Catullus 16
Pedicabo ego vos et irrumabo is the first line, sometimes used as a title, of Carmen 16 in the collected poems of Gaius Valerius Catullus (ca. 84 BC – ca. 54 BC). The poem, written in a hendecasyllabic (11-syllable) meter, was considered so explicit that a full English translation was not published until the late twentieth century.[1] The first line has been called "one of the filthiest expressions ever written in Latin — or in any other language, for that matter."[2]
Carmen 16 is significant in literary history as an artistic work censored for its obscenity, but also because the poem raises questions about the proper relation of the poet, or his life, to the work.[3] Later Latin poets referenced the poem not for its ear-searing invective, but as a justification for subject matter that challenged the prevailing decorum or moral orthodoxy. Ovid,[4] Pliny the Younger,[5] Martial,[6] and Apuleius[7] all evoked the authority of Catullus in asserting that while the poet should be a respectable person, his work should not be constrained or restricted.[8]
Censored editions
Several editions of Catullus' works omit the more explicit parts of the poem. A noteworthy example is the 1924 Loeb edition: this omits lines 1 and 2 from the English translation, but includes them in the Latin; lines 7-14 are omitted from both Latin and English; a later Loeb edition[9] gives the complete text in both languages. Other editions have been published with the explicit words blanked out.[10]
NPR bleep censored the first line of Catullus 16, both in Latin and English translation in the radiophonic exchange between Guy Raz and Mary Beard in 2009.[11] C. H. Sisson writes “the obscenity of Catullus has long been a stumbling block”. He follows Loeb, omitting poem lines as non sequitur:
because it seems to me that the poem is better without them (the last eight lines). In the shorter version, Catullus is making a point (as always): the additional lines are probably spurious. It is unlike Catullus to exalt the pornographic quality of what he wrote; his mind was too much on his subject.[8]
Thomas Nelson Winter notes:
In the sense that this is the normal language of those to whom he directs the poem, it is not obscene. Obscenity, like beauty, is in the eyes of the beholder.[8]
Social and literary context
The poem raises questions about the proper relation of the poet, or his life, to the work.[3][12] Catullus addresses the poem to two men, Furius and Aurelius. Furius refers to Marcus Furius Bibaculus, a first-century poet who had an affair with Juventius, Catullus' lover. Aurelius refers to Marcus Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messalinus, a first-century consul, or senator, during the Julio-Claudian dynasty.[13][14][15]
Those two men either together or singly also appear in so called Catullus' Furius and Aurelius "cycle", in poems 11, 15, 21, 23, 24 and 26. The cycle considers sexual themes and with the exception of Catullus 11 uses an abusive language toward the two.[16] The two are described elsewhere as fellow members of Catullus' cohort of friends: comites Catulli.[12] According to Catullus 16, Furius and Aurelius find Catullus's verses to be molliculi ("tender" or "delicate"), implicating that the author is an effeminate poet.[16] According to T. P. Wiseman, Catullus speaks about himself in feminine terms even in his love poetry. Catullus's gentle attitude left him vulnerable in the cynical and cruel environment of Roman high society.[17] The criticism of Furius and Aurelius was directed at Catullus 5, apparently from "many thousands of kisses" at line 12. Kenneth Quinn observes:
16.12 comes closest to the words of Poem 5, especially at 5.10. Comparing these two lines makes it extremely tempting to ascribe the reference to Poem 5 and to Poem 5 alone, especially since this assumption explains neatly the accusation, defense, and counter-accusation of Poem 16.[8]
Catullus maligns the two and threatens them with rape.[12] According to T. P. Wiseman, Catullus used the obscenity to get his message that "soft" poetry could be more arousing than explicit description to "sensibilities so much cruder than his own".[17] According to Thomas Nelson Winter, Catullus could still claim that he has a pure life (79.16), despite the self evidence of pederasty (poems 14, 109) with and his love of a married woman (poem 83 mentions Lesbia’s husband).
