Cap-Haïtien

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Cap-Haïtien
Kapayisyen, Okap
Cap-Haïtien
Location in Nord Department, Haiti
Coordinates: 19°45′36″N 72°12′00″W / 19.76000°N 72.20000°W / 19.76000; -72.20000
Country Haiti
Department Nord
Arrondissement Cap-Haïtien
Founded 1670
Government
 • Mayor Jean Renaud
Area
 • Total 53.5 km2 (20.7 sq mi)
Elevation 0 m (0 ft)
Population (2013)[1]
 • Total 190,289
 • Density 3,600/km2 (9,200/sq mi)
Time zone Eastern (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) Eastern (UTC-4)
Sister cities[2]
Old San Juan, Puerto Rico
Portland, Maine, United States
New Orleans, Louisiana, United States

Cap-Haïtien (Okap or Kapayisyen in Kréyòl) is a city of about 190,000 people on the north coast of Haiti and capital of the Department of Nord. Previously named as Cap-Français, Cap-Henri, and le Cap, it was an important city during the colonial period, serving as the capital of the French Colony of Saint-Domingue from the city's formal foundation in 1711 until 1770 when the capital was moved to Port-au-Prince. After the slave revolution, it was the first capital of the Kingdom of Northern Haiti under King Henri Christophe.

Due to Cap-Haïtien's distance from Haïti's capital, Port-au-Prince, combined with the dire condition of Haïti's transportation infrastructure, the city has often become an incubator for revolutionary or anti-Government figures and movements. For instance, from February 5–29, 2004, the city was taken over by militants who opposed the rule of the Haïtian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide. They eventually created enough political pressure to force him out of office and the country.

Cap-Haïtien is near the historic Haïtian town of Milot, which lies 12 miles (19 kilometres) to the southwest along a gravel road. Milot was Haïti's first capital under the self-proclaimed King Henri Christophe, who ascended to power in 1807, three years after Haïti had gained independence from France. He renamed Cap-Francais as Cap-Henri. Milot is the site of his Sans-Souci Palace, wrecked by the 1842 earthquake. Five miles away is the Citadelle Laferrière, a massive stone fortress bristling with cannons, atop a nearby mountain. On clear days, its silhouette is visible from Cap-Haïtien.

The small Hugo Chavez International Airport (formerly Cap-Haïtien International Airport), located on the southeast edge of the city, is served by several small domestic airlines and has been patrolled by Chilean UN troops from the "O'Higgins Base" since the 2010 earthquake. The airport is currently being expanded. Several hundred UN personnel, including nearby units from Nepal and Uruguay, are assigned to the city as part of the ongoing United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH).

History and character

The well-preserved Cathedral Notre-Dame of Cap-Haïtien.

Occupied for thousands of years by indigenous peoples, who had migrated from present-day Central and South America, the island was colonized in the 16th century by Spanish explorers. Due to the chance introduction of new infectious diseases, as well as poor treatment of the indigenous peoples, their population rapidly declined.

On the nearby coast Columbus founded his first community in the New World, the short-lived La Navidad. In 1975, researchers found near Cap-Haïtien another of the first Spanish towns of Hispaniola: Puerto Real was founded in 1503. It was abandoned in 1578, and its ruins were discovered in the twentieth century.[3]

A street scene in Cap Haitien
The French took over half of the island of Hispaniola from the Spanish in the early eighteenth century. They established large sugar cane plantations on the northern plains and imported tens of thousands of African slaves to work them. Cap-Francais became an important city of the French colonial period; it served as the capital of the French colony of Saint-Domingue from its founding in 1711 until 1770, when the capital was moved to Port-au-Prince in the southwest part of the island. After the slave revolution, this was the first capital of the Kingdom of Northern Haiti under King Henri Christophe, when the nation was split apart.

