Bordeaux

Bordeaux
Top:View of Place de la Bourse and Garonne River, Middle left:View ot Saint-Andre Cathedral and Bordeax Tramway, Middle right:Night view of Allees du Tourny and Maison de Vin, Bottom left:Front of Palais Rohan Hotel, Bottom center:Meriadeck Commercial Centre, Bottom right:Pierre Bridge in Garonne River
Coat of arms
Motto: Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem. "The fleur-de-lis alone rules over the moon, the waves, the castle, and the lion" ( in French: Seule la Fleur de Lys règne sur la lune, les vagues le chateau et le lion)
Bordeaux
Location within Aquitaine region  Bordeaux
Coordinates: 44°50′N 0°35′W / 44.84°N 0.58°W / 44.84; -0.58Coordinates: 44°50′N 0°35′W / 44.84°N 0.58°W / 44.84; -0.58
Country	France
Region	Aquitaine
Department	Gironde
Arrondissement	Bordeaux
Intercommunality	Bordeaux
Government
• Mayor (2008–2014)	Alain Juppé (UMP)
Area
• Urban (2008 estimate)	1,057 km2 (408 sq mi)
• Metro (2008 estimate)	3,875.2 km2 (1,496.2 sq mi)
• Land1	49.36 km2 (19.06 sq mi)
Population (2010)
• Rank	9th in France
• Urban (2008 estimate)	832,605
• Urban density	790/km2 (2,000/sq mi)
• Metro (2008 estimate)	1,105,000 (6th in France)
• Population2	239,157
• Population2 Density	4,800/km2 (13,000/sq mi)
INSEE/Postal code	33063 /
Website	www.bordeaux.fr
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [bɔʁ.do] ; Gascon: Bordèu; Basque: Bordele) is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.

The city of Bordeaux, with a population of 239,157 inhabitants in 2010, is the ninth largest city in France; its metropolitan area (aire urbaine) is the sixth largest in France, with a population of 1,127,776. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called "Bordelais" (for men) or "Bordelaises" (women). The term "Bordelais" may also refer to the city and its surrounding region.

The city's nicknames are "La perle d'Aquitaine" (The Pearl of Aquitaine), and "La Belle Endormie" (Sleeping Beauty) in reference to the old center which had black walls due to pollution. Nowadays, this is not the case. In fact, a part of the city, Le Port de La Lune, was almost completely renovated.

Bordeaux is the world's major wine industry capital. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo (fr),^[1] while the wine economy in the metro area takes in 14.5 billion euros each year. Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" of the 18th century.^[2]

History

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Bordeaux, Port of the Moon
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iv
Reference	1256
UNESCO region	Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription	2007 (31st Session)

In historical times, around 300 BCE it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, who named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitainian origin. The name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city.

In 107 BCE, the Battle of Burdigala was fought by the Romans who were defending the Allobroges, an allied Roman tribe, and the Tigurini led by Divico. The Romans were defeated and their commander, the consul Lucius Cassius Longinus was killed in the action.

The city fell under Roman rule around 60 BC, its importance lying in the commerce of tin and lead towards Rome. Later it became capital of Roman Aquitaine, flourishing especially during the Severan dynasty (3rd century). In 276 it was sacked by the Vandals. Further ravage was brought by the same Vandals in 409, the Visigoths in 414 and the Franks in 498, beginning a period of obscurity for the city.

In the late 6th century, the city re-emerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks, but royal Frankish power was never strong. The city started to play a regional role as a major urban center on the fringes of the newly founded Frankish Duchy of Vasconia. Circa 585, a certain Gallactorius is cited as count of Bordeaux and fighting the Basques.

The city was plundered by the troops of Abd er Rahman in 732, after he had defeated Duke Eudes in the Battle of the River Garonne near Bordeaux and before the former was killed during the Battle of Tours on 10 October. After Duke Eudes's defeat, Aquitaine pledged allegiance formally to the new rising Carolingian dynasty, but still remained out of Frankish central rule until 768 (Duke Waifer defeated). In 736, the Aquitanian duke Hunald led a rebellion after his father Eudes's death, at which Charles responded by sending an expedition that captured and plundered Bordeaux again, while the Frankish commander didn't retain it for long, since he left south-east to wage war in Narbonnaise.

In 778, Seguin (or Sihimin) was appointed count of Bordeaux, probably undermining the power of the Duke Lupo, and possibly leading to the Battle of Roncevaux Pass that very year. In 814, Seguin was made Duke of Vasconia, but he was deposed in 816 for failing to suppress or sympathise with a Basque rebellion. Under the Carolingians, sometimes the Counts of Bordeaux held the title concomitantly with that of Duke of Vasconia. They were meant to keep in check the Basques and defend the mouth of the Garonne from the Vikings when the latter appeared c. 844 in the region of Bordeaux. In Autumn 845, count Seguin II marched on the Vikings assaulting Bordeaux and Saintes but was captured and put to death. There are no bishops mentioned during the whole 8th century and part of the 9th in Bordeaux.

