Cape Wind

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Cape Wind
Location of Cape Wind
Country United States
Location Horseshoe Shoal, Nantucket Sound, Massachusetts
Coordinates 41°32′31″N 70°19′16″W / 41.542°N 70.321°W / 41.542; -70.321Coordinates: 41°32′31″N 70°19′16″W / 41.542°N 70.321°W / 41.542; -70.321
Status Approved
Owner(s) Cape Wind Associates
Turbine
Turbines 130 x 3.6 MW[1]
Manufacturer(s) Siemens Wind Power
Hub height 285 ft (87 m)
Rotor diameter 364 ft (111 m)
Surface area 24 sq mi (62 km2)
Power generation
Maximum capacity 454 MW
Capacity factor 38%
Annual generation 1,500 GW·h (estimated)
Website Cape Wind
As of March 2013

The Cape Wind Project is an approved[2][3] offshore wind farm on Horseshoe Shoal in Nantucket Sound off Cape Cod, Massachusetts, United States. The project is proposed by a private developer Cape Wind Associates, the brainchild of Jim Gordon of Energy Management Inc.[4] The wind farm, which may become the first offshore wind energy project in United States coastal waters,[5] is projected to generate 1,500 gigawatt hours of wind powered electricity per year.

Great controversy has surrounded the project.[6] The project has been fought by the Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound, formed in 2001 to oppose the proposal because it will construct 400-foot (120 m) tall wind turbines in the middle of Nantucket Sound.[7]

The project is expected to cost $2.6 billion. Cape Wind has arranged to borrow $2 billion through The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ (BTMU). Siemens has agreed to supply the turbines for the project.[8] Additionally, some construction began in 2013, thus qualifing the project for the federal production tax credit, which expired at the end of the year.[9]

Plans

The proposed project covers 24 square miles (62 km2), and would be 4.8 miles (7.7 km) from Mashpee, on the south coast of Cape Cod, and 15.8 miles (25.4 km) from the island town of Nantucket. The project envisions 130 horizontal-axis wind turbines, each having a hub height of 285 feet (87 m). The blade diameter is 364 feet (111 m), with the lowest blade tip height at 75 feet (23 m) and the top blade tip height at 440 feet (130 m).[10] The turbines would be sited between 4–11 miles offshore depending on the shoreline. At peak generation, the turbines will generate 454 megawatts (MW).[1] The project is expected to produce an average of 170 MW of electricity, about 75% of the average electricity demand for Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket island combined.[11] It could offset close to a million tons of carbon dioxide every year and should produce enough electricity to offset the consumption of 113 million US gallons (430,000 m3) of oil annually.[12]

Currently 45% of the Cape region's electricity comes from the nearby Canal Generating Plant in Sandwich, which burns bunker oil and natural gas.[13][14] The Cape Wind proposal is distinct in that it would directly offset petroleum combustion, unlike most of the United States where electrical power generation from oil is rare and power from coal, natural gas and nuclear is more common.

Additionally, this project would decrease the amount of oil shipped to the Canal Generating Plant; fuel for this plant has been part of two major oil spills. The first was on December 15, 1976, when the tanker Argo Merchant ran aground southeast of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts spilling 7.7 million US gallons (29,000 m3) of oil.[15] The second occurred in April 2003, when a Bouchard Company barge carrying oil for the Mirant Canal Generating Plant ran aground spilling 98,000 US gallons (370,000 L) of oil, which killed 450 birds and shut down 100,000 acres (400 km²) of shell fishing beds.[16]

The best wind resources in Massachusetts, by far, are offshore. The Cape Wind site is between Cape Cod to the north and the islands of Nantucket, to the south, and Martha's Vineyard, to the west.

Approval process

Because the proposed turbines are more than 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) from shore, they are subject to federal jurisdiction. However, near-shore infrastructure including roads and power cables make the project subject to state and local jurisdiction as well.[17] All necessary state and local pre-construction approvals were obtained by 2009. Major federal approvals were obtained May 17, 2010, with lease details, and construction and operation permits to be granted as the project proceeds.

