Causa Wulff

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Causa Wulff[1] refers to several political scandals that ultimately led to the resignation of Christian Wulff as President of the Federal Republic of Germany. In the beginning, there were questions concerning the purchase of a house for which Wulff had accepted a loan from an entrepreneur family with whom he was friends.

In this context, Wulff tried to massively influence the media coverage in the run-up to the breaking of the scandal. Additional investigations were launched into Wulff’s political dealing with various entrepreneurs with whom he and his family spent their private vacations. Since it was not clear who had paid for these holidays, Wulff was subsequently accused of favoritism and unethical behavior. After the district attorney’s office in Hanover had requested the lifting of his immunity on February 16, 2012, Wulff resigned as German President the following day.

Background

In January 2010, German media reported that Christian Wulff, then Minister-President of Lower Saxony, had accepted a complimentary flight upgrade from Air Berlin for a family trip to Miami on September 15, 2009.[2] In doing so, he had violated the ministerial laws of Lower Saxony, which prohibits members of the state government from accepting gifts with a value above 10 Euro.[3] Subsequently, Wulff paid the difference of 3,000 Euro to Air Berlin as compensation for his flight upgrade.[4] Following this incident, the Green faction in the state parliament of Lower Saxony launched a parliamentary inquiry to get information about potential business dealings between Wulff and the local entrepreneur Egon Geerkens.[5] In responding to this inquiry, the State Chancellery of Lower Saxony denied any business relationship between Wulff and Geerkens.[6] In June 2010, Wulff was elected German President.[7]

Following rumors about possible favors obtained by Wulff in connection with the purchase of a house in early 2009,[8] the news magazine Der Spiegel contacted the local registry of deeds on December 14, 2010 to demand access to his files.[9] This request was denied on December 16, 2010, prompting Der Spiegel to call on the Higher Regional Court in Celle to overturn that decision.[10] After that court only partially overturned the earlier determination,[10] Der Spiegel appealed to the Federal Court of Justice, which sustained the appeal and ordered the registry of deeds to grant the news magazine access to Wulff’s files.[9][10] On October 20, 2011, Der Spiegel accessed the registry of deeds and found out that the house had a lien of 500,000 Euro against it and that the Stuttgart-based BW Bank had provided a financing loan of 415,000 Euro.[10]

Loan scandal

In an email sent to Wulff on November 28, 2011, the German tabloid Bild requested additional information concerning the details of this house purchase.[11] On December 5, 2011 Olaf Glaeseker, then Wulff’s spokesperson, provided a copy of the loan agreement,[11] which showed that entrepreneur Erich Geerkens’ wife Edith had given a loan of 500,000 Euro to Wulff in the Fall of 2008. The loan carried a very favorable interest rate of only four percent and contained no repayment provision.[12]

On December 10, 2011, Bild contacted Wulff again via email and asked why he had not disclosed the loan contract with Edith Geerkens when responding to the parliamentary inquiry in February 2010 and whether he had tried to deceive the state parliament of Lower Saxony. In addition, “Bild’ requested detailed information about the financial transactions between Geerkens and Wulff. At the time of this request, Wulff was on an official visit in Dubai.[11]

On December 12, 2011, Bild reported about the loan from Edith Geerkens to Wulff and raised the question whether he had misled Lower Saxony's State Parliament in February 2010.[13]

On December 13, 2011, the German Federal Presidential Office confirmed Edith Geerken's loan to Wulff and declared that he had correctly responded to the parliamentary inquiry as the funds were provided by Mrs. Geerkens and that there was therefore no business relationship between Wulff and Egon Geerkens.[14]

On December 15, 2011, Wulff released a written statement reiterating that he did not have a business relationship with Mr. Geerkens and that he had correctly responded to the parliamentary inquiry. At the same time, he expressed regrets that he may have created a wrong impression. Wulff declared that he had paid back Edith Geerkens in full in March 2010 by taking on a short-term, flexible-interest rate loan from Stuttgart-based BW-Bank through contacts arranged by Egon Geerkens. In the meantime, Wulff said, this loan had been converted into a long-term loan.[15][16]

