Burkholderia cepacia complex
| Burkholderia cepacia complex | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Proteobacteria |
| Class: | Beta Proteobacteria |
| Order: | Burkholderiales |
| Family: | Burkholderiaceae |
| Genus: | Burkholderia |
| Species: | B. cepacia complex |
| Binomial name | |
| Burkholderia cepacia complex (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) Yabuuchi et al. 1993 | |
| Type species | |
| ATCC 25416 CCUG 12691 and 13226 | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Pseudomonas cepacia Burkholder 1950 | |
Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), or simply Burkholderia cepacia is a group of catalase-producing, lactose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative bacteria composed of at least 17 different species, including B. cepacia, B. multivorans, B. cenocepacia, B. vietnamiensis, B. stabilis, B. ambifaria, B. dolosa, B. anthina, and B. pyrrocinia.[1] B. cepacia is an important human pathogen which most often causes pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals with underlying lung disease (such as cystic fibrosis or chronic granulomatous disease).[2] It also attacks young onion and tobacco plants, as well as displaying a remarkable ability to digest oil.
Pathogenesis
BCC organisms are typically found in water and soil and can survive for prolonged periods in moist environments. Person-to-person spread has been documented; as a result, many hospitals, clinics, and camps have enacted strict isolation precautions for those infected with BCC. Infected individuals are often treated in a separate area from uninfected patients to limit spread, since BCC infection can lead to a rapid decline in lung function and result in death.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of BCC involves culturing the bacteria from clinical specimens, such as sputum or blood. BCC organisms are naturally resistant to many common antibiotics, including aminoglycosides and polymyxin B.[3] and this fact is exploited in the identification of the organism.
Oxidation-fermentation polymyxin-bacitracin-lactose (OFPBL) agar contains polymyxin (which kills most Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and bacitracin (which kills most Gram-positive bacteria and Neisseria species).[4][5] It also contains lactose, and organisms such as BCC that do not ferment lactose turn the pH indicator yellow, which helps to distinguish it from other organisms that may grow on OFPBL agar, such as Candida species, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Stenotrophomonas species, and Proteus species.
Infection control
The bacterium is so hardy, it has been found to persist in betadine (a common topical antiseptic).[6] Recently, a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash was also recalled, after it was found to be contaminated with B. cepacia.[7] On 1-August-2012, the US FDA announced a recall of selected lots of benzalkonium chloride swabs and antiseptic wipes manufactured for Dukal by Jianerkang Medical Dressing Co.[8] Matrixx Initiatives Issues Nationwide Voluntary Recall of One Lot of Zicam® Extreme Congestion Relief Due to Contamination With Burkholderia Cepacia [9]
Treatment
Treatment typically includes multiple antibiotics and may include ceftazidime, doxycycline, piperacillin, meropenem, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(co-trimoxazole).[3] Although co-trimoxazole has been generally considered the drug of choice for B. cepacia infections, ceftazidime, doxycycline, piperacillin and meropenem are considered to be viable alternative options in cases where co-trimoxazole cannot be administered because of hypersensitivity reactions, intolerance or resistance.[10] In April 2007, researchers from the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Western Ontario, working with a group from Edinburgh, announced that they had discovered a potential method to kill the organism, involving disruption in the biosynthesis of an essential cell membrane sugar.[11][12]
History
B.cepacia was discovered by Walter Burkholder in 1949 as the cause of onion skin rot, and first described as a human pathogen in the 1950s.[13] In the 1980s, it was first recognized in individuals with cystic fibrosis, and outbreaks were associated with a 35% death rate. B. cepacia has a large genome, containing twice the amount of genetic material as E. coli.
See also
References
- ↑ Lipuma J (2005). "Update on the Burkholderia cepacia complex". Curr Opin Pulm Med 11 (6): 528–33. doi:10.1097/01.mcp.0000181475.85187.ed. PMID 16217180.
- ↑ Mahenthiralingam E, Urban T, Goldberg J (2005). "The multifarious, multireplicon Burkholderia cepacia complex". Nat Rev Microbiol 3 (2): 144–56. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1085. PMID 15643431.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 McGowan J (2006). "Resistance in nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria: multidrug resistance to the maximum". Am J Infect Control 34 (5 Suppl 1): S29–37; discussion S64–73. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2006.05.226. PMID 16813979.
- ↑ Becton, Dickinson and Company (2003). BD Difco and BD BBL Manual: Manual of Microbiological Culture Media. Franklin Lakes, New Jersey: Becton Dickinson. pp. 422–423.
- ↑ "OFPBL agar". Remel Technical Manual. Lenexa, Kan: Remel. 1997.
- ↑ Anderson R, Vess R, Panlilio A, Favero M (1990). "Prolonged survival of Pseudomonas cepacia in commercially manufactured povidone-iodine". Appl Environ Microbiol 56 (11): 3598–600. PMC 185031. PMID 2268166.
- ↑ Products recalled due to bacteria contamination, 2010-12-30, http://health.asiaone.com/Health/News/Story/A1Story20101230-255609.html
- ↑ http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm314006.htm?source=govdelivery
- ↑ http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm332787.htm
- ↑ Avgeri SG, Matthaiou DK, Dimopoulos G, Grammatikos AP, Falagas ME. Therapeutic options for Burkholderia cepacia infections beyond co-trimoxazole: a systematic review of the clinical evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009; 33(5):394-404. PMID 19097867
- ↑ "Key Found to Kill Cystic Fibrosis Superbug". Innovations Report. 2007-04-25. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ↑ Ortega XP, Cardona ST, Brown AR et al. (May 2007). "A Putative Gene Cluster for Aminoarabinose Biosynthesis Is Essential for Burkholderia cenocepacia Viability". J. Bacteriol. 189 (9): 3639–44. doi:10.1128/JB.00153-07. PMC 1855895. PMID 17337576.
- ↑ Burkholder WH (1950). "Sour skin, a bacterial rot of onion bulbs". Phytopathology 40: 115–7.