Caproni Ca.101
The Caproni Ca.101 was a three engine Italian airliner which later saw military use as a transport and bomber. It was designed in 1927 and first flown in 1928.
Design and development
The Ca.101 was a derivative of the Caproni Ca.97, with an enlarged airframe, which increased the payload from 574 kg (1,265 lb) to 800 kg (1,760 lb). This made the payload 20% of the maximum weight, compared to only 9% for the Ca.74G, which was heavier, smaller and inferior in performance.
Initially planned as a civil airliner, it was soon converted to the bomber/transport role. The aircraft was a typical 1920's design. It had three engines, one in the nose and one under each wing, high wings and a fixed undercarriage. The fuselage, of quadrangular cross-section, was made of steel tubes covered with fabric, as were the wings and tail. The floor was made of wood.
Initially fitted with the 149 kW (200 hp) Armstrong Siddeley Lynx driving a two-bladed metal propeller 2.88 m (9.45 ft) in diameter. The 1,200 l (317 US gal) fuel tank was located in the upper part of the central fuselage. Fuel was fed to the engines by means of copper pipes. All three engines had 44 L (12 US gal) of oil in a tank located behind the engine. The compressed air and fire extinguisher systems were also centrally located.
A variety of engines were used, sometimes with a composite layout: Piaggio P.VII (276 kW/370 hp), Alfa Romeo Jupiter (313 kW/420 hp), and other models of 179 kW (240 hp) and 201 kW (270 hp).
Exports of the Ca.101 were made to Australia, China and Paraguay. Hungary bought 20 aircraft for use as air-mail aircraft.
The Ca.101bis, designed for use in Italy's colonies, was slightly larger (56 m²/603 ft² wing area, 19.7 m/64.6 ft span and 13.54 m/44.42 ft length) and heavier than the original model. It had an empty weight of 3,000 kg (6,610 lb), and a payload of 1,986 kg (4,378 lb).
It was fitted with an Alfa Romeo Jupiter in the nose, and an Armstrong Siddeley Lynx under each wing, giving it over 597 kW (800 hp) in total. The ceiling was improved to 5,500 m (18,045 ft), but the greater drag and weight reduced the maximum speed to 205 km/h (127 mph), and the endurance to only six hours.
The D2 version, was produced replacing the motors with three more powerful Alfa Romeo D.2 motors. In operations in Eritrea, they guaranteed good performance in the tropics. From the opening of the hostilities in East Africa in 1935, various versions of the Ca. 101 came used for all the conflict, carrying out tactical support missions for the infantry and bombing. The D.2 version, in particular, operated with the 14th Bomber Flight "Hic Sunt Leones" and 15th Bomber Flight "La Disperata" of the 4th Bombers Squadron.
The removal of the engine in the nose made the aircraft more aerodynamic, improved visibility for the pilots, and allowed the fitting of four machine guns. Its long slim nose, housing the bomb-sight, gained it the nickname Pinocchio.
An interesting development was the Ca.102quarter, a four-engine variant, with two engines on each wing, one facing forwards, the other backwards, all with two-blade propellers. Only one model was built, as performance was unimpressive.
Operational service
The Regia Aeronautica ordered 72 Ca.101 and 34 Ca.102. These aircraft served with 8 and 9 Wing (Ca.102) and 7 Wing (Ca.101).
Though the Ca.102 was more advanced, only the Ca.101 served in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. Though vulnerable to small-arms fire, the aircraft proved generally effective. Several were also used as airliners, flying from Italy to Africa.
In 1939, the Regia Aeronautica retired their Ca.101's. The Ca.102's were apparently retired before that, possibly because the twin-engine layout gave less overall reliability.
Variants
- Ca.101 – Production model
- Ca.101bis – Slightly larger and with more powerful engines designed for colonial service.
- Ca.102 – Ca.101 airframe with two Bristol Jupiter engines (34 built)
- Ca.102quarter – Ca.102 with four engines (1 built)
Military operators
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- Royal Hungarian Air Force
Specifications (Ca.101)
General characteristics
- Crew: 3 (pilot, co-pilot, gunner/observer)
- Capacity: 8 soldiers or 4 wounded or 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) of cargo
- Length: 13.5 m (44 ft 4 in)
- Wingspan: 18.8 m (61 ft 8 in)
- Height: 3.6 m (11 ft 10 in)
- Wing area: 52 m2 (560 ft2)
- Empty weight: 2,450 kg (5,390 lb)
- Gross weight: 3,950 kg (8,690 lb)
- Powerplant: 3 × Alfa Romeo licence-built Armstrong Siddeley Lynx, 149 kW (200 hp) each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 210 km/h (130 mph)
- Range: 1,000 km (621 miles)
- Service ceiling: 5,000 m (16,400 ft)
- Rate of climb: 2.6 m/s (512 ft/min)
- 2 × 7.7 mm (.303 in) Lewis Guns in the nose and ventral position. There was sometimes a twin forward installation and a dorsal defensive turret mounted.
- 250 × 2 kg (4.4 lb) or 40 × 12 kg (26.4 lb) bombs carried internally.
See also
- Related development
- Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- Related lists
- List of Interwar military aircraft
- List of aircraft of Italy, World War II
References
- Lembo, Daniele, Ca.101/102, Aerei Nella Storia magazine, Westward editions, n.42 pagg.23–29.
- Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. pp. 233–34.
- World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing. pp. File 891 Sheet 10.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caproni Ca.101. |
- Airwar 1939–1945 – Italské letectvo – Caproni Ca.101 Illustration
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