Campbell Case
The Campbell Case of 1924 involved charges against a British Communist newspaper editor for alleged "incitement to mutiny" caused by his publication of a provocative open letter to members of the military. The later decision of the government of Ramsay MacDonald to suspend prosecution of the case ostensibly due to pressure from backbenchers in his Labour Party proved instrumental in bringing down the short-lived first Labour government.
History
Prelude to the Campbell Case
On 25 July 1924 there appeared a new issue of Workers Weekly, a newspaper of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) under the acting editorship of young activist J.R. Campbell. The paper contained a provocative article for the "Anti-War Week Campaign" being conducted by the CPGB, entitled "An Open Letter to the Fighting Forces." This article read in part:
"Comrades:
"Turn your weapons on your oppressors!"[1]
"You never joined the Army or Navy because you were in love with warfare, or because you were attracted to the glamour of the uniform. In nine cases out of ten you were compelled to join the services after a long fight against poverty and misery caused by prolonged unemployment....
"Repressive regulations and irksome restrictions are intentionally imposed upon you. And when war is declared you are supposed to be filled with a longing to 'beat the enemy.' The enemy consists of working men like yourselves, living under the same slave conditions....
"Soldiers, sailors, airmen, flesh of our flesh and bone of our bone, the Communist Party calls upon you to begin the task of not only organising passive resistance when war is declared, or when an industrial dispute involves you, but to definitely and categorically let it be known that, neither in the class war nor a military war, will you turn your guns on your fellow workers, but instead will line up with your fellow workers in an attack upon the exploiters and capitalists, and will use your arms on the side of your own class....
"Refuse to shoot down your fellow workers!
"Refuse to fight for profits!
The decision not to prosecute further
On 6 August it was announced in the House of Commons that the Attorney General for England and Wales Sir Patrick Hastings had advised the prosecution of Campbell under the Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797; however, under pressure from a number of Labour backbenchers, the government forced the charges to be withdrawn on 13 August. Along with allegations of pro-Soviet activity, this allowed the Liberals and the Conservatives to brand Labour as under the control of radical left wing groups, and the two parties united to enable the passing in the House of Commons, by 304 to 191 votes, of a motion of no confidence in the minority government.
Aftermath of the Campbell Case
Following this, the 1924 General Election was called, which Labour lost to a majority Conservative government.
In a pamphlet published after the fall of the MacDonald government, the CPGB published a pamphlet by Campbell defending his decision to publish the aggressively anti-militariist articles that he did in the party press:
"...[T]he Communist Party of Great Britain had to call attention to the fact that the Labour Government, while talking of its attachment to the cause of peace, was continuing the policy of previous imperialist governments. We had to expose to the Labour movement the true nature of this policy and to ask the Labour movement, if it was sincerely opposed to war, to fight war by all the means in its power.
"We asserted that the Labour Government could prove its attachment to peace in a practical fashion, by publishing the secret treaties and the secret war plans in the archives of the Foreign and War Offices."[2]
"On the question of armaments, we advocated the policy of no credits for capitalist armaments.
"On the question of empire, we advocated that the Labour movement should force the government to abandon the brutal and cowardly repression of the struggling colonial peoples.
A year later, in October 1925, after a number of posters had appeared advocating formation of soldiers' and sailors' committees and denouncing the use of troops against workers and further articles in issues of the Workers' Weekly dated 7 and 14 August 1925. The calls of the party for members of the military to resist orders ("If you must shoot, don't shoot the workers") caused the new Attorney General, Douglas Hogg, with the overt encouragement of the Home Secretary, William Joynson Hicks, to authorise a fresh prosecution under the Incitement to Mutiny Act.
The new round of prosecutions embroiled not only J.R. Campbell but also 11 other members of the Communist Party of Great Britain, including (Willie Gallacher, Wal Hannington, Albert Inkpin, Harry Pollitt, William Rust, R. Page Arnot, Tom Bell, Ernest Cant, Arthur MacManus, J. T. Murphy, and Tom Wintringham). These defendants were charged with "conspiring between 1st January 1924 and 21st October 1925 to (1) utter and publish seditious libels; (2) to incite persons to commit breaches of the Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797; and (3) to endeavour to seduce from their duty persons serving in HM Forces to whom might come certain publications, to wit Workers Weekly, and others, and to incite them to mutiny."
After an eight-day trial at the Old Bailey they were all convicted, with Gallacher, Hannington, Inkpin, Pollitt, and Rust being given sentences of twelve months imprisonment, while Campbell and the others received terms of six months. Those receiving the lesser term had all refused an offer by the judge of a non-custodial sentence in return for a declaration that they would not engage in further political activities similar to those which formed the basis of the charges.
Footnotes
See also
- Zinoviev Letter
- Communist Party of Great Britain
Further reading
- 'A Barrister,' Justice in England. Left Book Club edition. London: Victor Gollancz,1938.
- David Williams, Not In the Public Interest, London: Hutchinson, 1965.