The central area of the city is between the Bay of Cap-Haïtien to the east and nearby mountainsides to the west; these are increasingly dominated by flimsy urban slums. The streets are generally narrow and arranged in grids. As a legacy of the United States' occupation of Haïti from 1915 to 1934, Cap-Haïtien's north-south streets were renamed as single letters (beginning with Rue A, a major avenue) and going to "Q" and its east-west streets with numbers from 1 to 26; the system is not followed outside the central city. The historic city has numerous markets, churches, and low-rise apartment buildings (of three–four storeys), constructed primarily before and during the U.S. occupation, with much of the infrastructure in need of repair. Many such buildings have balconies on the upper floors, which overlook the narrow streets below. With people eating outside on the balconies, there is an intimate communal atmosphere during dinner hours.

Economy

French colonial architecture in Cap

Cap-Haïtien is known as the nation's largest center of historic monuments; it is a tourist destination. The calm water of the bay, picturesque Caribbean beaches and monuments have made it a resort and vacation destination for Haïti's upper classes, comparable to Pétionville. Cap-Haïtien has also attracted more international tourists, as it has been isolated from the political instability in the south of the island.

It has a wealth of French colonial architecture, which has been well preserved. During and after the Haitian Revolution, many craftsmen from Cap-Haïtien, who were free people of color, fled to French-controlled New Orleans. As a result, the two cities share many similarities in styles of architecture. Especially notable are the gingerbread houses lining the city's older streets.

Tourism

Labadie and other beaches

Labadee beach and village

The walled Labadie (or Labadee) beach resort compound is located six miles to the city's northwest, and serves as a brief stopover for Royal Caribbean cruise ships. Major Royal Caribbean Cruise ships, including the largest and most luxurious, dock weekly at Labadie. It is a private resort leased by Royal Caribbean International (RCI), which had generated the largest proportion of tourist revenue to Haiti since 1986. It employs 300 locals, allows another 200 to sell their wares on the premises, and pays the Haitian government US$6 per tourist.

The resort is connected to Cap-Haïtien by a mountainous recently paved road. RCI has built a pier at Labadie capable of servicing the luxury-class large ships, completed in late 2009.[4] Attractions include a Haitian market, numerous beaches, watersports, a water-oriented playground, and a popular zip-line.[5] People not on cruises can visit the beach too.

Water taxis parked at Labadie beach
A view of the beach at Paradis

Cormier Plage is another beach on the way to Labadie, and there are also water taxis from Labadie to other beaches, like Paradis beach. In addition, Belli Beach is a small sandy cove with boats and hotels. Labadie village could be visited from here.[6]

Vertières

Vertières is the site of the Battle of Vertières, the last and defining battle of the Haitian Revolution. On November 18, 1803, the Haitian army led by Jean-Jacques Dessalines defeated a French colonial army led by the Comte de Rochambeau. The French withdrew their remaining 7,000 troops and in 1804, Dessalines' revolutionary government declared the independence of Haïti.

In this last battle for independence, Capois La Mort survived all the French bullets that nearly killed him; his horse was killed under him, and his hat fell off, but he kept advancing on the French, yelling, "En avant!" (Go forward!) to his men. He has become renowned as a hero of the revolution and 18 November has been widely celebrated since then as a Day of Army and Victory in Haiti.

View of the Citadelle Laferrière, in northern Haiti
Inside the ruins of Sans Souci Palace

Citadelle Laferrière and Sans-Souci Palace

The Citadelle Laferrière, also known as Citadelle Henri Christophe, or the Citadelle, is a large mountaintop fortress located approximately 17 miles (27 km) south of the city of Cap-Haïtien and five miles (8 km) beyond the town of Milot. It is the largest fortress in the Americas and was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1982— along with the nearby Sans-Souci Palace. The Citadel was built by Henri Christophe, a leader during the Haitian slave rebellion and subsequently King of Northern Haiti, after the country gained its independence from France in 1804. Together with the remains of his Sans-Souci Palace, damaged in the 1842 earthquake, Citadelle Laferrière has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[7]

