Centaurea cyanus

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"Cornflower" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Cornflour. For the fictional anthropomorphic mouse, see Cornflower (Redwall).
Centaurea cyanus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Tribe: Cynareae
Genus: Centaurea
Species: C. cyanus
Binomial name
Centaurea cyanus
L.

Centaurea cyanus, commonly known as cornflower, bachelor's button, bluebottle, boutonniere flower, hurtsickle or cyani flower, is an annual flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe. "Cornflower" is also used for chicory, and a few other Centaurea species; to distinguish C. cyanus from these it is sometimes called common cornflower. It may also be referred to as basketflower, though the term also refers to the Plectocephalus group of Centaurea, which is probably a distinct genus.

It is an annual plant growing to 16-35 inches tall, with grey-green branched stems. The leaves are lanceolate, 1–4 cm long. The flowers are most commonly an intense blue colour, produced in flowerheads (capitula) 1.5–3 cm diameter, with a ring of a few large, spreading ray florets surrounding a central cluster of disc florets. The blue pigment is protocyanin, which in roses is red.[1]

In the past it often grew as a weed in crop fields, hence its name (fields growing grains such as wheat, barley, rye, or oats are sometimes known as corn fields in the UK). It is now endangered in its native habitat by agricultural intensification, particularly over-use of herbicides, destroying its habitat; in the United Kingdom it has declined from 264 sites to just 3 sites in the last 50 years.[2] In reaction to this, the conservation charity Plantlife named it as one of 101 species it would actively work to bring 'Back from the Brink'.[3] It is also, however, through introduction as an ornamental plant in gardens and a seed contaminant in crop seeds, now naturalised in many other parts of the world, including North America and parts of Australia.

Cultivation

Dried Cornflower as used in tisane & tea blends

It is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens, where several cultivars have been selected with varying pastel colours, including pink and purple. Centaurea is also grown for the cutflower industry in Canada for use by florists. The most common colour variety for this use is a doubled blue variety such as 'Blue Boy' or 'Blue Diadem'. White, pink, lavender and black (actually a very dark maroon) are also used but less commonly. It is also occasionally used as a culinary ornament. Cornflowers have been used and prized historically for their blue pigment. Cornflowers are often used as an ingredient in some tea blends and tisanes,[4] and is famous in the Lady Grey blend of Twinings. Wild cornflower floral water is produced in Provence, France. It is obtained by steam distillation which can be used as a natural mild astringent and antiseptic to prevent eye infections as well as an alcohol-free natural toner. A relative, Centaurea montana, is a perennial plant which is also cultivated as a garden plant. Cornflowers germinate quickly after planting.

Light requirements: full sun. Water requirements: high-average water daily. Soil pH requirements: neutral (6.6-7.5) to mildly alkaline (7.6-7.8).

It flowers from June until August.[5]

The cornflower is considered a beneficial weed, and its edible flower can be used to add colour to salads.

Folklore and symbolism

Logo of Conservative People's Party of Estonia.
Flowering shoot of Cornflower. I. Disk-floret in vertical section.

In folklore, cornflowers were worn by young men in love; if the flower faded too quickly, it was taken as a sign that the man's love was not returned.[6]

In herbalism, a decoction of cornflower is effective in treating conjunctivitis, and as a wash for tired eyes.[7]

The blue cornflower has been the national flower of Estonia since 1968 and symbolizes daily bread to Estonians. It is also the symbol of the Estonian political party, People's Union, the Finnish political party, National Coalition Party, and the Swedish political party, Liberal People's Party, and has since the dawn of the 20th century been a symbol for social liberalism there.[citation needed] It is the official flower of the Swedish province of Östergötland and the school flower of Winchester College.

The blue cornflower was one of the national symbols of Germany.[8] This is partly due to the story that when Queen Louise of Prussia was fleeing Berlin and pursued by Napoleon's forces, she hid her children in a field of cornflowers and kept them quiet by weaving wreaths for them from the flowers. The flower thus became identified with Prussia, not least because it was the same color as the Prussian military uniform.[9] After the unification of Germany in 1871, it went on to became a symbol of the country as a whole. For this reason, in Austria the blue cornflower is a political symbol for pan-German and rightist ideas. Members of the Freedom Party wore it at the opening of the Austrian parliament in 2005.[citation needed]

It was also the favourite flower of Louise's son Kaiser Wilhelm I.[10] Because of its ties to royalty, authors such as Theodor Fontane have used it symbolically, often sarcastically, to comment on the social and political climate of the time.[citation needed]

The cornflower is also often seen as an inspiration for the German Romantic symbol of the Blue Flower.[citation needed]

Due to its traditional association with Germany, the cornflower has been made the official symbol of the annual German-American Steuben Parade.

In France the Bleuet de France is the symbol of the 11th November 1918 armistice and, as such, a common symbol for veterans (especially the now defunct poilus of World War I), similar to the Remembrance poppies worn in the United Kingdom and in Canada.[11]

The cornflower is also the symbol for motor neurone disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.[12]

Cornflowers are sometimes worn by Old Harrovians.

Trivia

It was the favorite flower of John F. Kennedy and was worn by his son, John F. Kennedy, Jr. at his wedding in tribute to his father.[13]

Cornflowers were also used in the funeral wreath made for Pharaoh Tutankhamun.

In paintings

See also

References

  1. ↑ Shiono M, Matsugaki N, Takeda K (2005). "Structure of the blue cornflower pigment". Nature 436 (7052): 791. doi:10.1038/436791a. PMID 16094358. 
  2. ↑ "Action plan for Centaurea cyanus". Ukbap.org.uk. Retrieved 2009-11-05. 
  3. ↑ Gopher Systems Ltd, Pewsey, Wiltshire, UK - Web Design & Development in Southern England. "Plantlife website". Plantlife.org.uk. Retrieved 2009-11-05. 
  4. ↑
  5. ↑ Rose, Francis (1981). The Wild Flower Key. Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 386–387. ISBN 0-7232-2419-6. 
  6. ↑ Howard, Michael. Traditional Folk Remedies (Century, 1987), p.126
  7. ↑ Howard, Michael. Traditional Folk Remedies (Century, 1987), p. 127
  8. ↑ Marcel Cleene; Marie Claire Lejeune (2002). Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe: Herbs. Man & Culture. "The Cornflower was once the floral emblem of Germany (hence the German common name Kaiserblume)." 
  9. ↑ Reid, Marilyn (2007). Mythical Flower Stories. Lulu.com. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-84753-521-4. 
  10. ↑ Coulter, Lynn (2009). Gardening with Heirloom Seeds: Tried-and-True Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables for a New Generation. ReadHowYouWant.com, Limited. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-4587-2217-1. 
  11. ↑ "Le Bleuet de France - Page d'accueil". Bleuetdefrance.fr. Retrieved 2009-11-05. 
  12. ↑ "The Cornflower - an ALS symbol". Als.ca. 2004-05-31. Retrieved 2009-11-05. 
  13. ↑ http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20142438,00.html

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