From the 12th to the 15th century, Bordeaux regained importance following the marriage of Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine with the French-speaking Count Henri Plantagenet, born in Le Mans, who became, within months of their wedding, King Henry II of England. The city flourished, primarily due to wine trade, and the cathedral of St. André was built. It was also the capital of an independent state under Edward, the Black Prince (1362–1372), but in the end, after the Battle of Castillon (1453) it was annexed by France which extended its territory. The Château Trompette (Trumpet Castle) and the Fort du Hâ, built by Charles VII of France, were the symbols of the new domination, which however deprived the city of its richness by halting the wine commerce with England.

In 1462, Bordeaux obtained a parliament, but regained importance only in the 16th century when it became the center of the distribution of sugar and slaves from the West Indies along with the traditional wine.^[3]

Bordeaux adhered to the Fronde, being effectively annexed to the Kingdom of France only in 1653, when the army of Louis XIV entered the city.

The 18th century was the golden age of Bordeaux. Many downtown buildings (about 5,000), including those on the quays, are from this period. Victor Hugo found the town so beautiful he once said: "take Versailles, add Antwerp, and you have Bordeaux". Baron Haussmann, a long-time prefect of Bordeaux, used Bordeaux's 18th-century big-scale rebuilding as a model when he was asked by Emperor Napoleon III to transform a then still quasi-medieval Paris into a "modern" capital that would make France proud.

In 1870, at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war against Prussia, the French government relocated to Bordeaux from Paris. This happened again during the First World War and again very briefly during the Second World War, when it became clear that Paris would soon fall into German hands. However, on the last of these occasions the French capital was soon moved again to Vichy.

From 1940 to 1943, the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina Italiana) established BETASOM, a submarine base at Bordeaux. Italian submarines participated in the Battle of the Atlantic from this base which was also a major base for German U-boats as headquarters of 12th U-boat Flotilla. The massive, reinforced concrete U-boat pens have proved impractical to demolish and are now partly used as a cultural center for exhibitions.

Geography

Bordeaux is located close to the European Atlantic coast, in the southwest of France and in the north of the Aquitaine region. It is around 500 km (310 mi) southwest of Paris. The city is built on a bend of the river Garonne, and is divided into two parts: the right bank to the east and left bank in the west. Historically the left bank is more developed because when flowing outside the bend, the water makes a furrow of the required depth to allow the passing of merchant ships, which used to offload on this side of the river. In Bordeaux, the Garonne River is accessible to ocean liners. The left bank of the Garonne is a low-lying, often marshy plain.

Climate

Bordeaux's climate is usually classified as an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb); however, the summers tend to be warmer and the winters milder than most areas of similar classification. Substantial summer rainfall prevents its climate from being classified as Mediterranean.

Winters are mild because of the prevalence of westerly winds from the Atlantic. Summers are warm and long due to the influence from the Bay of Biscay (surface temperature reaches 21 to 22 °C (70 to 72 °F). The average seasonal winter temperature is 7.1 °C (44.8 °F), but recent winters have been warmer than this. Frosts in the winter are commonplace, occurring several times during a winter, but snowfall is very rare, occurring only once every three years. The average summer seasonal temperature is 20.7 °C (69.3 °F). The summer of 2003 set a record with an average temperature of 23.3 °C (73.9 °F).^[4]

Climate data for Bordeaux-Mérignac (1981–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	20.2 (68.4)	26.2 (79.2)	27.7 (81.9)	31.1 (88)	35.4 (95.7)	39.2 (102.6)	38.8 (101.8)	40.7 (105.3)	37.0 (98.6)	32.2 (90)	25.1 (77.2)	22.5 (72.5)	40.7 (105.3)
Average high °C (°F)	10.1 (50.2)	11.7 (53.1)	15.1 (59.2)	17.3 (63.1)	21.2 (70.2)	24.5 (76.1)	26.9 (80.4)	27.1 (80.8)	24.0 (75.2)	19.4 (66.9)	13.7 (56.7)	10.5 (50.9)	18.5 (65.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)	6.6 (43.9)	7.5 (45.5)	10.3 (50.5)	12.4 (54.3)	16.1 (61)	19.3 (66.7)	21.4 (70.5)	21.4 (70.5)	18.5 (65.3)	14.9 (58.8)	9.9 (49.8)	7.2 (45)	13.8 (56.8)
Average low °C (°F)	3.1 (37.6)	3.3 (37.9)	5.4 (41.7)	7.4 (45.3)	11.0 (51.8)	14.1 (57.4)	15.8 (60.4)	15.7 (60.3)	12.9 (55.2)	10.4 (50.7)	6.1 (43)	3.8 (38.8)	9.1 (48.4)
Record low °C (°F)	−16.4 (2.5)	−15.2 (4.6)	−9.9 (14.2)	−5.3 (22.5)	−1.8 (28.8)	2.5 (36.5)	4.8 (40.6)	1.5 (34.7)	−1.8 (28.8)	−5.3 (22.5)	−12.3 (9.9)	−13.4 (7.9)	−16.4 (2.5)
Precipitation mm (inches)	87 (3.43)	72 (2.83)	65 (2.56)	78 (3.07)	80 (3.15)	62 (2.44)	50 (1.97)	56 (2.2)	84 (3.31)	93 (3.66)	110 (4.33)	106 (4.17)	944.1 (37.169)
Avg. precipitation days	12	10	11	12	11	8	7	8	9	11	13	12	124
Mean monthly sunshine hours	96	115	170	182	217	239	249	242	203	147	94	82	2,035
Source: Météo France