Bois Caïman

Further information: Bois Caïman

Bois Caïman (Haitian Creole: Bwa Kayiman), 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of road RN 1, is the place where Vodou rites were performed under a tree at the beginning of the slave revolution. For decades, maroons had been terrorizing slaveholders on the northern plains by poisoning their food and water. Makandal is the legendary (and perhaps historical) figure associated with the growing resistance movement. By the 1750s, he had organized the maroons - as well as many people enslaved on plantations - into a secret army. Makandal was murdered (or disappeared) in 1758, but the resistance movement grew. At Bwa Kayiman, a maroon leader named Dutty Boukman held the first mass antislavery meeting secretly on August 14, 1791. At this meeting, a Vodou ceremony was performed, and all those present swore to die rather than to endure the continuation of slavery on the island. Following the ritual led by Boukman and a mambo named Cécile Fatiman, the insurrection started on the night of August 22–23, 1791. Boukman was killed in an ambush soon after the revolution began. Jean-François was the next leader to follow Dutty Boukman in the uprising of the slaves, the Haitian equivalent of the storming of the Bastille in the French Revolution. Slaves burned the plantations and cane fields and massacred French colonists across the northern plains. Eventually the revolution led to the independence of Haiti. The site of Dutty Boukman's ceremony is marked by a ficus tree. Adjoining it is a colonial well, which is credited with mystic powers.

Morne Rouge

Morne Rouge is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south of Cap. It is the site of the sugar plantation known as "Habitation Le Normand de Mezy", known for several slaves who led the rebellion against the French.[8]

Natural disasters

1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake

Main article: 1842 Cap-Haitien earthquake

On 7 May 1842, an earthquake destroyed most of the city and other towns in the north of Haiti and the neighboring Dominican Republic. Among the buildings destroyed or significantly damaged was the Sans-Souci Palace. Ten thousand people died in the earthquake.[9] Its magnitude is estimated as 8.1 on the Richter scale.[10]

2010 Haiti earthquake

In the wake of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, which destroyed port facilities in Port-au-Prince, the Port international du Cap-Haitien was used to deliver relief supplies by ship.[11]

As the city's infrastructure was little damaged, numerous businessmen and many residents have moved here from Port-au-Prince. The airport is patrolled by Chilean UN troops since the 2010 earthquake, and several hundred UN personnel have been assigned to the city as part of the ongoing United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). They are working on recovery throughout the island.

After the earthquake, the port of Labadee was demolished and the pier enlarged and completely re-paved with concrete, which now allows larger cruise ships to dock, rather than tendering passengers to shore.

Transportation

Airports

Cap-Haïtien is served by the Cap-Haïtien International Airport, Haiti's second busiest airport. It is a hub for Salsa d'Haiti.

Seaport

The Port international du Cap-Haitien is Cap-Haïtien's main seaport.

Roads

The Route Nationale#1 connects Cap-Haïtien with the Haitian capital city Port-au-Prince via the cities of Saint-Marc and Gonaïves. The Route Nationale#3 also connects Cap-Haïtien with Port-au-Prince via the Central Plateau and the cities of Mirebalais and Hinche. Cap-Haïtien has one of the best grid systems in Haiti with its north-south streets were renamed as single letters (beginning with Rue A, a major avenue), and its east-west streets with numbers. The Boulevard du Cap-Haitian (also called the Boulevard Carenage) is Cap-Haïtien's main boulevard that runs along the Atlantic Ocean in the northern part of the city.

Public transportation

Cap-Haïtien is served by tap tap and local taxis or motorcycles.

Higher education

A union of four Catholic Church private schools have been present for two decades in Cap-Haïtien. They have higher-level grades, equivalent to the lycées that feed the Écoles Normale Supérieure in France. They have high standards of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and generally their students come from the social and economic elite.

  • Collège Notre-Dame du Perpetuel Secours des Pères de Sainte-Croix
  • Collège Regina Assumpta des Sœurs de Sainte-Croix
  • École des Frères de l'instruction Chrétienne
  • École Saint Joseph de Cluny des Sœurs Anne-Marie Javoue

The new Universite Roi Henri Christophe is nearby in Limonade.

Notable natives

Gallery

  • Front view of Sans-Souci Palace

  • Hotel de Ville (City Hall), site of the City Council, Cap Haïtien.

  • A cruise ship at Labadie.