State and local

At the state and local level, according to the Boston Globe, Cape Wind needed approval from the Cape Cod Commission; "a Chapter 91 license from the Department of Environmental Protection; a water quality certification from the state DEP; access permits from the Massachusetts Highway Department for work along state highways; a license from the Executive Office of Transportation for a railway crossing; orders of conditions from the Yarmouth and Barnstable Conservation Commissions; and road opening permits from Yarmouth and Barnstable."[18]

On May 11, 2005, the Massachusetts Energy Facilities Siting Board (MEFSB) approved the application to build the wind farm. Opponents appealed the decision and on December 18, 2006 the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court upheld the decision.[19][20]

In March 2007, the project received approval from Ian Bowles, the Massachusetts Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs, as required by the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA).[17] In October 2007, the Cape Cod Commission declined to approve Cape Wind without further study of the impact by the developers.[21]

On June 20, 2008, the Barnstable Superior Court dismissed four of five counts against the MEPA certificate that had been filed by opposition groups and the Town of Barnstable. The fifth count was not considered ripe for a ruling since the matter was still pending before a state agency.[22]

On May 22, 2009, the Massachusetts Energy Facilities Siting Board[23][24] issued a "Super Permit" to Cape Wind, overriding the Cape Cod Commission and obviating the need for any further state and local approvals.[25]

On August 31, 2010, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled 4-2 that the state has the power to overrule community opposition and grant the Cape Wind project a suite of local permits it needs to start construction.[26]

On 28 December 2011, a ruling by "the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court gave its blessing to a novel power purchase agreement between Cape Wind and National Grid," as reported by the Boston Globe, and in so doing "the high court unanimously rejected criticisms by wind farm opponents of the state review’s of the agreement, under which National Grid will buy 50 percent of the wind farm’s power."[27]

Federal

At the federal level, Cape Wind originally applied for a permit in 2001 under Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 with the US Army Corps of Engineers. The Army Corps eventually presented a draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). In a public comment period, many Federal agencies, local governments, and community groups found the draft EIS to have deficiencies. Due to passage of the 2005 Energy Bill, the regulatory authority for off-shore energy projects has been transferred from the Army Corps to the Minerals Management Service (MMS) within the Department of the Interior. Whereas Cape Wind had expected to obtain approval quickly from the Army Corps, this transfer of authority to the MMS delayed the project.

The MMS issued a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) in January 2008, and a Final Environmental Impact Report (FEIR) in January 2009.[28]

On January 4, 2010, U.S. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar called a meeting of principal parties to resolve remaining issues after the National Park Service ruled that Nantucket Sound is eligible to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its cultural and spiritual significance to two Native American tribes. “After several years of review, it is now time to move the Cape Wind proposal to a final decision point. That is why I am gathering the principal parties together next week to consider the findings of the Keeper and to discuss how we might find a common-sense agreement on actions that could be taken to minimize and mitigate Cape Wind’s potential impacts on historic and cultural resources. I am hopeful that an agreement among the parties can be reached by March 1. If an agreement among the parties can’t be reached, I will be prepared to take the steps necessary to bring the permit process to conclusion. The public, the parties, and the permit applicants deserve certainty and resolution.”[29]

On March 22, 2010, a hearing was held before the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. Proponents and opponents of the plan delivered testimony during the hearing. The Council was to deliver their recommendations to Interior Secretary Salazar no later than April 14, 2010.[30]

On April 28, 2010, at a news conference in the Massachusetts Statehouse alongside governor Deval Patrick, a supporter of the project, Secretary Salazar announced "I am approving the Cape Wind project." The Preferred Alternative of Horseshoe Shoal was selected by the Record of Decision.[31][32]

The Federal Aviation Administration cleared the construction of the wind farm on May 17, 2010 after raising concerns that the windmills could cause interference with radar system at nearby Otis Air Force Base. Cape Wind agreed to fix the base's current system to ensure that it would not be affected by the wind farm.[33] On 28 October 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia rejected the FAA's ruling. The court ordered the 'no hazard' determinations vacated and remanded back to the FAA.[34] On August 15, 2012 Cape Wind received again full approval from the FAA. They determined that the wind farm would cause no danger to aircraft operations.[35] However Cape Wind had begun its planning, even without all the federal approval.[36]

The Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound filed a lawsuit in June 2010, claiming the federal approvals violated the Endangered Species Act, Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and National Environmental Policy Act.[37]

On October 6, 2010, Interior Secretary Salazar announced that a 28-year lease had been signed, which will cost Cape Wind an annual fee of $88,278 before construction, and a 2 to 7 percent variable operating fee during production, based on revenue from selling the energy.[38][39]

On November 22, 2010, a 15 year Power Purchase Agreement between Cape Wind and National Grid was signed for 50% of the electricity, at a price of 18.7¢/kWh,[40] adding $1.50 a month to the electricity bill of an average home.[41]

On January 7, 2011, Cape Wind announced that it had received permits from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.[42]

On April 19, 2011, the Associated Press announced that the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement granted its necessary approval for the project.

In Summer 2011, the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) filed a lawsuit against the federal government for allowing Cape Wind to move forward.[43] Contradicting the Aquinnahs, the Pocasset Wampanoag Tribe had previously expressed support for the project.[44]

Power purchase agreements

Cape Wind has signed a power purchase agreement with National Grid to sell half the project's output (i.e. about 750GW·h per year) for an initial price of 20.7 ¢/kW·h (later reduced to 18.7¢[45]) — a price more than twice current retail rates. The deal is subject to approval by the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities (PUC).[46] In February 2012, NSTAR Utility agreed to a PPA equivalent of 129 MW capacity, a demand from PUC for allowing NSTAR and Northeast Utilities to complete a $4.8 billion merger.[47] The second power purchase agreement with state utility NSTAR for 27.5 percent of the output has also been approved by Massachusetts regulators.[48]

Controversy

The controversy surrounding Cape Wind has been focused on its proposed location in Nantucket Sound.[49] Many opponents of the project, including The Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound, are in favor of green, sustainable energy - just not in the location proposed by Cape Wind.[citation needed] Because Cape Wind is positioning its project as a potential ecotourism destination, it has been criticized for disguising (or greenwashing) its industrial aspects.[50]

Supporters of the project, led by the non-profit grassroots organization Clean Power Now,[51] cite wind's ability to displace oil and gas consumption with clean, locally produced energy and claim the project is the best option for much needed new generating capacity in the region. It would supply 75% of the average electrical needs of Cape Cod and the Islands. The Massachusetts Audubon Society conditionally endorsed the project in March 2006 as safe for birds, but asked for further studies.[52]

Year round and summer residents expressed concerns over the location of the project: some claim that the project will ruin scenic views from people's private property as well as views from public property such as beaches, as the turbines will be only 4.8 miles from the shore[53] and therefore decrease property values, ruining popular areas for yachting, and cause other environmental problems. The Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound has argued that Nantucket Sound is known worldwide for its wildlife and natural beauty.[54]

The Massachusetts Fishermen's Partnership (a combination of several fishing organizations) has also spoken out against the project. Local fishermen are also nearly unanimously against the project, citing the fact that for many of them, up to 60% of their annual income comes from catch caught on Horseshoe Shoals, which they claim would disappear and would have to be replaced by steaming to fishing grounds farther out to sea if the project is completed.[citation needed]

Phillip Scudder, owner of the Hy-Line ferry service on Cape Cod, originally opposed the project because he wondered how to navigate around the turbines when going to Martha's Vineyard, but changed its opposition to support due to the economic opportunity to provide "eco-tours."[55]

Walter Cronkite drew attention when he came out against the wind farm; he later changed his opinion.[56] Other opponents have included Senator Ted Kennedy,[57] Sen. John Kerry, former Gov. Mitt Romney, and businessman Bill Koch,[58] who has donated $1.5 million to the Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound.