In an article published on December 16, 2011, Der Spiegel quotes Egon Geerkens as saying that it was him who had led the loan negotiations with Wulff. While the money did indeed come from his wife's bank account, Egon Geerkens stated that he had signed the cheque and given it to Wulff.[17][18][19]

On December 18, 2011, Wulff's lawyers published a list of personal holiday trips where he had been hosted as a house guest by friends. Six such trips were listed for the 2003-2010 period, including stays with Mr. and Mrs. Geerkens, with Carsten Maschmeyer and Wolf-Dieter Baumgartl.[20] One day later, journalists were given access to this list[21] along with documents pertaining to the controversial loan.[22]

On December 21, 2011, Wulff's lawyer confirmed that Egon Geerkens was involved in the loan negotiations[23] and that he also participated in the prior search for a suitable property.[24]

The following day, Wulff suddenly relieved his long-time spokesman and advisor Olaf Glaeseker of his duties. German media reported that it was Glaeseker who had asked for his resignation because of fears that the ongoing investigation could compromise his family's privacy.[23] On December 22, 2011, Wulff also held a press conference where he apologized for his conduct in connection with the loan scandal.[25] Wulff conceded that he should have made his personal records available more quickly, "that was not straightforward and I am sorry," he said.[26] At the same time, he stressed his desire to stay in office and asked the German people to give him their trust.[25] That same day, the district attorney's office in Hanover also announced that it would not launch a formal investigation into Wulff's loan dealings.[23][27]

During the evening of December 22, reports surfaced that in March 2010, the government of Lower Saxony under Wulff may have given a false response to a parliamentary inquiry related to the funding and organization of the so-called "Nord-Sued Dialog", an event designed to promote the public image of the states of Lower Saxony and Baden-Wuerttemberg. In March 2010, the state government of Lower Saxony had denied any financial or organizational ties to this event, which had been organized by the event manager Manfred Schmidt.[28]

On December 27, 2011, it became known that the supervisory board of BW-Bank, which had provided Wulff with a loan to pay back the Geerkens loan, requested additional information concerning this transaction as that body had previously not been informed of the loan.[29]

On December 30, 2011, BW-Bank provided the German public with the details of its business relationship with Wulff. Accordingly, the first talks between Wulff and the bank started in December 2009 and were arranged by Egon Geerkens. On March 21, 2010, these negotiations led to the signing of a "short-term, flexible-interest rate loan" which Wulff used to pay back Edith Geerkens. On December 12, 2011, the bank sent Wulff a contract to convert the short-term flexible interest-rate loan into a long-term loan. BW-Bank received the contract signed by Wulff on December 21. The contract mentions January 16, 2012 as the start date. Critics charged that Wulff had not yet finalized the long-term loan when he made his public statement on December 15, 2011. In response, Wulff's lawyers declared that the interest rate for this loan had already been fixed as of November 15, 2011.[30]

On December 31, 2011, Der Spiegel raised the question whether the conditions of Wulff's BW-Bank loan were somehow connected to his role in the take-over of Porsche by carmaker Volkswagen. As member of the Volkswagen supervisory board, Wulff played an important role in making this take-over possible.[31] However, all parties concerned denied any possible connection to the BW-Bank loan.[32]

Media scandal

On December 31, 2011 it was reported that Wulff had tried to call Bild editor-in-chief Kai Diekmann on December 12, 2011, one day before the tabloid's first article on the loan scandal.[33] Wulff, who was on a state visit in the Persian Gulf region at the time, left an aggressive message on Diekmann's cellphone mailbox and threatened to take legal steps against the concerned journalists if Bild were to publish the article. In this context, Wulff also spoke of a "final break" and "war" between him and Bild.[31] Furthermore, Wulff also tried to intervene by calling Matthias Doepfner, CEO of the "Axel-Springer" pulishing house that owns Bild, and left a similarly aggressive message on his mailbox. Doepfner called Wulff back but rejected his demands.[31][34] Two days later, Wulff apologized to Diekmann for his call.[35] After Wulff's attempts to interfere with Bild coverage of the loan scandal became public he was widely criticized for his conduct.[31][36]