Apparently Catullus and his contemporaries believed a man could do almost anything sexually and remain respectable, so long as he stayed within the masculine role. Thus Catullus’ insistence on his own propriety and on his potent manhood is all one. Catullus is a proper man.[8]
Craig Arthur Williams says Catullus 16 demonstrates that in Roman ideology of masculine vir, a man is not compromised by his penetration of other males, in fact his manhood status is bolstered.[18] Mary Beard finds the poem's message to be ironic:[19]
You can't tell a man from his verses. And 'pedicabo ego vos et irrumabo' for saying you can. But the joke is (or rather one of the jokes in this complicated little poem) -- if you cant [sic] infer from his kiss-y verses that [Catullus] is effeminate, then neither can you infer from his poetic threats of violent penetration that he is capable of that either.
Latin text and translation
 Catullus 16 (English), read by Louis Zukofsky, PennSound |
| Line | Latin text | English translation[20][21][22][23] |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pedicabo ego vos et irrumabo, | I will sodomize you and face-fuck you, |
| 2 | Aureli pathice et cinaede Furi, | bottom Aurelius and catamite Furius, |
| 3 | qui me ex versiculis meis putastis, | you who think, because my poems |
| 4 | quod sunt molliculi, parum pudicum. | are sensitive, that I have no shame. |
| 5 | Nam castum esse decet pium poetam | For it's proper for a devoted poet to be moral |
| 6 | ipsum, versiculos nihil necessest; | himself, [but] in no way is it necessary for his poems. |
| 7 | qui tum denique habent salem ac leporem, | In point of fact, these have wit and charm, |
| 8 | si sunt molliculi ac parum pudici | if they are sensitive and a little shameless, |
| 9 | et quod pruriat incitare possunt, | and can arouse an itch, |
| 10 | non dico pueris, sed his pilosis | and I don't mean in boys, but in those hairy old men |
| 11 | qui duros nequeunt movere lumbos. | who can't get it up.[24] |
| 12 | Vos, quod milia multa basiorum | Because you've read my countless kisses,[25] |
| 13 | legistis, male me marem putatis? | you think less of me as a man? |
| 14 | Pedicabo ego vos et irrumabo. | I will sodomize you and face-fuck you. |
Micaela Wakil Janan offers the following modern English prose translation of the poem:
Fuck you, boys, up the butt and in the mouth, you queer Aurelius and you fag Furius! You size me up, on the basis of my poems, because they're a little sexy, as not really decent. A poet has to live clean – but not his poems. They only have spice and charm, if somewhat sexy and really not for children – if, in fact, they cause body talk (I'm not talking in teenagers, but in hairy old men who can barely move their stiff bums). But you, because you happen to read about "many thousands of kisses," you think I'm not a man? Fuck you, boys, up the butt and in the mouth![26]
Sexual terminology
Latin is an exact language for obscene acts, such as pedicabo and irrumabo, which appear in the first and last lines of the poem. The term pedicare is a transitive verb, meaning to "insert one's penis into another person's anus",[27] and derives from an analogous Greek word, παιδικω, itself derived ultimately from the Greek word παις, παιδος (child). The term cinaedus in line 2 refers to the "bottom" person in that act, i.e., the one being penetrated.[28] The term irrumare is likewise a transitive verb, meaning to "insert one's penis into another person's mouth for suckling",[29] and derives from the Latin word, ruma meaning "teat". A male who suckles a penis is denoted as a fellator or, equivalently, a pathicus (line 2).[30] Catullus neither confirms nor denies the claim of Aurelius and Furius that he is "not a man", since sexual slang "irrumare" and "pedicare" while having sexual slang meaning of homosexuality, could also mean as little as "go to hell".[26]
Pedagogy
Paul Allen Miller says Catullus 16 helps students to reflect and think differently about:
- the historical mutability of socially accepted behavior
- the constructed nature of sexual identity
- the nature and function of gender
- the omnipresence and play of both power and resistance
- the admonitory and optative function of poetic art[31]
Notes
- ↑ "Catullus Purified: A Brief History of Carmen 16". Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ Harry Mount, "Mark Lowe is right: The Romans said it better," Telegraph.co.uk 25 Nov 2009, online.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mary Beard, "Pedicabo ego vos et irrumabo: what was Catullus on about?" Times 25 November 2009, A Don's Life blog.
- ↑ Ovid, Tristia 2.353–354.