Economy

Vine

The vine was introduced to the Bordeaux region by the Romans, probably in the mid-1st century, to provide wine for local consumption, and wine production has been continuous in the region since then.^[5]

Bordeaux now has about 116,160 hectares (287,000 acres) of vineyards, 57 appellations, 10,000 wine-producing châteaux and 13,000 grape growers. With an annual production of approximately 960 million bottles,^[6] Bordeaux produces large quantities of everyday wine as well as some of the most expensive wines in the world. Included among the latter are the area's five premier cru (first growth) red wines (four from Médoc and one, Château Haut-Brion, from Graves), established by the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855: The first growths are:

• Château Lafite-Rothschild
• Château Margaux
• Château Latour
• Château Haut-Brion
• Château Mouton-Rothschild^*

^*In 1855 Mouton-Rothschild was ranked a Second Growth. In 1973, it was elevated to First Growth status.^[7]

Both red and white wines are made in Bordeaux. Red Bordeaux is called claret in the United Kingdom. Red wines are generally made from a blend of grapes, and may be made from Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Petit verdot, Malbec, and, less commonly in recent years, Carménère. White Bordeaux is made from Sauvignon blanc, Sémillon, and Muscadelle. Sauternes is a subregion of Graves known for its intensely sweet, white, dessert wines such as Château d'Yquem.

Because of a wine glut (wine lake) in the generic production, the price squeeze induced by an increasingly strong international competition, and vine pull schemes, the number of growers has recently dropped from 14,000 and the area under vine has also decreased significantly. In the meanwhile however, the global demand for the first growths and the most famous labels markedly increased and their prices skyrocketed.

Others

The Laser Mégajoule will be one of the most powerful lasers in the world, allowing fundamental research and the development of the laser and plasma technologies. This project, carried by the French Ministry of Defence, involves an investment of 2 billion euros. The "Road of the lasers", a major project of regional planning, promotes regional investment in optical and laser related industries leading to the Bordeaux area having the most important concentration of optical and laser expertise in Europe.

20,000 people work for the aeronautic industry in Bordeaux. The city has some of the biggest companies including Dassault, EADS Sogerma, Snecma, Thales, SNPE, and others. The Dassault Falcon private jets are built there as well as the military aircraft Rafale and Mirage 2000, the Airbus A380 cockpit, the boosters of Ariane 5, and the M51 SLBM missile.

Tourism, especially wine tourism, is a major industry.

Access to the port from the Atlantic is via the Gironde estuary. Almost 9 million tons of goods arrive and leave each year.

Major companies

(This list includes indigenous Bordeaux-based companies and companies that have major presence in Bordeaux, but are not necessarily headquartered there.)

• Arena
• CDiscount
• Cultura
• Dassault
• EADS composites
• EADS Sogerma
• EADS Space Transportation
• Ford Motor Company
• Lectra
• LU
• Marie Brizard
• McKesson Corporation
• Oxbow
• Ricard
• Sanofi Aventis
• Smurfit Kappa
• SNECMA
• SNPE
• Solectron
• Thales Group
• William Pitters

Population

In the 1999 census, there were 215,363 inhabitants in the city (commune) of Bordeaux. The 2005 census showed a significant increase, as this figure reached 230,600 inhabitants. The majority of the population is French, but there are sizable groups of Italians, Spaniards (Up to 20% of the Bordeaux population claim some degree of Spanish heritage), Portuguese, Turks, Germans, North Africans, Afro-Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Afican and Asian (mostly from China and Vietnam).^{[citation needed]}. The built-up area has grown swiftly in recent years with urban sprawl.

Evolution of the Population (See database)

1793	1800	1806	1821	1831	1836	1841	1846	1851
104,676	91,652	92,219	89,202	99,062	98,705	104,686	125,520	130,927

1856	1861	1866	1872	1876	1881	1886	1891	1896
149,928	162,750	194,241	194,055	215,140	221,305	240,582	252,415	256,906

1901	1906	1911	1921	1926	1931	1936	1946	1954
256,638	251,947	261,678	267,409	256,026	262,990	258,348	253,751	257,946

1962	1968	1975	1982	1990	1999	2006	2008	-
249,688	266,662	223,131	208,159	210,336	215,374	232,260	235,891	-

Sources : Ldh/EHESS/Cassini until 1962, INSEE database from 1968 (population without double counting and municipal population from 2006) · ^[8]

