Cambodian genocide

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In Cambodia, between 1975 and 1979 the genocide of between one and a half to three million people was carried out by the Khmer Rouge (KR) regime led by Pol Pot.[1] The KR had planned to create a form of agrarian socialism which was founded on the ideals of Stalinism and Maoism. The KR policies of forced relocation of the population from urban centres, mass executions, use of forced labour and malnutrition led to the deaths of an estimated 25 per cent of the total population.[2][3] The genocide was ended following the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia.[4] Up to 20,000 mass graves, known as the Killing Fields have been uncovered.[5]

On 2 January 2001 the Cambodian government passed legislation to try a limited number of the KR leadership. Trials began on 17 February 2009.[6]

Ideology

Mass grave at the Killing Field of Choeung Ek.

Ideology played an important role in the genocide. The desire of the KR to bring the nation back to a "mythic past", stop aid entering the nation from abroad, which in their eyes was a corrupting influence and restore the country to an agrarian society, and the manner in which they tried to implement this was one factor in the genocide.[7] This new agrarian society was to be based on Stalinist and Maoist ideals.[8]

Ben Kiernan compares three genocides in history, the Armenian Genocide, the Holocaust and the Cambodian genocide, which although unique shared certain commonalities. Racism is one and was a major part of the ideology of all three regimes. Although all three perpetrators were largely secular, they targeted religious minorities. All three also tried to use force of arms to expand into a "contiguous heartland", (Turkestan, Lebensraum, and Kampuchea Krom), all three regimes also "idealized their ethnic peasantry as the true "national" class, the ethnic soil from which the new state grew."[9] The Khmer Rouge regime targeted various ethnic groups during the genocide, forcibly relocating minority groups, and banned the use of minority languages. Religion was also banned, and the repression of adherents of Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism was extensive. And according to Kiernan, the "fiercest extermination campaign was directed at the ethnic Cham Muslim minority".[10] This attempt at the purification of Cambodian society along, racial, social and political lines led to the military and political leaders of the former regime, as well as leaders of industry, journalists, students, doctors, lawyers as well as the Vietnamese and Chinese ethnic groups being purged.[11]

International reaction

Skulls of Khmer Rouge victims

In 1977 the book Cambodge année zéro written by François Ponchaud was released, although the English translation was not published until 1978.[12] Ponchaud was one of the first authors to bring the genocide to the world's attention.[13] Ponchaud has said of the genocide that it, "Was above all, the translation into action the particular vision of a man [sic]: A person who has been spoiled by a corrupt regime cannot be reformed, he must be physically eliminated from the brotherhood of the pure."[14] In 1977 Murder of a gentle land: the untold story of a Communist genocide in Cambodia written by John Barron and Anthony Paul was published.[15] The book drew on accounts from refuges, and after an abridged version was published in Readers Digest it was widely read.[16]

In 1973 Kenneth M. Quinn, serving with the U.S. embassy had raised concerns over the atrocities being carried out. In a report, he stated that the KR had "much in common with those of totalitarian regimes in Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union".[17] Quinn has written of the KR "What emerges as the explanation for the terror and violence that swept Cambodia during the 1970s is that a small group of alienated intellectuals, enraged by their perception of a totally corrupt society and imbued with a Maoist plan to create a pure socialist order in the shortest possible time, recruited extremely young, poor, and envious cadres, instructed them in harsh and brutal methods learned from Stalinist mentors, and used them to destroy physically the cultural underpinnings of the Khmer civilization and to impose a new society through purges, executions, and violence."[18]

The support of North Vietnam, in conjunction with China, was essential to the triumph of the KR in the Cambodian civil war.[19] During the genocide, China was the main international patron of the KR, supplying more than 15,000 military advisers and most of their external aid.[20] As a result of Chinese and Western opposition to the Vietnamese invasion, the KR retained Cambodia's UN seat until 1982.[21] China hosted KR military training camps from 1979 until at least 1986, and stationed military advisers with KR troops until as late as 1990.[21] After the 1991 Paris Peace Agreement, Thailand continued to allow KR guerillas to trade and move across the Thai border, although criticism from the U.S. and Australia caused it to disavow passing any direct military support.[22]

The Cambodian NGO Documentation Center of Cambodia has, by 2008, mapped 20,000 mass graves.[23] The Cambodian Genocide Program at Yale University, directed by Ben Kiernan, estimates that the death toll may be closer to 2 million than one million after their discovery of mass graves.[24]

War crimes trials

The tribunal's main building with the court room

On 15 July 1979 following the overthrow of the KR the new government passed "Decree Law No, 1", this allowed for the trial of Pol Pot and Ieng Sary for the crime of genocide. They were given an American defence lawyer, Hope Stevens.[25] They were tried in absentia and convicted of genocide.[26]

In January 2001 the Cambodian National Assembly passed legislation to form a tribunal to try members of the KR regime.[27]

So far the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) has tried.

