Cadmium tungstate
| Cadmium tungstate | ||
|---|---|---|
| IUPAC name Cadmium(II) tungstate | ||
| Identifiers | ||
| CAS number | 7790-85-4  | |
| Properties | ||
| Molecular formula | CdO4W | |
| Molar mass | 360.25 g mol−1 | |
| Appearance | colorless crystals with a yellow tint | |
| Density | 7.9 g/cm3, solid | |
| Melting point | 1325 °C | |
| Solubility in water | 0.04642 g/100 mL (20 °C) | |
| Hazards | ||
| EU classification | Harmful (Xn) | |
(verify) (what is: / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa) | ||
| Infobox references | ||
Cadmium tungstate (CdWO4 or CWO), the cadmium salt of tungstic acid, is a dense, chemically inert solid which is used as a scintillation crystal to detect gamma rays. It has density of 7.9 g/cm3 and melting point of 1325 °C. It is toxic if inhaled or swallowed. Its crystals are transparent, colorless, with slight yellow tint. It is odorless. Its CAS number is []. It is not hygroscopic.
The crystal is transparent and emits light when it is hit by gamma rays and x-rays, making it useful as a detector of ionizing radiation. Its peak scintillation wavelength is 480 nm (with emission range between 380-660 nm),[1] and efficiency of 13000 photons/MeV. It has a relatively high light yield, its light output is about 40% of NaI(Tl), but the time of scintillation is quite long (12−15 μs).[1] It is often used in computed tomography. Combining the scintillator crystal with externally applied piece of boron carbide allows[citation needed] construction of compact detectors of gamma rays and neutron radiation.
Cadmium tungstate was used as a replacement of calcium tungstate in some fluoroscopes since 1940's.[2][3] Very high radiopurity allows to use this scintillator as a detector of rare nuclear processes (double beta decay, other rare alpha and beta decays) in low-background applications.[4] For example, the first indication of the natural alpha activity of tungsten (alpha decay of 180W) had been found in 2003 with CWO detectors.[5] Due to different time of light emission for different types of ionizing particles, the alpha-beta discrimination technique has been developed for CWO scintillators.[6]
Cadmium tungstate films can be deposited by sol-gel technology. Cadmium tungstate nanorods can be synthesized by a hydrothermal process.[7]
Similar materials are calcium tungstate (scheelite) and zinc tungstate.
It is toxic, as are all cadmium compounds.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Burachas S. F. et al. (1996). "Large volume CdWO4 crystal scintillators". Nucl. Instrum. and Methods in Phys. Research A 369 (1): 164–168. doi:10.1016/0168-9002(95)00675-3.
- ↑ "Patterson Hand-Held Fluoroscope (ca. 1940s)". Oak Ridge Associated Universities. 1999. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
- ↑ Kroeger, F. A. (1948). Some Aspects of the Luminescence of Solids. Elsevier.
- ↑ Bardelli L. et al. (2006). "Further study of CdWO4 crystal scintillators as detectors for high sensitivity 2β experiments: Scintillation properties and pulse-shape discrimination". Nucl. Instrum. and Methods in Phys. Research A 569 (3): 743–753. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2006.09.094.
- ↑ Danevich F. A. et al. (2003). "α activity of natural tungsten isotopes". Phys. Rev. C 67 (1): 014310. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014310.
- ↑ Fazzini T. et al. (1998). "Pulse-shape discrimination with CdWO4 crystal scintillators". Nucl. Instrum. and Methods in Phys. Research A 410 (2): 213–219. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(98)00179-X.
- ↑ Wang Y, Ma J, Tao J, Zhu X, Zhou J, Zhao Z, Xie L, and Tian H (September 2006). "Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of CdWO4 nanorods". Journal of the American Ceramic Society 89 (9): 2980–2982. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01171.x. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
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