Histogram on demographic change

0	1800   1820   1840   1860   1880   1900   1920   1940   1960   1980   2000
Sources - database Cassini of EHESS and Insee See database

Education

University

The university was created by the archbishop Pey Berland in 1441 and was abolished in 1793, during the French Revolution, before reappearing in 1808 with Napoleon I. Bordeaux accommodates approximately 70,000 students on one of the largest campuses of Europe (235 ha).^[9] The University of Bordeaux is divided into four:

• The University Bordeaux 1 (Maths, Physical sciences and Technologies), 10,693 students in 2002
• The University Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux Segalen (Medicine and Life sciences), 15,038 students in 2002
• The University Bordeaux 3, Michel de Montaigne (Liberal Arts, Humanities, Languages, History), 14,785 students in 2002
• The University Bordeaux 4, Montesquieu(Law, Economy and Management). 12,556 students in 2002
• Institut of Political Sciences of Bordeaux. Although technically a part of the fourth university, it largely functions autonomously.

Schools

Bordeaux has numerous public and private schools offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs.

Engineering schools:

• École nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers
• École d'ingénieurs en modélisation mathématique et mécanique
• École nationale supérieure d’électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématique et mécanique de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB-MATMECA)
• École supérieure de technologie des biomolécules de Bordeaux
• École nationale d'ingénieurs des travaux agricoles de Bordeaux
• École nationale supérieure de chimie et physique de Bordeaux
• École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
• Institut des sciences et techniques des aliments de Bordeaux
• Institut de cognitique
• École supérieure d'informatique
• École privée des sciences informatiques

Business and management schools:

• IUT Techniques de Commercialisation of Bordeaux (Business School)
• KEDGE Management School (former Bordeaux École Management)
• EBP International
• E-Artsup
• Institut des hautes études économiques et commerciales (INSEEC)
• Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
• Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action
• École de commerce européenne

Other:

• École nationale de la magistrature (National school for Magistrate)
• École d'architecture et de paysage de Bordeaux
• École des beaux-arts de Bordeaux
• École française des attachés de presse et des professionels de la communication (EFAP)
• Conservatoire national des arts et métiers d'Aquitaine (CNAM)

Main sights

Bordeaux is classified "City of Art and History". The city is home to 362 monuments historiques (only Paris has more in France) with some buildings dating back to Roman times. Bordeaux has been inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble".

Bordeaux is home to one of Europe's biggest 18th-century architectural urban areas, making it a sought-after destination for tourists and cinema production crews. It stands out as one of the first French cities, after Nancy, to have entered an era of urbanism and metropolitan big scale projects, with the team Gabriel father and son, architects for King Louis XV, under the supervision of two intendants (Governors), first Nicolas-François Dupré de Saint-Maur then the Marquis (Marquess) de Tourny.

Buildings

Main sights include:

• Esplanade des Quinconces, the largest square in Europe.
• Monument aux Girondins
• Grand Théâtre, a large neoclassical theater built in the 18th century.
• Allées de Tourny
• Cours de l'Intendance
• Place du Chapelet
• Place de la Bourse(1730–1775), designed by the Royal architect Jacques Ange Gabriel as landscape for an equestrian statue of Louis XV.
• Place du Parlement
• Place Saint-Pierre
• Pont de pierre
• Saint-André Cathedral, consecrated by Pope Urban II in 1096. Of the Original Romanesque edifice only a wall in the nave remain. The Royal Gate is from the early 13th century, while the rest of the construction is mostly from the 14th and 15th centuries.
• Tour Pey-Berland (1440–1450), a massive, quadrangular gothic tower annexed to the cathedral.
• Église Sainte-Croix (Church of the Holy Cross). It lies on the site of a 7th-century abbey destroyed by the Saracens. Rebuilt under the Carolingians, it was again destroyed by the Normans in 845 and 864. It is annexed to a Benedictine abbey founded in the 7th century, and was built in the late 11th and early 12th centuries. The façade is in Romanesque style
• The gothic Basilica of Saint Michael, constructed between the end of 14th century and the 16th century.
• Basilica of Saint-Seurin, the most ancient church in Bordeaux. It was built in the early 6th century on the site of a palaeochristian necropolis. It has an 11th-century portico, while the apse and transept are from the following century. The 13th-century nave has chapels from the 11th and the 14th centuries. The ancient crypt houses sepulchres of the Merovingian family.
• Église Saint-Pierre, gothic church
• Église Saint-Éloi, gothic church
• Église Saint-Bruno, baroque church decorated with frescoes
• Église Notre-Dame, baroque church
• Église Saint-Paul-Saint-François-Xavier, baroque church
• Palais Rohan (Exterior:^[10])
• Palais Gallien, the remains of a late 2nd-century Roman amphitheatre
• Porte Cailhau, a medieval gate of the old city walls.
• La Grosse Cloche (15th century), the second remaining gate of the Medieval walls. It was the belfry of the old Town Hall. It consists of two 40 m-high circular towers and a central bell tower housing a bell weighing 7,800 kilograms (17,200 lb). The watch is from 1759.
• Rue Sainte-Catherine, the longest Pedestrian street of France
• The BETASOM submarine base

Saint-André Cathedral, Saint-Michel Basilica and Saint-Seurin Basilica are part of the World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France.