TV interview and 400 questions

On January 4, 2012, Wulff gave an interview to both the ARD and ZDF German national television channels.[37][38][39] Wulff admitted personal wrongdoings, and referred to his call to Kai Diekmann as a "grave mistake".[40][41] Wulff indicated that by calling Diekmann he had only tried to delay, but not to prevent publication of the article.[42] In contrast, Wulff defended both his private vacations with entrepreneur friends[43] and the personal loan from Edith Geerkens.[40] Wulff declared that journalists had sent him a list of more than 400 questions, and announced that he would publish all questions and answers on the Internet.[43]

Kai Diekmann rejected Wulff's characterization of his mailbox message and asked for the president's permission to make the recording public. Wulff did not authorize the release of that message.[44][45] In contrast to Wulff's earlier announcement to publish all questions and answers related to the loan scandal online, his law firm issued only a six-page summary on January 5, 2012 and placed it online, as a press release.[46] On January 10, 2012 Wulff's lawyer declared that a more detailed release of information was impossible because of attorney-client privilege restrictions.[47][48][49] Within a week several newspapers began making use of their right to publish their own enquiries with the respective responses.[50][51] On January 18, 2012 after a barrage of criticism from within Wulff's own party,[52] including Chancellor Merkel,[53] his lawyer released a total of 237 pages with question and answers related to the loan scandal and put it online.[54][55] His lawyer also presented online transcripts of legally released interviews by journalists.[56]

David Groenewold and Nord-Sued-Dialog

On January 14, 2012 it was reported that the media executive David Groenewold had invited the Wulff couple to the Octoberfest 2008 in Munich and covered part of their hotel bill - without their knowledge, according to Groenewold.[57][58] On January 16, 2012 the district attorney's office in Hanover declared that there was not yet an initial suspicion but that the investigations was still on-going - especially in light of Wulff's hotel upgrade paid for by Groenewold that had just became public shortly before.[59]

In connection with the Nord-Sued-Dialog it was reported on January 18 that Wulff had gotten actively involved in reaching out to potential sponsors. A spokesperson for the insurance company "Talanx" confirmed that its CEO Herbert Haas had ben approached by Wulff. Talanx ended up supporting the event with 10,000 Euro.[60]

On January 19, 2012 the district attorney's office in Hanover searched the home and offices of Wulff's former spokesman Olaf Glaeseker as part of its investigation into potential corruption in connection with the Nord-Sued-Dialog. The raid was based on accusations that Glaeseker, during his time in public office, had strongly promoted the event's organization and fundraising activities in exchange for free personal holidays in the vacation homes of Nord-Sued-Dialog event manager Manfred Schmidt. Schmidt's offices were also searched that day.[61]

On January 20, 2012 it becomes known that the state chancellery of Lower Saxony led by Wulff was actively involved in conducting the Nord-Sued-Dialog 2009. For example, Wulff's then-spokesman Olaf Glaeseker had requested 44 students from the Hanover's Medical University as service personnel but had failed to pay the subsequent invoice sent by the state of Lower Saxony.[62] Furthermore, Glaeseker had instructed the Lower Saxonian agriculture ministry to pay for 800 cook books that were distributed to the guests of the Nord-Sued-Dialog.[63] A few days later, on January 24, 2012 it was confirmed that Glaeseker had also reached out to potential sponsors of the Nord-Sued-Dialog 2009 on behalf of Wulff.[64] On January 26, 2012 the district attorney's office in Hanover ordered a search of Glaeseker's former office in the German Federal Presidential Office and seized various documents and computers.[65][66]

Developments leading up to the Resignation

On January 30, 2012, it became known that Egon Geerkens had been a client of Wulff's former law firm until 2004. Furthermore, Geerkens had rented office space to the law firm until 2007. In response, the law firm declared that Wulff had not worked for them since 1994. This was confirmed by Wulff's lawyer.[67]