Proponents suggest that some of this opposition is motivated in part by ownership of real-estate on Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard or the mainland and that it raises issues of environmental justice. Robert Kennedy, Jr., whose family's Kennedy Compound is within sight of the proposed wind farm, wrote an essay for the New York Times stating his support for wind power in general, but opposing this project.[59] This doesn't represent the view of most Massachusetts citizens: in a 2005 survey, 81% of adults supported the project, 61% of Cape Cod residents supported it, and only 14% of adults oppose it.[60]

In 2012, Congressman Joseph Kennedy III, in a break with others in the Kennedy family, announced his support for the Cape Wind project.[61][62]

A recent book by Robert Whitcomb, Vice President and Editorial Page Editor of the Providence Journal, and Wendy Williams argues that the fight over Cape Wind involves a powerful, privileged minority imposing their will on the majority.[63]

2006 election

Cape Wind was an issue in the 2006 election for Governor of Massachusetts. The winner, Democrat Deval Patrick, supported the project; his Republican opponent, former Lieutenant Governor Kerry Healey, opposed it.[64][65]

2012 election

An article by Grist.org on July 17, 2012.[66] explained that Mitt Romney strongly opposed the Cape Wind project beginning in 2006. If elected Romney could have severely impacted the continuation of the project, set to begin building in 2013. William Koch, who largely opposes the Cape Wind project, is also a major contributor to Romney’s Presidential election donating a record 2 million dollars.[citation needed]

In the 2012 Massachusetts Senate race, Scott Brown, the Republican incumbent, opposed Cape Wind, while his Democratic challenger and the election winner, Elizabeth Warren supported the project.[67]

Movies and TV

In 2003 a documentary film entitled Wind Over Water about the controversy over the Cape Wind Project was released. The film by journalist Ole Tangen Jr. chronicled the debate as it unfolded on the Cape. An independent production, the filmmaker interviewed subjects from both sides of the debate including Jim Gordon, the driving force behind Cape Wind and Isaac Rosen, then director of the Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound. Focusing also on wind power in general, Wind Over Water features aerial footage of the offshore wind farm at Horns Rev in Denmark and footage from various wind farms in the U.S. On December 6, 2003 the film made its world and Cape Cod premiere at the Lillie Auditorium in Woods Hole.

Satirical news correspondent Jason Jones of The Daily Show has also covered the Cape Wind project.[68]

A feature length documentary about the Cape Wind project, entitled Cape Spin: An American Power Struggle, had pre-release screenings in the summer of 2011.[69]

Books

Wendy Williams and Robert Whitcomb have recently written a book about the project's history called Cape Wind: Money, Celebrity, Class, Politics and the Battle for Our Energy Future on Nantucket Sound.[70] In an interview, one of the authors states that the fight over Cape Wind is a case of a "a very small group of people, with more money than most of us can possibly imagine, who decided from the very beginning [...] that they didn't want it there, it would upset their Martini time."[63]

Public opinion survey results

A 2007 Opinion Research Corporation (ORC) survey of 600 state residents found that 93% Massachusetts residents agree that the state should be "a national leader in using cleaner and renewable energy on a large scale by moving ahead with offshore wind power" and other clean energy initiatives. This statement is supported by 78 percent of those who live on the Cape and on the Islands.[71]

The 2007 ORC survey also found that 84% of Massachusetts residents — including 58% of those who live on the Cape and on the Islands — explicitly support "the proposed Cape Wind offshore wind farm that would involve wind turbines being placed in Nantucket Sound about five and a half miles from the Town of Hyannis." (A June 2006 survey posed the same question and found 81% support statewide and 61% in Cape Cod/the Islands.)[71]

In 2007, 78% of Massachusetts residents surveyed — including 61% of those living on the Cape and on the Islands — support wind as the best energy resource to provide electricity to Cape Cod and the Islands. Statewide, the support for other alternatives was as follows: nuclear (10%); coal (4%); and other (5%).[71]

Clean renewable energy is widely supported over nuclear power in Massachusetts, including on the Cape and on the Islands. Massachusetts residents would prefer to see solar power (91%), more energy conservation (90%), and wind power (89%) used first before resorting to more nuclear power. On the Cape and on the Islands, the views were very similar, with strong support for wind power (75%); conservation (81%); and solar (84%).[71]

2007 survey results were based on telephone interviews conducted among a sample of 600 householders aged 18 and over. Interviewing was completed by Opinion Research Corporation, for the Newton-based Civil Society Institute,[71] during July and August 2007.[71]

During the November 4, 2008 election, 87% of voters in eleven Massachusetts towns on the south shore, near but not on the Cape, voted yes on Question 4, a non-binding question that read:

"Should the state representative from this district be instructed to vote in favor of legislation that would support the development of Cape Wind in Nantucket Sound and other possible future onshore and offshore wind power developments in Massachusetts?"

