Celtis reticulata

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Celtis reticulata
Netleaf Hackberry
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Cannabaceae
Genus: Celtis
Species: C. reticulata
Binomial name
Celtis reticulata
Torr.[1]
Natural range of Celtis reticulata

Celtis reticulata, with common names including netleaf hackberry',[2] western hackberry, Douglas hackberry,[3] netleaf sugar hackberry, palo blanco, acibuche,[4] is a small to medium size deciduous tree, native to western North America.[5][6]

Distribution

Prehistoric

Celtis reticulata was one of the species analyzed in a pollen core samplng study in northern Arizona, in which the early to late Holocene flora association was reconstructed; this study in the Waterman Mountains-(Pima County-S.East AZ) demonstrated that C. reticulata was found to be present after the Wisconsinan glaciation, but is not a current taxon of this former Pinyon-juniper woodland area which is now in central and northern Arizona.[7]

Current

The current eastern range of Celtis reticulata is in the Texas-Oklahoma-Kansas-Louisiana hills regions.[8]

The plant's central range includes the Rio Grande region and the Chihuahuan Desert in southern Arizona-New Mexico, western Texas, and northern Sonora-Chihuahua-Coahuila. It also is found in Arizona and Sonora in the Madrean Sky Islands of the northern Sierra Madre Occidental; and in the White Mountains and Mogollon Rim of Arizona. It occurs at the Colorado River from the Grand Canyon northeast through Utah to western Colorado.[6]

The plant's western range includes the Columbia River Basin of Oregon, Washington, and western Idaho.[9] It is also found in Southern California in: the southwestern Sierra Nevada foothills; the Peninsular Ranges and eastern Transverse Ranges; and the Mojave Desert sky islands.[10]

Description

Usually Celtis reticulata forms a small sized tree, twenty to thirty feet (6 to 10 m) in height and mature at six (15 cm) to ten inches (25 cm) in diameter, although some individuals are known up to 70 feet high. It is often scraggly, stunted or even a large bush.[11] It grows at elevations from 500–1,700 metres (1,600–5,600 ft).[10]

Morphology

  • Bark: The bark is grey to brownish grey with the trunk bark forming vertical corky ridges that is checkered between the furrows. The young twigs are covered with very fine hairs (puberulent).
  • Leaves: The blade of the leaves are half an inch to three inches (2-8 cm) long, usually about two inches (5-6 cm). They are lanceolate to ovate, unequal at the base, leathery, entire to serrate (tending toward serrate), upper surface dark green, lower surface yellowish green, clearly net-veined, base obtuse to +- cordate, tip obtuse to acuminate, scabrous. The small stalks attaching the leaf blade to the stem (the petioles) are generally about 5 to 6 mm long
  • Flowers: The flowers are very small averaging 1/12 of an inch (2 mm) across. They form singly, or in cymose clusters[12] pedicel in fr 4-15 mm.
  • Fruit: 5-12 mm diameter, brownish to purple, pulp thin.

[13][6]

Often confused with the related species Celtis pallida, the spiny hackberry or desert hackberry, Celtis occidentalis, the common hackberry, and Celtis laevigata, the sugarberry or southern hackberry.

Uses

Food

The leaves are eaten by a number of insects, particularly certain moth caterpillars.

The fruits were eaten by the Apache, Chiricahua, and Mescalero, fresh and preserved for food.[14]

Cultivation

Celtis reticulata is cultivated by plant nurseries and available as an ornamental plant for: native plant, drought tolerant, natural landscape, and habitat gardens; and for ecological restoration projects.[15]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Celtis reticulata.
  • Little. Atlas of United States Trees, Volume 3, Minor Western Hardwoods, Little, Elbert L, 1976, US Government Printing Office. Library of Congress No. 79-653298. Map 33-NW, Map 33-SW, Celtis reticulata.
  • Michaus. François André Michaux, John Jay Smith, Augustus Lucas Hillhouse, Thomas Nuttall. 1859. The North American sylva, Volume 4

Line notes

  1. ↑  C. reticulata was first described and published in Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 1: 247. 1824. "Name - Celtis reticulata Torr.". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved August 25, 2010. 
  2. ↑ "Celtis reticulata Torr." Germplasm Resources Information Network
  3. ↑ DeBolt, Ann M. (2002) "Celtis reticulata Torr. netleaf hackberry" United States Forest Service
  4. ↑ Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower database,
  5. ↑ "Netleaf Hackberry" Tree New Mexico
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CELAR&mapType=large&photoID=celar_001_ahp.tif USDA: profile
  7. ↑ C. Michael Hogan. 2009
  8. ↑ Little, Atlas of United States Trees, Volume 3, Minor Western Hardwoods, Map 33-NW, Map 33-SW, Celtis reticulata.
  9. ↑ Little, Map 33-NW, Map 33-SW, Celtis reticulata.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7729,7730,7731 Jepson
  11. ↑ "Index of Species Information: Celtis reticulata" United States Forest Service
  12. ↑ Benson, Lyman D. and Darrow, Robert A. (1981) "Celtis: Hackberry, Palo Blanco" Trees and Shrubs of the Southwestern Deserts (3rd edition) University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, pages 154-155 ISBN 0-8165-0591-8
  13. ↑ Jepson, Willis Linn (1993) The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California (edited by James C. Hickman) University of California Press, Berkeley, California, p. 1081, ISBN 0-520-08255-9
  14. ↑ http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Rhus+microphylla U.Michigan: Ethnobotany
  15. ↑ http://plants.usda.gov/java/charProfile?symbol=CELAR USDA: Plant Characteristics

External links

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