Carbonaceous chondrite

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Carbonaceous chondrite
— Class —

A slice of the Allende meteorite showing circular chondrules.
Type Chondrite
Alternative names C chondrites

Carbonaceous chondrites or C chondrites are a class of chondritic meteorites comprising at least 8 known groups and many ungrouped meteorites. They include some of the most primitive known meteorites. C chondrites represent only a small proportion (4.6%)[1] of meteorite falls.

Some famous carbonaceous chondrites are: Allende, Murchison, Orgueil, Ivuna, Murray, Tagish Lake, and Sutter's Mill.

Composition and classification

Some carbonaceous chondrites. From left to right: Allende, Yukon and Murchison.

Carbonaceous chondrites are grouped according to distinctive compositions thought to reflect the type of parent body from which they originated. These are named after a prominent meteorite — often the first to be discovered — in the group.

Several groups of carbonaceous chondrites, notably the CM and CI groups, contain high percentages (3% to 22%) of water,[2] as well as organic compounds. They are composed mainly of silicates, oxides and sulfides, while the minerals olivine and serpentine are characteristic. The presence of volatile organic chemicals and water indicates that they have not undergone significant heating (>200°C) since they formed, and their compositions are considered to be close to that of the solar nebula from which the Solar System condensed. Other groups of C chondrites, e.g., CO, CV, and CK chondrites, are relatively poor in volatile compounds, and some of these have experienced significant heating on their parent asteroids.

CI group

This group, named after the Ivuna meteorite, have chemical compositions that are close to that measured in the solar photosphere, neglecting gaseous elements, and elements such as lithium which are destroyed by nuclear fission reactions, and thus are underrepresented in the Sun's photosphere by comparison to their abundance in CI chondrites. In this sense, they are chemically the most primitive known meteorites.

CI chondrites typically contain a high proportion of water (up to 22%),[2] and organic matter in the form of amino acids[3] and PAHs.[4] Aqueous alteration promotes a composition of hydrous phyllosilicates, magnetite, and olivine crystals occurring in a black matrix, and a possible lack of chondrules. It is thought they have not been heated above 50 °C (122 °F), indicating that they condensed in the cooler outer portion of the solar nebula.

Five CI chondrites have been observed to fall: Ivuna, Orgueil, Alais, Tonk and Revelstoke. Several others have been found by Japanese field parties in Antarctica. In general, the extreme fragility of CI chondrites causes them to be highly susceptible to terrestrial weathering, and they do not survive on Earth's surface for long after they fall.

CV group

NWA 3118, CV3

This group takes its name from Vigarano (Italy). Most of these chondrites belong to the petrologic type 3.

CV chondrites observed falls:

  • Allende
  • Bali
  • Bukhara
  • Grosnaja
  • Kaba
  • Mokoia
  • Vigarano

CM group

The group takes its name from Mighei, but the most famous member is the extensively studied Murchison meteorite. Many falls of this type have been observed and CM chondrites are known to contain a rich mix of complex organic compounds like amino-acids and purine/pyrimidine nucleobases.[5][6]

CR group

The group takes its name from Renazzo (Italy). The best parent body candidate is 2 Pallas.[5]

CR chondrites observed falls:

Other famous CR chondrites:

  • Dar al Gani 574
  • El Djouf 001
  • NWA 801

CH group

"H" stands for "high metal" because CH chondrites may contain up to as much as 40% of metal.[7] That makes them the most metal-rich of any chondrite group. The first meteorite discovered was ALH 85085. Chemically these chondrites are closely related to CR and CB groups. All specimens of this group belong only to petrologic types 2 or 3.[5]

CB group

The group takes its name from the most representative member: Bencubbin. Although these chondrites contains +50% of nickel-iron metal, they are not classified as mesosiderites because their mineralogical and chemical properties are strongly related with CR chondrites.[5] These chondrites were also called "bencubbinites".

CK group

This group take its name from Karoonda meteorite. These chondrites are closely related to the CO and CV groups.[5]

CO group

The group take its name from Ornans (France). The chondrule size is only about 0.15mm on average. They are all of petrologic type 3.

Famous CO chondrite falls:

  • Ornans
  • Kainsaz
  • Warrenton
  • Moss

Famous finds:

  • Dar al Gani 749

C ungrouped

The most famous members:

Organic matter

Murchison meteorite

Ehrenfreund et al. (2001)[3] found that amino acids in Ivuna and Orgueil were present at much lower concentrations than in CM chondrites (~30%), and that they had a distinct composition high in β-alanine, glycine, γ-ABA, and β-ABA but low in α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and isovaline. This implies that they had formed by a different synthetic pathway, and on a different parent body from the CM chondrites. Most of the organic carbon in CI and CM carbonaceous chondrites is an insoluble complex material. That is similar to the description for kerogen. A kerogen-like material is also in the ALH84001 Martian meteorite (an achondrite).

The CM meteorite Murchison has over 70 extraterrestrial amino acids and other compounds including carboxylic acids, hydroxy carboxylic acids, sulphonic and phosphonic acids, aliphatic, aromatic and polar hydrocarbons, fullerenes, heterocycles, carbonyl compounds, alcohols, amines and amides.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bischoff, A.; Geiger, T. (1995). "Meteorites for the Sahara: Find locations, shock classification, degree of weathering and pairing". Meteoritics 30 (1): 113–122. Bibcode:1995Metic..30..113B. ISSN 0026-1114. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Norton, O. Richard (2002). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Meteorites. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–124. ISBN 0-521-62143-7. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ehrenfreund, Pascale; Daniel P. Glavin, Oliver Botta, George Cooper, and Jeffrey L. Bada (2001). "Extraterrestrial amino acids in Orgueil and Ivuna: Tracing the parent body of CI type carbonaceous chondrites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 (5): 2138–2141. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.2138E. doi:10.1073/pnas.051502898. PMC 30105. PMID 11226205. 
  4. ↑ Wing, Michael R.; Jeffrey L. Bada (1992). "The origin of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in meteorites". Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 21 (5-6): 375–383. Bibcode:1991OLEB...21..375W. doi:10.1007/BF01808308. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 http://www.meteorite.fr/en/classification/carbonaceous.htm
  6. ↑ "APOD: 2012 April 28 - Sutter's Mill Meteorite". APOD. NASA & MTU. 2012-04-28. Retrieved 2012-05-06. 
  7. ↑ Norton, O. Richard (2002). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Meteorites. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 139. ISBN 0-521-62143-7. 

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