Contemporary architecture

• Fire Station, la Benauge, Claude Ferret/Adrien Courtois/Yves Salier, 1951–1954
• Court of first instance, Richard Rogers, 1998
• CTBA, wood and furniture research center, A. Loisier, 1998
• Hangar 14 on the Quai des Chartrons, 1999
• The Management Science faculty on the Bastide, Anne Lacaton/Jean-Philippe Vassal, 2006
• The Jardin botanique de la Bastide, Catherine Mosbach/Françoise Hélène Jourda/Pascal Convert, 2007
• The Nuyens School complex on the Bastide, Yves Ballot/Nathalie Franck, 2007
• Seeko'o Hotel on the Quai des Chartrons, King Kong architects, 2007

Museums

• Musée des Beaux Arts (Fine arts museum), one of the finest painting galleries in France with paintings by painter such as Tiziano, Veronese, Rubens, Van Dyck, Frans Hals, Claude, Chardin, Delacroix, Renoir, Seurat, Matisse and Picasso.
• Musée d'Aquitaine (archeological and history museum)
• Musée du Vin et du Négoce (museum of the wine trade)
• Musée des Arts Décoratifs (museum of decorative arts)
• Musée d'Histoire Naturelle (natural history museum)
• Centre d'arts plastiques contemporains (CAPC) (contemporary art museum)
• Musée National des Douanes
• Vinorama
• Musée Goupil
• Casa de Goya
• Cap Sciences
• Centre Jean Moulin

Parks and gardens

• Jardin botanique de Bordeaux
• Jardin botanique de la Bastide
• La Maison des Chameaux (Camel Park)

"Le Jardin Publique" is a park in the heart of the city.

Shopping

Bordeaux has many shopping options. In the heart of Bordeaux is Rue Sainte-Catherine. This pedestrian only shopping street has 1.2 kilometers (0.75 mi) of shops, restaurants and cafés; it is also one of the longest shopping streets in Europe. Rue Sainte-Catherine starts at Place de la Victoire and ends at Place de la Comédie by the Grand Théâtre. The shops become progressively more upmarket as one moves towards Place de la Comédie and the nearby Cours de l'Intendance is where one finds the more exclusive shops and boutiques.

Culture

Bordeaux is also the first city in France to have created, in the 1980s, an architecture exhibition and research center, Arc en rêve. Bordeaux offers a large number of cinemas, theatres and is the home of the Opéra national de Bordeaux. There are many music venues of varying capacity. The city also offers several festivals throughout the year.

Transport

Road

Bordeaux is an important road and motorway junction. The city is connected to Paris by the A10 motorway, with Lyon by the A89, with Toulouse by the A62, and with Spain by the A63. There is a 45 km (28 mi) ring road called the "Rocade" which is often very busy. Another ring road is under consideration.

Bordeaux has four road bridges that cross the Garonne, the Pont de pierre built in the 1820s and three modern bridges built after 1960: the Pont Saint Jean, just south of the Pont de pierre (both located downtown), the Pont d'Aquitaine, a suspended bridge downstream from downtown, and the Pont François Mitterrand, located upstream of downtown. These two bridges are part of the ring road around Bordeaux. A fifth bridge, the Pont Jacques-Chaban-Delmas, was constructed in 2009–2012 and opened to traffic in March 2013. Located halfway between the Pont de pierre and the Pont d'Aquitaine and serving downtown rather than highway traffic, it is a vertical-lift bridge with a height comparable to the Pont de pierre in closed position, and to the Pont d'Aquitaine in open position. All five road bridges, including the two highway bridges, are open to cyclists and pedestrians as well. Another bridge, the Pont Jean-Jacques Bosc, is to be built in 2018.^[11]

Lacking any steep hills, Bordeaux is relatively friendly to cyclists. Cycle paths (separate from the roadways) exist on the highway bridges, along the riverfront, on the university campuses, and incidentally elsewhere in the city. Cycle lanes and bus lanes that explicitly allow cyclists exist on many of the city's boulevards. A paid Bicycle sharing system with automated stations has been established in 2010.

Rail

The main railway station, Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean, near the center of the city, has 4 million passengers a year. It is served by the French national (SNCF) railway's high speed train, the TGV, that gets to Paris in three hours, with connections to major European centers such as Lille, Brussels, Amsterdam, Cologne, Geneva and London. The TGV also serves Toulouse and Irun from Bordeaux. A regular train service is provided to Nantes, Nice, Marseille and Lyon. The Gare Saint-Jean is the major hub for regional trains (TER) operated by the SNCF to Arcachon, Limoges, Agen, Périgueux, Pau, Le Médoc, Angoulême and Bayonne.

