Castoreum

Castoreum

Castoreum /kæsˈtɔriəm/ is the exudate from the castor sacs of the mature North American Beaver (Castor canadensis) and the European Beaver (Castor fiber). Within the zoological realm, castoreum is the yellowish secretion of the castor sac which is, in combination with the beaver's urine, used during scent marking of territory.^[1][2] Both male and female beavers possess a pair of castor sacs and a pair of anal glands located in two cavities under the skin between the pelvis and the base of the tail.^[3] The castor sacs are not true glands (endocrine or exocrine) on a cellular level, hence references to these structures as preputial glands or castor glands are misnomers.^[4] Castor sacs are a type of scent gland.

Today, it is used as a tincture in some perfumes^[5] and as a food additive.

Trapping

Today, trappers are paid by the government of Ontario to harvest the castor sacs of beavers and are paid from 10–40 dollars each when sold to the Northern Ontario Fur Trappers Association.^{[citation needed]}

Uses

Perfume

American Beavers at the U.S. National Zoo

In perfume-making, the term castoreum is more liberally applied to denote the resinoid extract resulting from the dried and alcohol tinctured beaver castor.^[6] The dried beaver castor sacs are generally aged for two or more years to mellow and for their raw harshness to dissipate.

In perfumery, castoreum has largely been used as an animalic note suggesting leather, compounded with other ingredients including top, middle, and base notes as a composition. Some classic perfumes incorporating castor are Emeraude, Chanel Antaeus, Cuir de Russie, Magie Noire, Lancôme Caractère, Hechter Madame, Givenchy III, Shalimar, and many "leather" themed compositions.^[5]

"New-car sprays" are available that purportedly reproduce the smell of a new car in older vehicles using an aerosol spray. The probable origin of this fragrance concept was before the use of plastics and related chemicals, being simply a leather scent (based around castoreum and birch tar oil) to mimic the smell of expensive leather upholstery.

Medicinal use

Castoreum

Although modern medical use of castoreum is rare, it was still in the materia medica in the 18th century, used to treat many different ailments, including headache, fever, and hysteria.^[7] The Romans believed the fumes produced by burning castoreum could induce an abortion. Paracelsus thought it could be used in the treatment of epilepsy.^[8] Castoreum was also used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic. Castoreum was described in the 1911 British Pharmaceutical Codex for use in dysmenorrhea and hysterical conditions (i.e. pertaining to the womb), for raising blood pressure and increasing cardiac output. The activity of castoreum has been credited to the accumulation of salicin from willow trees in the beaver's diet, which is transformed to salicylic acid and has an action very similar to aspirin.^[9]

It is one of the 65 ingredients of mithridate, a semi-mythical remedy used as an antidote for poisoning. It is also an ingredient of theriac, a medical concoction originally formulated by the Greeks in the 1st century AD as an alexipharmic, or antidote, considered a universal panacea.

Food use

In the United States, castoreum is considered to be a GRAS food additive by the Food and Drug Administration.^[10] It is often referenced simply as a "natural flavoring" in products' lists of ingredients. While it is mainly used in both foods and beverages as part of a substitute vanilla flavour,^[11] it is less commonly used as a part of a raspberry or strawberry flavoring.^[12] The annual industry consumption is very low, around 300 pounds,^[13] whereas vanillin is over 2.6 million pounds annually.^[14]

Castoreum has been traditionally used in Scandinavia for flavoring snaps commonly referred to as "Bäverhojt".^[15]

Other uses

Castoreum is also used to contribute to the flavor and odor of cigarettes.^[16]

Medieval beekeepers used it to increase honey production.^[17]

Chemical composition

There are at least twenty-four compounds known to be constituents of beaver castoreum. Some of these have pheromonal activity. These are the phenols 4-ethylphenol and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol) and the ketones acetophenone and 3-hydroxyacetophenone. Five additional compounds noted are 4-methyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene (4-methylcatechol), 4-methoxyacetophenone, 5-methoxysalicylic acid, salicylaldehyde, and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid.^[18] Other neutral compounds are oxygen-containing monoterpenes such as 6-methyl-l-heptanol, 4,6-dimethyl-l-heptanol, isopinocamphone, pinocamphone, two linalool oxides and their acetates.^[19] Other compounds are: benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, borneol, o-cresol, 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, hydroquinone, phenol. All those compounds are gathered from plant food.^[17] It also contains nupharamine alkaloids^[20] and castoramine,^[21] and cis-cyclohexane-1,2-diol.^[22]

Replacements

Castor oil, from the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) is used as a replacement for castoreum [Citation Needed].

Related animal products

• Taxea, a secretion of the badger's subcaudal glands comparable in its medicinal use to the better-known castoreum
• Hyraceum, the petrified and rock-like excrement composed of both urine and feces excreted by the Cape Hyrax (Procavia capensis), and a sought-after material that has been used in both traditional South African medicine and perfumery

See also

• Outline of anesthesia

References

External links

• The International Perfume Museum: Castoreum