Following media reports that the Wulff couple had benefited from exceptionally favorable conditions in connection with the leasing of an Audi Q3, the district attorney's office in Berlin launches a probe to investigate potential favoritism. Wulff's lawyer and Audi rejected those allegations. In this context, Audi declared that the agreed monthly leasing rate of 850 Euro was "in line with market conditions".[68]

On February 8, 2012, there are media reports about a joint vacation of the Wulff family and David Groenewold on the island of Sylt that was booked and paid for by Groenewold.[69] In this context, Wulff declared that he had immediately reimbursed Groenewold for his share of the hotel bill in cash upon check-out.[70][71]

In view of the fact that David Groenwold had previously received credit guarantees from Lower Saxony worth several million Euro, German media report on February 9, 2012 that the district attorney's office in Hanover had launched an investigation into potential favoritism charges in connection with the Sylt vacation.[72]

On February 16 the district attorney's office in Hanover requests the lifting of Wulff's presidential immunity due to well-founded initial suspicions of favoritism and unethical behavior.[73][74]

On February 17, 2012, Wulff resigned as German Federal President.[75][76][77][78] As a reason for his resignation, Wulff stated that "(the German people's) trust and thus his effectiveness have been seriously damaged" and that "for this reason it is no longer possible for him to exercise the office of president at home and abroad as required."[79] A new presidential election was required within a month to elect his successor. Until the new President was elected, Horst Seehofer of the Christian Social Union (CSU) was acting president.[80] The new president, Joachim Gauck, was elected on 18 March by a Federal Convention.[81]

Further developments

After the request by the district attorney's office in Hanover to lift Wulff's immunity had been leaked to the press, there were media reports that the prosecutors had questioned Wulff's explanation that he reimbursed Groenwold in cash upon check-out of the hotel in Sylt in August 2008. The investigations showed no corresponding withdrawals on Wulff's bank account that would back up his claim. In view of Wulff's negative account balance leading up to the Sylt vacation, prosecutors deemed the possibility that Wulff had kept a cash gift from December 2007 until August 2008 as "economically unwise".[82]

On February 26, 2012 further details emerged regarding the cash gifts that Wulff received in December 2007. According to Wulff, he received 1,000 Euro as a birthday present and a Christmas present of 2,500 Euro from his mother-in-law to his wife Bettina. Six days after receipt of the birthday gift, the Wulffs left for a Sylt vacation in December 2007. Regarding the Sylt trip in August 2008, the district attorney's office said that they had questioned Wulff's cash reimbursement explanation because there was an eight-month gap between the Christmas gift in December and the Sylt vacation in August 2008 and because Wulff's bank account was in the red by more than 10,000 Euro in July 2008.[83]

On March 1, 2012, the district attorney searched the home and offices of David Groenewold with his permission and seized a large volume of documents and data.[84]

One day later, the district attorney searched Wulff's personal home and seized one computer among other things. Since the search was conducted with the persmission of the Wulff family, no search warrant was required.[85]

On June 1, it became known that the district attorney's office in Berlin had closed its probe into allegations that Wulff had engaged in unethical behavior in connection with, among other things, the leasing of an Audi Q3. The investigation did not yield firm evidence backing up these accusations.[86]

In January 2013, an report by the State Police Office in Hanover becomes public indicating that the investigators were not able to find evidence of corruption that could be used in court.[87] Wulff's mother-in-law had confirmed his statement regarding the cash gifts to her daughter. According to Wulff, that money was used to pay for hotel stays. Furthermore, the investigators confirmed the legality of Wulff's room upgrader at a Munich hotel by David Groenewold in 2008. Since Wulff had the right to be reimbursed for this trip by the State of Lower Saxony, he did not derive a personal benefit from the upgrade. According to the investigators, this refuted the claims of corruption leveled at Wulff.[88]

On January 26, 2013, German media reported about a letter from David Groenewold to Wulff dated September 29, 2008. The letter had been turned over by the State Chancellery of Lower Saxony to the district attorney's office in Hanover in late 2012. In this letter, Groenewold had asked Wulff for support in the marketing of his movie "John Rabe". In particular, the letter referred to the company "Siemens" which Groenewold had not yet managed to secure as a sponsor. In late 2008, Wulff wrote a letter to Siemens CEO Peter Loescher and asked for his support of this movie. The district attorney's office subsequently called on two of Wulff's former aides as witnesses in the investigation.[89][90]