Historically the train line used to terminate at a station on the right bank of the river Garonne near the Pont de Pierre, and passengers crossed the bridge to get into the city. Subsequently a double-track steel railway bridge was constructed in the 1850s, by Gustave Eiffel, to bring trains across the river direct into Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean. The old station was later converted and in 2010 comprised a cinema and restaurants.

The two-track Eiffel bridge with a speed limit of 30 km/h (19 mph) became a bottleneck and a new bridge was built, opening in 2009. The new bridge has 4 tracks and allows trains to pass at 60 km/h (37 mph).^[12] During the planning there was much lobbying by the Eiffel family and other supporters to preserve the old bridge as a footbridge across the Garonne, with possibly a museum to document the history of the bridge and Gustave Eiffel's contribution. The decision was taken to save the bridge, but by early 2010 no plans had been announced as to its future use. The bridge remains intact, but unused and without any means of access.

Air

Bordeaux is served by an international airport, Aéroport de Bordeaux Mérignac, located 8 km (5.0 mi) from the city center in the suburban city of Mérignac.

Trams, buses and boats

Bordeaux has an important public transport system called Tram et Bus de la CUB (TBC). This company is run by the Keolis group. The network consists of:

• 3 tram lines (A, B and C)
• 75 bus routes, all connected to the tramway network (from 1 to 96)
• 13 night bus routes (from 1 to 16)
• An electric bus shuttle in the city center
• A boat shuttle on the Garonne river

This network is operated from 5 am to 1 am.

There had been several plans for a subway network to be set up, but they stalled for both geological and financial reasons. Work on the Tramway de Bordeaux system was started in the autumn of 2000, and services started in December 2003 connecting Bordeaux with its suburban areas. The tram system uses ground-level power supply technology (APS), a new cable-free technology developed by French company Alstom and designed to preserve the aesthetic environment by eliminating overhead cables in the historic city. Conventional overhead cables are used outside the city. The system was controversial for its considerable cost of installation, maintenance and also for the numerous initial technical problems that paralysed the network. Many streets and squares along the tramway route became pedestrian areas, with limited access for cars.

Taxi

There are more than 400 taxicabs in Bordeaux.

Sport

The 35,000-capacity Stade Chaban-Delmas is the largest stadium in Bordeaux. It was a venue for the FIFA World Cup in 1938 and 1998, as well as the 2007 Rugby World Cup. In the 1938 FIFA World Cup, it hosted a violent quarter-final known as the Battle of Bordeaux. The ground was formerly known as the Stade du Parc Lescure until 2001, when it was renamed in honour of the city's long-time mayor, Jacques Chaban-Delmas.

There are two major sport teams in Bordeaux, both playing at the Stade Chaban-Delmas. Girondins de Bordeaux is the football team, currently playing in Ligue 1 in the French football championship. Union Bordeaux Bègles is a rugby team in the Top 14 in the Ligue Nationale de Rugby.

Bordeaux is also the home of one of the strongest cricket teams in France and are the current champions of the South West League.

There is a 250 m (820 ft) wooden velodrome, Vélodrome du Lac, in Bordeaux which hosts international cycling competition in the form of UCI Track Cycling World Cup events.

People

Bordeaux was the birthplace of:

International relationship

Twin towns and sister cities

Bordeaux is twinned with:^[13][14][15]

Ashdod, Israel, since 1984[13][14] Bilbao, Spain[13][14] Baku, Azerbaijan, since 1985[14][16] Bristol, United Kingdom, since 1947[13][14][17][18] Casablanca, Morocco, since 1988[13][14] Fukuoka, Japan, since 1982[13][14] Lima, Peru, since 1957[13][14] Los Angeles, United States, since 1968[13][14][19] Madrid, Spain, since 1984[13][14]

Munich, Germany, since 1964[13][14][20] Oran, Algeria, since 2003[13][14] Porto, Portugal, since 1978[13][14][21] Quebec City, Canada, since 1962[13][14] Ramallah, Palestinian Territories[13][14] Riga, Latvia[13][14]<ref name='"Riga">"Twin cities of Riga". Riga City Council. Retrieved 2013-03-15. </ref> Saint Petersburg, Russia, since 1993[13][14][22] Wuhan, China, since 1998[13][14] Zahlé, Lebanon, since 2006[14]

Partnerships

Kraków, Poland, since 1993[13][14][23] Samsun, Turkey, since 2010[14][24]

See also

• Archdiocese of Bordeaux
• Battle of Bordeaux, an informal name for the World Cup football match between Brazil and Czechoslovakia on 12 June 1938 in Bordeaux
• Bordeaux wine regions
• Bordeaux–Paris, a former professional road bicycle racing
• Canelé, a local pastry
• Communes of the Gironde department
• Dogue de Bordeaux, a breed of dog originally bred for dog fighting
• French wine
• List of mayors of Bordeaux
• Operation Frankton, a British Combined Operations raid on shipping in Bordeaux harbour, in December 1942, during World War II

References

• INSEE

Further reading

Published in the 19th century

• "Bordeaux", A Handbook for Travellers in France, London: John Murray, 1861, retrieved 2013-03-15 

Published in the 20th century

• "Bordeaux", The Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1910, OCLC 14782424, retrieved 2013-03-15 

• "Bordeaux", Southern France, including Corsica (6th ed.), Leipzig: Baedeker, 1914, retrieved 2013-03-15 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bordeaux.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bordeaux.