Television

  • Télé Vénus Ch 5
  • Télé Paradis Ch 16 [12]
  • Chaîne 6
  • Chaîne 7
  • Chaîne 11
  • Télé Capoise Ch 8
  • Télé Africa Ch 12 [13]
  • HMTV Ch 20
  • Télé Union Ch 22
  • Télé Apocalypse Ch 24
  • Télévision Nationale d'Haiti Ch 4 [14]

Media

  • Radyo Atlantik, 92.5 FM [15]
  • Radio 4VEH (4VEF), 840 AM [16]
  • Radio 4VEH, 94.7 FM [17]
  • Radio 7 FM, 92.7 [18]
  • Radio Cap-Haïtien
  • Radio Citadelle 91.1 FM
  • Radio Étincelle
  • Radio Gamma, 99.7 (based in Fort-Liberté) [19]
  • Radio Lumière, 98.1 FM [20]
  • Radio Méga,103.7 FM
  • Radio Sans-Souci FM, 106.9
  • Radio VASCO, 93.7 FM [21]
  • Radio Vénus FM 104.3 FM
  • Sans Souci FM, 106.9 [22]
  • Voix de l'Ave Maria 98.5 FM
  • Voix du Nord 90.3 FM
  • Radio Paradis [23]
  • Radio Nirvana, 97.3 FM [24]
  • Radio Hispaniola
  • Radio Maxima, 98.1.FM [25]
  • Radio Voix de l'ile 94.5 FM [26]
  • Radio Digital 101.3 FM [27]
  • Radio Oxygene 103.3 FM [28]
  • Radio Passion 101.7 FM Haïti [29]

References

  1. ↑ Institut Haïtien de Statistique et d'Informatique (IHSI)
  2. ↑ Sister Cities International
  3. ↑ Florida Museum of Natural History, Puerto Real.
  4. ↑ "Labadie". Expedia.com. Retrieved 2007-08-02. 
  5. ↑ "Labadie". The Washington Post. 2007-01-21. Retrieved 2007-08-02. 
  6. ↑ Cameron, p. 406
  7. ↑ "Citadelle Laferrière", UNESCO World Heritage Sites
  8. ↑ Cameron, p. 409
  9. ↑ Prepetit, Claude (9 October 2008), "Tremblements de terre en Haïti, mythe ou réalité ?", Le Matin, N° 33082 , quoting Moreau de Saint-Méry, Médéric Louis Élie, Description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie française de l'Ile Saint Domingue  and J. M. Jan, bishop of Cap-Haïtien (1972), Documentation religieuse, Éditions Henri Deschamps . http://haitimega.com/Cap_Haitien-Cap_Haitian_Earthquake_of_May_7_1842/84144788150681600/article_84481504601309194.jsp
  10. ↑ http://earthquakes.findthedata.org/detail/1675/Haiti-Cap-haitien
  11. ↑ Officials Strain to Distribute Aid to Haiti as Violence Rises
  12. ↑ Radio Télé Paradis
  13. ↑ [://www.radioteleafrica.com/]
  14. ↑ Index of /
  15. ↑ Haiti Radio Atlantik :: Meyè radio Haiti | Radio Atlantik, Nouvèl Haiti, Politik Haiti, Istwa d Ayiti, Sante Haiti, Sosyete Haiti, Konstitisyon Ayisyen 1987, SEFOM, MRA, KEPOL...
  16. ↑ Radio 4VEH, La Voix Évangélique d’Haïti
  17. ↑ Radio 4VEH | La Voix Évangélique d'Haïti
  18. ↑ Tele7 - Inicio
  19. ↑ Radio Gamma fm, 99.7 Mhz - Bienvenue
  20. ↑ Radio Lumière - Le Réseau Culturel & Évangélique Haïtien
  21. ↑ Radio Vasco
  22. ↑ Sans Souci FM
  23. ↑ Radio Tele Pardadis
  24. ↑ welcome to Radio Nirvana, 97.3 FM Cap Haitien Haiti
  25. ↑
  26. ↑
  27. ↑
  28. ↑
  29. ↑ Radio Passion Haiti :: Sport Haiti, Actualités Haiti, Économie Haiti, Santé Haiti, Météo Haiti, Politique Haiti, Culture Haiti

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cap-Haitien.

Coordinates: 19°45′N 72°12′W / 19.750°N 72.200°W / 19.750; -72.200

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