminal Man, According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso. New York: Putnam; (1972) Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith.
(2004). The Criminal Anthropological Writings of Cesare Lombroso, Edwin Mellen Press.

Articles

"Illustrative Studies in Criminal Anthropology," The Monist, Vol. I, No. 2, 1890.
"The Physiognomy of the Anarchists," The Monist, Vol. I, No. 3, 1890.^[12]
"Innovation and Inertia in the World of Psychology," The Monist, Vol. I, No. 3, 1890.
"The Modern Literature of Italy Since the Year 1870," The Monist, Vol. I, No. 3, 1890.
"Criminal Anthropology Applied to Pedagogy," The Monist, Vol. VI, No. 1, October 1895.

Other

Arthur MacDonald, Criminology, with an Introduction by Cesare Lombroso, Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1893.
August Drahms, The Criminal, with an Introduction by Cesare Lombroso, The Macmillan Company, 1900.

References

↑ "Lombroso, Cesare." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 1968.
↑ 2.0 2.1 "Cesare Lombroso, A Brief Biography", Brain and Mind (1997).
↑ "Cesare Lombroso, the Inventor of Criminal Anthropology", Museo Criminologico, Italian Ministry of Justice, Department of Penitentiary Administration
↑ "The Cesare Lombroso Museum", Museo Criminologico, Italian Ministry of Justice, Department of Penitentiary Administration
↑ Courtney Kenny, "The Death of Lombroso," Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1910).
↑ Cristina Mazzoni. (1996). Saint hysteria: neurosis, mysticism, and gender in European culture. Cornell University Press. p. 34
↑ Andrea Rondini. (2001). Cosa da pazzi: Cesare Lombroso e la letteratura. Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali. p. 33
↑ The British Medical Journal. (Nov. 9, 1895). Exit Eusapia!. Volume. 2, No. 1819. p. 1182.
↑ Edward Clodd. (1917). The Question: A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism. Grant Richards, London. p. 236
↑ Joseph McCabe. (1920). Scientific Men and Spiritualism: A Skeptic's Analysis. The Living Age. June 12. pp. 652-657.
↑ Philip Kerr, A Philosophical Investigation, Chatto & Windus, 1992.
↑ Michael Schwab, "A Convicted Anarchist's Reply to Professor Lombroso," The Monist, Vol. I, 1890.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cesare Lombroso.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Cesare Lombroso

Works by Cesare Lombroso at Internet Archive
Works by Cesare Lombroso at JSTOR
Works by Cesare Lombroso at Unz.org
Works by Cesare Lombroso at Hathi Trust
Anthropological Criminology North Carolina Wesleyan College
History of profiling North Carolina Wesleyan College
Lombroso, Cesare: Jewish Encyclopedia
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lombroso, Cesare". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press

Authority control	WorldCat VIAF: 59148930 LCCN: n79089220 ISNI: 0000 0001 2134 9488 GND: 118728970 SUDOC: 031856128 BNF: cb12299329c NDL: 00523933 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\006932

Persondata
Name	Lombroso, Cesare
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	6 November 1835
Place of birth	Verona
Date of death	19 October 1909
Place of death	Turin

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