The measure was voted on by the towns of Braintree, Holbrook, Randolph, Cohasset, Hingham, Hull, Marshfield, Scituate, Hanover, Norwell, and Rockland.[72]

A 2009 poll by the Cape Cod Chamber of Commerce showed 55% of its members oppose the project and 41% supported it.[73]

A 2010 poll by the Boston Globe said 69% of respondents supported Cape Wind, to 20% opposed. Further questions about cost showed that half of respondents said they would not support paying higher prices for the project's electricity. In general, however, many respondents said they would be in favor of paying higher rates if it meant getting electricity from cleaner sources. Forty-two percent said they would be willing to pay more, while 7 percent were unsure.[74]

In 2011, "Earlier this year, the Civil Society Institute commissioned an independent scientific survey of public opinion on Cape Wind that found 81% support in the State of Massachusetts and their sub-sample of Cape and Islands residents also found more support than opposition." The Civil Society Institute is a non profit, and non partisan company based in Newton, Mass.[75]

In 2011 Mass Inc polling group hosted a poll “ The 80 percent Challenge: A Survey of Climate Change Opinion and Action in Massachusetts. It’s findings showed “when asked about future energy needs, large majorities said they would like to see more reliance on solar power (87%), wind power (86%), and natural gas (64%) far higher than levels who want to see more coal (21%), oil (14%) or nuclear power (31%).” Further more, "The survey showed, among many factors, strong support for renewable energy, with eight in ten residents willing to pay an extra one dollar, and 60 percent saying they’d pay up to 5 dollars more for renewable energy over traditional sources like oil or coal.”[76]

Project opponents have criticized these surveys for failing to mention that power is currently available from renewable energy sources (hydro-power from Canada) at one-third the cost of Cape Wind's projected cost. They suggest that if survey respondents were informed about this fact that they would choose the lower cost option without question.[citation needed]

Cost

In 2010, the Massachusetts Attorney General's office estimated that Cape Wind would ultimately cost $2.5 billion. Costs of the electricity generated by the project are estimated to be double the 2010 price of traditional fossil fuels.[77]

Other Cape Cod wind projects

According to a report in the Boston Globe, May 24, 2006, Jay M. Cashman, owner of a large construction company that built part of the Big Dig, proposed to build a $750 million wind farm in Buzzards Bay, about 20 miles (32 km) west of the proposed Cape Wind site. The Cashman farm would be closer (2 mi) to shore and would consist of 120 turbines, each 450 feet (140 m) tall. The projected generation capacity is 300 MW. According to the Globe, some opponents of the Cape Wind project have expressed interest in the Cashman plan.[78] In February, 2008, state law was amended removing a prohibition on the construction of electrical generating facilities within ocean sanctuaries.[79]