In February 2013 further details emerge about Wulff's personal finances between 2007 and 2011. According to the district attorney leading the investigation, Wulff found himself in a permanently strained financial situation with a bank account that was at times more than 80,000 in the red.[91]

In March 2013 the Hanover district attorney offered Wullf and Groenwold to settle the case in exchange for a fine.[92] On April 9, Wulff announced that he had rejected this deal.[93] Three days later the prosecution filed corruption charges against Wulf.[94][95][96] The only remaining allegation against him concern a Munich hotel and food bill of 770 Euro paid by Groenwold.[97] On August 27, 2013, the Hanover regional court announced that it would try Wulff on accepting unfair advantages,[98] after downgrading the initial corruption charges.[99]

References

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  2. ↑ "Familienurlaub in Florida: Teurer Billigflug für Christian Wulff" (in German). SPIEGEL ONLINE. 16 January 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  3. ↑ "Wulff gesteht Verstoß gegen Ministergesetz" (in German). SPIEGEL ONLINE. 21 January 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  4. ↑ "Luxusflug nach Miami: Ministerpräsident Wulff räumt Fehler ein" (in German). SPIEGEL ONLINE. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  5. ↑ "Mündliche Anfragen gemäß § 47 der Geschäftsordnung des Niedersächsischen Landtages" (in German). Niedersächsischer Landtag. 10 February 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  6. ↑ "Stenografischer Bericht 63. Sitzung" (in German). Niedersächsischer Landtag. 18 February 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  7. ↑ "Poor Showing for German Presidential Winner". The New York Times. 30 June 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  8. ↑ "Chronik der Affäre Wulff: Die Vorwürfe, sein Kampf ums Amt, die Folgen" (in German). FOCUS Online. 17 November 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Wie Wulffs Kreditaffäre bekannt wurde" (in German). Süddeutsche.de. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 "Verführerischer Kredit" (in German). DER SPIEGEL. 17 December 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "So deckte BILD die Wulff-Affäre auf" (in German). Bild. 18 February 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
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  13. ↑ "Hat Wulff das Parlament getäuscht?" (in German). Bild.de. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
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  33. ↑ "Im Schatten der Wahrheit" (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
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  35. ↑ "German President Christian Wulff in furore over loan". BBC NEWS. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  36. ↑ "'Wulff Has Destroyed His Last Remnants of Credibility'". Spiegel Online International. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2012. 
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  41. ↑ "President Wulff clings on". The Local. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2012. 
  42. ↑ "German President Retreats on Openness". The New York Times. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
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  44. ↑ "German President Christian Wulff's home loan row erupts". BBC NEWS. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
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  49. ↑ "400 Fragen - keine Antworten: Wulff hat zu viel versprochen" (in German). n-tv. 10 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
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  55. ↑ "Die große Lehr-Stunde" (in German). stern.de. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
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  58. ↑ "Oktoberfest Upgrade: German President Received Hotel Bill Help". SPIEGEL ONLINE International. 16 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
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  60. ↑ "Wulff an Sponsorensuche beteiligt" (in German). ZEIT ONLINE. 18 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  61. ↑ "Durchsuchung bei Wulffs ehemaligem Sprecher" (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  62. ↑ "Wulff steckt tief in der Glaeseker-Falle" (in German). Neue Presse. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  63. ↑ "Wulffs Regierung belog das Parlament" (in German). Hannoversche Allgemeine. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  64. ↑ "NDR-Bericht: Wulff soll von Sponsorenwerbung gewusst haben" (in German). SPIEGEL ONLINE. 24 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  65. ↑ "Glaesekers Büro im Präsidialamt durchsucht" (in German). ZEIT ONLINE. 