- ↑ Pliny the Younger, Epistulae 4.14.
- ↑ Martial, Epigrams 1.36.10–11.
- ↑ Apuleius, Apologia 11.3.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Winter, Thomas Nelson (1973). "Catullus Purified: A Brief History of Carmen 16". Arethusa 6: 257–265.
- ↑ "Publisher references censorship for consideration of decency in former edition". Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ "translation of poem that leaves out obscene words". Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ Ted Scheinman (December 14, 2009). "NPR on Naughty Catullus Poem: Alea Redacta Est". Washington City Paper. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Ralph J. Hexter; Daniel L. Selden (10 November 1992). Innovations of Antiquity. Routledge. p. 478. ISBN 978-0-415-90129-1. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
- ↑ Arnold, Bruce; Aronson, Andrew; Lawall, Gilbert, Teri. (2000, edited to clarify Furius and Aurelius 11-29-2009 by Teri). Love and Betrayal: A Catullus Reader.
- ↑ "list of poems that Furius is in". Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ "list of poems that Aurelius is in". Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Phyllis Young Forsyth; Classical Association of the Atlantic States (1986). The Poems of Catullus: A Teaching Text. University Press of America. pp. 144, 162. ISBN 978-0-8191-5151-3. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 T. P. Wiseman (26 September 1986). Catullus and his World: A Reappraisal. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-521-31968-3. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ↑ Craig Arthur Williams (1 February 2010). Roman Homosexuality. Oxford University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-19-538874-9. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ↑ Mary Beard (November 25, 2009). "Pedicabo ego vos et irrumabo: what was Catullus on about?". The Times Literary Supplement. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
- ↑ "Dictionary". Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ "Translation #1". Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ "Translation #2". Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ John C. Traupman (1994,1966). The New College Latin & English Dictionary.
- ↑ Literally, "who can't get their inflexible loins to move." Although lumbus, singular, can sometimes be a euphemism for the penis, in the classical Latin of Catullus, the plural form "in sexual contexts … for the most part occurs in descriptions of the movements of seduction or copulation," notes J.N. Adams, The Latin Sexual Vocabulary (Johns Hopkin University Press, 1982), p. 48, citing multiple examples, including this line, "where it should be taken in its original sense," that is, the loins. Durus, "hard," is thus a reference to the physical inflexibility of the aging body, not to the rigidity of the penis. Some English translators, however, find the predicament best expressed by the older male's difficult in achieving an erection.
- ↑ Literally, "many thousands of kisses," usually taken as a reference to Carmina 5, Vivamus mea Lesbia atque amemus, and 7, Quaeris quot mihi basiationes.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Micaela Wakil Janan (18 January 1994). When the Lamp Is Shattered: Desire and Narrative in Catullus. SIU Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8093-1765-3. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
- ↑ Forberg 1824, pp. 80-189
- ↑ Forberg 1824, p. 80
- ↑ Forberg 1824, pp. 190-261
- ↑ Forberg 1824, pp. 190–191
- ↑ Ronnie Ancona (30 March 2007). A Concise Guide to Teaching Latin Literature. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8061-3797-1. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
References
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Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
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English Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Forberg, Friedrich Karl (1824). De figuris Veneris (translated into English as Manual of Classical Erotology by Viscount Julian Smithson, MA and printed privately in 1884 in Manchester, England. Reprinted in 1966 ed.). New York: Grove Press. LCCN 6624913.
- MacLeod CM (November 1973). "Parody and Personalities in Catullus". The Classical Quarterly (New Series) 23 (2): 294–303. doi:10.1017/S000983880003679X. JSTOR 638185.
- Richlin A (1981). "The Meaning of Irrumare in Catullus and Martial". Classical Philology 76: 40–46. doi:10.1086/366597. JSTOR 269544.
- Adams, JN (1990). The Latin Sexual Vocabulary. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-4106-4.
- Hallett JP, Skinner MB (1997). Roman Sexualities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01178-8.
External links
- Alternate translation from Virtual Roma
- Alternate translation from Negenborn
- Alternate translation from University of Saskatchewan
- Latin text with comments (go to poems 11 and 16 for remarks on c. 16)
- Translation and commentary on lines 5-6
- Scanned version of c.16
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