Kang Kek Iew, AKA Comrade Duch, AKA Hang Ping, was a mid level leader of the KR regime. He set up the first Khmer prison (code name M-13) in Kampong Forest were the prisoners had to live in pits. He set up another prison two years later, known as M-99. It is estimated that up to 20,000 people were tortured and executed there. Following the Khmer takeover in April 1975 the prison system was extended nationwide. And in Phnom Penh the infamous Tuol Sleng prison was founded. Duch was in charge of the prison and it is estimated that 16,000 people were killed within it. There are only seven known survivors. In 1999 Duch was interviewed by Nic Dunlop and Nate Thayer in which he admitted his guilt over the crimes carried out in Tuol Sleng, he expressed sorrow for his actions and stated he was willing to stand trial, and give evidence against his former comrades. On 16 February 2009 the trial began, and he accepted that he was responsible for the crimes carried out at Tuol Sleng, on 31 March 2009. On 26 July 2010 he was found guilty on charges of crimes against humanity, torture and murder and was given a sentence of 35 years imprisonment.[28]

On 19 September 2007 Nuon Chea, AKA, Brother Number Two was arrested, and later arraigned before the ECCC.[29] At the end of the trial in 2013 he denied all charges, stating that he had not given orders "to mistreat or kill people to deprive them of food or commit any genocide." He has expressed remorse and accepted moral responsibility for the crimes, stating, "I would like to sincerely apologize to the public, the victims, the families, and all Cambodian people."[30]

Ieng Thirith was arrested on 12 November 2007 at the same time as her husband, Ieng Sary.[31] She was indicted on the 10 September 2010, for crimes against humanity and genocide. On 17 November 2011, following evaluations from medical experts, she was found to be unfit to stand trial due to a mental condition.[32]

Khieu Samphan was arrested on 19 November 2007 and charged with crimes against humanity.[33]

Genocide denial

A few months before he died, Pol Pot was interviewed by Nate Thayer. During the interview he stated that he had a clear conscience and denied being responsible for genocide, Pol Pot asserted that he "came to carry out the struggle, not to kill people". according to Alex Alvarez Pol Pot "portrayed himself as a misunderstood and unfairly vilified figure".[34] Pol Pot committed suicide on 15 April 1998.[35]

In 2013, the Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen passed legislation which makes the denial of the Cambodian genocide and other war crimes committed by the Khmer Rouge illegal. The legislation was passed after comments by a member of the opposition, Kem Sokha, who is the deputy president of the Cambodian National Rescue Party. Sokha had stated that exhibits at Tuol Sleng were fabricated and that the artefacts had been faked by the Vietnamese following their invasion in 1979. Sokha's party have claimed that the comments have been taken out of context.[36]

References

  1. ↑ Frey 2009, p. 83.
  2. ↑ Etcheson 2005, p. 119.
  3. ↑ Heuveline 1998, pp. 49-65.
  4. ↑ Mayersan 2013, p. 182.
  5. ↑ DeMello 2013, p. 86.
  6. ↑ Mendes 2011, p. 13.
  7. ↑ Alvarez 2001, p. 50.
  8. ↑ Alvarez 2007, p. 16.
  9. ↑ Kiernan 2003, p. 29.
  10. ↑ Kiernan 2003, p. 30.
  11. ↑ Alvarez 2001, p. 12.
  12. ↑ Beachler 2011, p. 45.
  13. ↑ Bartrop 2012, p. 261.
  14. ↑ Tyner 2012, p. 145.
  15. ↑ Barron 1977.
  16. ↑ Mayersan 2013, pp. 183-184.
  17. ↑ Dutton 2007, p. 32.
  18. ↑ Hinton 2004, p. 23.
  19. ↑ SarDesai 1998, p. 124.
  20. ↑ Roett 2008, p. 193.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 PoKempner 1995, p. 106.
  22. ↑ PoKempner 1995, p. 107-108.
  23. ↑ Verkoren 2008, p. 225.
  24. ↑ Terry 2002, p. 116.
  25. ↑ Etcheson 2005, p. 14.
  26. ↑ Donlon 2012, p. 103.
  27. ↑ Stanton 2013, p. 411.
  28. ↑ Bartrop 2012, pp. 166-167.
  29. ↑ Corfield 2011, p. 855.
  30. ↑ Nuon Chea 2013.
  31. ↑ MacKinnon 2007.
  32. ↑ de los Reyes 2012, p. 1.
  33. ↑ Munthit 2007.
  34. ↑ Alvarez 2001, p. 56.
  35. ↑ Chan 2004, p. 256.
  36. ↑ Buncombe 2013.

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