29 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  66. ↑ "Wulffs Ex-Sprecher unter Druck: Büro von Glaeseker im Bundespräsidialamt durchsucht" (in German). FOCUS Online. 29 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  67. ↑ "Wulffs Kanzlei soll Kreditgeber Geerkens vertreten haben" (in German). SPIEGEL ONLINE. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  68. ↑ "Auto für Wulff beschäftigt die Berliner Justiz" (in German). DER TAGESSPIEGEL. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  69. ↑ "Wulff-Freund Groenewold beklagt "konstruierten Vertuschungsvorwurf"" (in German). Süddeutsche.de. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  70. ↑ "Bericht über Vertuschung: Sylt-Reise bringt Wulff in Erklärungsnot" (in German). SPIEGEL ONLINE. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  71. ↑ "Habe Groenewold das Geld fürs Hotel bar gegeben" (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine. 8 February. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  72. ↑ "Verdacht der Vorteilsnahme: Wulff-Freund Groenewold bekam Millionenbürgschaften aus Niedersachsen" (in German). FOCUS Online. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  73. ↑ "Staatsanwaltschaft will Wulffs Immunität aufheben lassen" (in German). ZEIT ONLINE. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  74. ↑ "Anfangsverdacht gegen Bundespräsident Christian Wulff und David Groenewold" (in German). Staatsanwaltschaft Hannover. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
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  76. ↑ "Search for Wulff's Successor Begins". SPIEGEL ONLINE International. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  77. ↑ "Germany President Christian Wulff resigns amid scandal". Los Angeles Times. 18 February 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
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  79. ↑ "German president quits over scandal – Europe". Al Jazeera English. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2012. 
  80. ↑ Chris Morris (17 February 2012). "BBC News – German President Wulff quits in home loan scandal". BBC. Retrieved 17 February 2012. 
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  82. ↑ "Schreiben an den Bundestag:Ermittler zweifeln die Bargeld-Version der Wulffs an" (in German). FOCUS Online. 22 January 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  83. ↑ "Christian Wulff verteidigt sich: Schwiegermutter soll den Sylt-Urlaub gezahlt haben" (in German). FOCUS Online. 26 February 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  84. ↑ "Wulff-Freund: Staatsanwaltschaft durchsucht Groenewold-Räume" (in German). SPIEGEL ONLINE. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  85. ↑ "Großburgwedel: Ermittler durchsuchen Haus von Christian Wulff" (in German). SPIEGEL ONLINE. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  86. ↑ "Ex-Bundespräsident: Berliner Staatsanwaltschaft stellt Ermittlungen gegen Wulff ein" (in German). SPIEGEL ONLINE. 1 June 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  87. ↑ "LKA findet keine Beweise gegen Christian Wulff" (in German). DIE WELT. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  88. ↑ "LKA-Ermittler finden keine Beweise für Korruption - Schwiegermutter rettet Wulff vor dem Richter" (in German). Bild. 13 January 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  89. ↑ "Überraschungsfund für Ermittlungen: Groenewold-Brief könnte Wulff in Bedrängnis bringen" (in German). FOCUS Online. 26 January 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  90. ↑ "Neuer Brief von Groenewold an Wulff aufgetaucht" (in German). DIE WELT. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  91. ↑ "Ex-Bundespräsident hatte fast 80 000 Euro Schulden auf seinem Konto" (in German). FOCUS Online. 17 February 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  92. ↑ "German ex-president offered settlement deal". Deutsche Welle. 16 February 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  93. ↑ "Wulff rejects legal deal over corruption allegations". Deutsche Welle. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  94. ↑ "German ex-President Christian Wulff charged with corruption". Deutsche Welle. 12 April 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  95. ↑ "Former German President Wulff charged with corruption". BBC NEWS. 12 April 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  96. ↑ "Germany: Former President Wulff Charged". The New York Times. 12 April 2013. 
  97. ↑ "The hounding of a president". The Economist. 20 April 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013. 
  98. ↑ "Ex-German president Wulff to be tried on accepting unfair advantages". UPI.com. 27 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013. 
  99. ↑ "Wulff: from president to defendant". Deutsche Welle. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013. 
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