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Cape Wind Basics". Cape Wind Associates. Retrieved 2009-12-27. 
  2. ↑ Krasny, Ros. Cape Wind, first U.S. offshore wind farm, approved Reuters, 28 April 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010
  3. ↑ Jackson, Derrick Z. The winds of change The Boston Globe, 1 May 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010
  4. ↑ (CNN) "The wind man who beat Cape Cod's elite"
  5. ↑ Bogo, Jennifer "Texas to Cape Wind: You're Not First Yet" "Popular Mechanics", 3 May 2010
  6. ↑ Interior secretary approves Cape Wind, nation's first offshore wind farm
  7. ↑ "Salsa Labs | Ingredients for Organizing". Org2.democracyinaction.org. 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2012-03-24. 
  8. ↑ Gossens, Ehren. "Wind Power Rivals Coal With $1 Billion Order From Buffett". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 30 December 2013. 
  9. ↑ Cassidy, Patrick (March 19, 2013). "Deal reached on lead bank for Cape Wind". Cape Cod Times. Retrieved March 27, 2013. 
  10. ↑ Cape Wind :: America's First Offshore Wind Farm on Nantucket Sound
  11. ↑ Salamone, Charlie (October 31, 2002). "Cape & Islands Electric Supply: Cape Wind Project Impact". 
  12. ↑ Cape Wind website. Retrieved on 2009-05-12.
  13. ↑ "Canal Generating Plant". Mirant Corporation. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
  14. ↑ Leaning, John (July 4, 2004). "Report: Wind farm could ease gas demand". Cape Cod Times. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
  15. ↑ Draffan, George. "Major Oil Spills". Endgame Research. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
  16. ↑ LaPlante, Joseph R. "Bouchard under fire for 'outrageous' actions". The Standard-Times. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Ebbert, Stephanie (March 31, 2007). "Cape Wind moves on to federal review". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
  18. ↑ "Cape Wind appeals ruling that blocked wind farm in Nantucket Sound". The Boston Globe. November 21, 2007. 
  19. ↑ FAVORABLE CAPE WIND DECISION UPHELD BY SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT
  20. ↑ http://govpro.com/issue_20060101/gov_imp_43680/
  21. ↑ Ebbert, Stephanie (October 19, 2007). "Cape Cod panel denies permit for wind farm". The Boston Globe. 
  22. ↑ "Barnstable judge validates Cape Wind's MEPA Certificate", Nantucket Independent, 25 June 2008.
  23. ↑
  24. ↑ "General Laws: CHAPTER 164, Section 69H". Mass.gov. Retrieved 2012-03-24. 
  25. ↑ Key Wind Farm Permits Approved retrieved 4 June 2009
  26. ↑ Daley, Beth (August 31, 2010). "SJC gives Cape Wind go-ahead to start construction". The Boston Globe. 
  27. ↑ Johnson, Carolyn Y.; Ellement, John R. (December 29, 2011). "Cape Wind buoyed as SJC allows utility deal". The Boston Globe. 
  28. ↑ MMS Cape Wind page report, Minerals Management Service, January 2009.
  29. ↑ Secretary Salazar Initiates Final Review of Cape Wind Proposal
  30. ↑ "Fate of Cape Wind Decided". Washington D.C. Associated Press. April 27, 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010. 
  31. ↑ Seelye, Katharine Q. (April 28, 2010). "Regulators Approve First Offshore Wind Farm in U.S". The New York Times. 
  32. ↑ U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar approves Cape Wind (BBC News)
  33. ↑ Seelye, Katharine Q. (May 17, 2010). "Massachusetts: F.A.A. Clears Wind Farm". The New York Times. 
  34. ↑ Lindsay, Jay (28 October 2011). "Associated Press". USA Today. Retrieved 17 January 2012. 
  35. ↑ http://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2012/08/15/faa-rules-cape-wind-project-poses-hazard-planes/wrds6gRVgtGkk7HlekpZ4O/story.html
  36. ↑ Levitz, Jennifer. "Cape Cod Wind Farm Tiptoes Ahead". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8/12/12. 
  37. ↑ "Native & American Indian News, Culture, Music, Art and More - Indian Country Today Media Network.com". Indiancountrytoday.com. Retrieved 2012-03-24. 
  38. ↑ "Secretary Salazar Promotes Clean Energy, Signs Cape Wind Lease at AWEA Conference". Doi.gov. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2012-03-24. 
  39. ↑ Daley, Beth (October 6, 2010). "Cape Wind awarded federal lease". The Boston Globe. 
  40. ↑ Vaughan, Ashley. Massachusetts OK power deal in another win for offshore wind project CNN, 23 November 2010. Retrieved: 23 November 2010.
  41. ↑ Cassidy, Patrick. Cape Wind wins approval of deal to sell power South Coast Today, 23 November 2010. Retrieved: 23 November 2010.
  42. ↑ Cape Wind Completes Permitting Process
  43. ↑ Daley, Beth. "Wampanoag tribe sues over Cape Wind". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 12 July 2011. 
  44. ↑ "Head of Pocasset Wampanoag Tribe sends Salazar letter of support for Cape Wind". Cape Cod Today. Retrieved 12 July 2011. 
  45. ↑ Dotson, Sharryn. Changing Tides in Offshore Wind Power Engineering, 13 October 2010. Retrieved: 14 October 2010.
  46. ↑ Wald, Matthew L. (May 7, 2010). "Selling Cape Wind’s Future Wares". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-08. 
  47. ↑ Quilter, James. Cape Wind to proceed after 129MW NStar PPA Windpower Monthly, 16 February 2012. Accessed: 19 February 2012.
  48. ↑ Mass. regulators approve Cape Wind power contract
  49. ↑ Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound
  50. ↑ Cassidy, Chris (2010-10-30). "Cape Wind: Don’t be tricked". Boston Herald. Retrieved 2012-03-24. 
  51. ↑ Clean Power Now. Retrieved on 2009-05-12.
  52. ↑ Daley, Beth (March 29, 2006). "Audubon review supports wind farm". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
  53. ↑ "Salsa Labs | Ingredients for Organizing". Org2.democracyinaction.org. 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2012-03-24. 
  54. ↑ "Nantucket Sound". Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound. 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
  55. ↑ Levitz, Jennifer (10 August 2012). "Cape Cod Wind Farm Tiptoes Ahead". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 13 August 2012. 
  56. ↑ Cronkite urges full review of wind farm proposal
  57. ↑ Storm Over Mass. Windmill Plan
  58. ↑ Doyle, Tim (September 21, 2006). "Koch's New Fight". Forbes. 
  59. ↑ Kennedy, Robert Jr. (December 16, 2005). "An Ill Wind Off Cape Cod". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
  60. ↑ Conte, Frank (September 1, 2006). "Cape Wind Has Powerful Critics, Supporters". Budget & Tax News. The Heartland Institute. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
  61. ↑ The Breakthrough, September 10, 2012.
  62. ↑ Joseph Kennedy III Breaks from Family's Position, Declares Support for Cape Wind, Zachary Sampson, The Boston Globe, September 1, 2012.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 The Saga Behind Cape Wind; Growing Opportunities in the Renewable Energy Sector
  64. ↑ "Patrick says Healey is blocking state's renewable energy growth". Cape Cod Today. Sep 9, 2006. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
  65. ↑ "Renewable Energy Revolution". Cape Cod Today. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
  66. ↑ Philip Bump (July 17, 2012). "Mitt Romney may have a few million reasons to oppose wind power". Grist Magazine. Retrieved 2013-07-11. 
  67. ↑ http://www.boston.com/news/science/articles/2012/08/03/senator_scott_brown_and_elizabeth_warren_clash_over_their_environmental_views/?page=full
  68. ↑ Jones, Jason (August 7, 2007). "Nantucket". The Daily Show. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
  69. ↑ Corcoran, Sean. "Sean Corcoran's Cape Wind Blog". WCAI: Cape and Islands NPR Station. 
  70. ↑ Whitcomb, Robert; Wendy M. Williams, Robert F. Whitcomb (05 2007). Cape Wind, Money, Celebrity, Class, Politics, and the Battle for Our Energy Future on Nantucket Sound. Public Affairs. p. 326. ISBN 978-1-58648-397-5. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 71.4 71.5 Survey: Leadership on Cape Wind, Other Clean Energy Solutions to Global Warming Seen as Path to New 'Massachusetts Miracle'
  72. ↑ "Cape Wind Wins 87% of Vote in Ballot Question". Cape Wind Associates. November 6, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
  73. ↑ Cape Cod Chamber Poll Finds 55% Opposed to Controversial Cape Wind Project
  74. ↑ Wirzbicki, Alan (September 27, 2010). "In poll, edge goes to sales tax cut". The Boston Globe. 
  75. ↑ Walker. "So whome do you believe?". Cape Cod Today. Retrieved 8/13/12. 
  76. ↑ "Massachusetts residents strongly prefer wind, solar, and gas over oil, coal, and nuclear power". Mass Inc Polling Group. Retrieved 8/12/12. 
  77. ↑ Daley, Beth (October 10, 2010). "Cape Wind backers blew right by cost". The Boston Globe. 
  78. ↑ Buzzards Bay Wind Farm Proposed
  79. ↑ Proposed Wind Farms in Buzzards Bay
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Large wind farms
Wind power companies
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