• Bordeaux : the world capital of wine - Official French website (in English)
• Bordeaux city council website
• Tourist office website
• Phonebook of Bordeaux
• Bordeaux submarine base : history, description, photos
• Official Girondins de Bordeaux website
• Sciences Po Bordeaux
• Tram and bus maps and schedules
• Bordeaux Wine official website
• Bordeaux city & Bordeaux travel guide.
• Map & City guide website
• German submarine base in Bordeaux

v t e Higher Education in Bordeaux PRES University of Bordeaux Universities Bordeaux 1 • Bordeaux 2 • Bordeaux 3 • Bordeaux 4 Engineering grandes écoles Bordeaux Sciences Agro • ENSAM • IPB (ENSC · ENSCBP · ENSEIRB-MATMECA · ENSEGID · ENSTBB) Business schools BEM Management School • INSEEC • ISEG Others École nationale de l'aviation civile • École nationale de la magistrature • École nationale supérieure d'architecture et de paysage de Bordeaux • EPITECH • E-Artsup • Sciences Po

v t e Urban Community of Bordeaux Ambarès-et-Lagrave Ambès Artigues-près-Bordeaux Bassens Bègles Blanquefort Bordeaux Bouliac Le Bouscat Bruges Carbon-Blanc Cenon Eysines Floirac Gradignan Le Haillan Lormont Martignas-sur-Jalle Mérignac Parempuyre Pessac Saint-Aubin-de-Médoc Saint-Louis-de-Montferrand Saint-Médard-en-Jalles Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Le Taillan-Médoc Talence Villenave-d'Ornon

v t e World Heritage Sites in France Île-de-France Palace and Park of Versailles Palace of Fontainebleau and Park Paris – Banks of the Seine Provins Routes of Santiago de Compostela1 Parisian basin Amiens Cathedral Belfries of Belgium and France2 Bourges Cathedral Chartres Cathedral Cathedral of Notre-Dame, former Abbey of Saint-Remi and Palace of Tau, Reims Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay Fortifications of Vauban1 Le Havre Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes1 Mont Saint-Michel and its Bay1 Routes of Santiago de Compostela1 Vézelay Church and Hill Nord-Pas-de-Calais Belfries of Belgium and France2 Fortifications of Vauban1 East Fortifications of Vauban1 Great Saltworks of Salins-les-Bains and Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance, Nancy Strasbourg – Grande Île Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps4 West Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe Fortifications of Vauban1 Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes1 Mont Saint-Michel and its Bay1 Routes of Santiago de Compostela1 South West Albi Bordeaux Canal du Midi1 Fortifications of Vauban1 Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley Pyrénées - Mont Perdu3 Routes of Santiago de Compostela1 Saint-Émilion Centre East Lyon Routes of Santiago de Compostela1 Mediterranean Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments Canal du Midi1 Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne Fortifications of Vauban1 Gulf of Porto Calanches de Piana Gulf of Girolata Scandola Reserve Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge, Avignon Pont du Gard Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and Triumphal Arch of Orange Routes of Santiago de Compostela1 Overseas departments and territories Lagoons of New Caledonia Pitons, cirques and remparts of Reunion Island 1 Shared with other region/s 2 Shared locally with other region/s and with Belgium 3 Shared with Spain 4 Shared with Austria, Germany, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland

v t e Communes of the Gironde department Abzac Aillas Ambarès-et-Lagrave Ambès Andernos-les-Bains Anglade Arbanats Arbis Arcachon Arcins Arès Arsac Les Artigues-de-Lussac Artigues-près-Bordeaux Arveyres Asques Aubiac Aubie-et-Espessas Audenge Auriolles Auros Avensan Ayguemorte-les-Graves Bagas Baigneaux Balizac Barie Baron Le Barp Barsac Bassanne Bassens Baurech Bayas Bayon-sur-Gironde Bazas Beautiran Bégadan Bègles Béguey Belin-Béliet Bellebat Bellefond Belvès-de-Castillon Bernos-Beaulac Berson Berthez Beychac-et-Caillau Bieujac Biganos Les Billaux Birac Blaignac Blaignan Blanquefort Blasimon Blaye Blésignac Bommes Bonnetan Bonzac Bordeaux Bossugan Bouliac Bourdelles Bourg Bourideys Le Bouscat Brach Branne Brannens Braud-et-Saint-Louis La Brède Brouqueyran Bruges Budos Cabanac-et-Villagrains Cabara Cadarsac Cadaujac Cadillac Cadillac-en-Fronsadais Camarsac Cambes Camblanes-et-Meynac Camiac-et-Saint-Denis Camiran Camps-sur-l'Isle Campugnan Canéjan Cantenac Cantois Capian Caplong Captieux Carbon-Blanc Carcans Cardan Carignan-de-Bordeaux Cars Cartelègue Casseuil Castelmoron-d'Albret Castelnau-de-Médoc Castelviel Castets-en-Dorthe Castillon-de-Castets Castillon-la-Bataille Castres-Gironde Caudrot Caumont Cauvignac Cavignac Cazalis Cazats Cazaugitat Cénac Cenon Cérons Cessac Cestas Cézac Chamadelle Cissac-Médoc Civrac-de-Blaye Civrac-en-Médoc Civrac-sur-Dordogne Cleyrac Coimères Coirac Comps Coubeyrac Couquèques Courpiac Cours-de-Monségur Cours-les-Bains Coutras Coutures Créon Croignon Cubnezais Cubzac-les-Ponts Cudos Cursan Cussac-Fort-Médoc Daignac Dardenac Daubèze Dieulivol Donnezac Donzac Doulezon Les Églisottes-et-Chalaures Escaudes Escoussans Espiet Les Esseintes Étauliers Eynesse Eyrans Eysines Faleyras Fargues Fargues-Saint-Hilaire Le Fieu Flaujagues Floirac Floudès Fontet Fossès-et-Baleyssac Fours Francs Fronsac Frontenac Gabarnac Gaillan-en-Médoc Gajac Galgon Gans Gardegan-et-Tourtirac Gauriac Gauriaguet Générac Génissac Gensac Gironde-sur-Dropt Giscos Gornac Goualade Gours Gradignan Grayan-et-l'Hôpital Grézillac Grignols Guillac Guillos Guîtres Gujan-Mestras Le Haillan Haux Hostens Hourtin Hure Illats Isle-Saint-Georges Izon Jau-Dignac-et-Loirac Jugazan Juillac Labarde Labescau Lacanau Ladaux Lados Lagorce Lalande-de-Pomerol Lamarque Lamothe-Landerron La Lande-de-Fronsac Landerrouat Landerrouet-sur-Ségur Landiras Langoiran Langon Lansac Lanton Lapouyade Laroque Lartigue Laruscade Latresne Lavazan Lège-Cap-Ferret Léogeats Léognan Lerm-et-Musset Lesparre-Médoc Lestiac-sur-Garonne Les Lèves-et-Thoumeyragues Libourne Lignan-de-Bazas Lignan-de-Bordeaux Ligueux Listrac-de-Durèze Listrac-Médoc Lormont Loubens Louchats Loupes Loupiac Loupiac-de-la-Réole Lucmau Ludon-Médoc Lugaignac Lugasson Lugon-et-l'Île-du-Carnay Lugos Lussac Macau Madirac Maransin Marcenais Marcheprime Marcillac Margaux Margueron Marimbault Marions Marsas Martignas-sur-Jalle Martillac Martres Masseilles Massugas Mauriac Mazères Mazion Mérignac Mérignas Mesterrieux Mios Mombrier Mongauzy Monprimblanc Monségur Montagne Montagoudin Montignac Montussan Morizès Mouillac Mouliets-et-Villemartin Moulis-en-Médoc Moulon Mourens Naujac-sur-Mer Naujan-et-Postiac Néac Nérigean Neuffons Le Nizan Noaillac Noaillan Omet Ordonnac Origne Paillet Parempuyre Pauillac Les Peintures Pellegrue Périssac Pessac Pessac-sur-Dordogne Petit-Palais-et-Cornemps Peujard Le Pian-Médoc Le Pian-sur-Garonne Pineuilh Plassac Pleine-Selve Podensac Pomerol Pompéjac Pompignac Pondaurat Porchères Le Porge Portets Le Pout Préchac Preignac Prignac-en-Médoc Prignac-et-Marcamps Pugnac Puisseguin Pujols Pujols-sur-Ciron Le Puy Puybarban Puynormand Queyrac Quinsac Rauzan Reignac La Réole Rimons Riocaud Rions La Rivière Roaillan Romagne Roquebrune La Roquille Ruch Sablons Sadirac Saillans Saint-Aignan Saint-André-de-Cubzac Saint-André-du-Bois Saint-André-et-Appelles Saint-Androny Saint-Antoine Saint-Antoine-du-Queyret Saint-Antoine-sur-l'Isle Saint-Aubin-de-Blaye Saint-Aubin-de-Branne Saint-Aubin-de-Médoc Saint-Avit-de-Soulège Saint-Avit-Saint-Nazaire Saint-Brice Saint-Caprais-de-Blaye Saint-Caprais-de-Bordeaux Saint-Christoly-de-Blaye Saint-Christoly-Médoc Saint-Christophe-de-Double Saint-Christophe-des-Bardes Saint-Cibard Saint-Ciers-d'Abzac Saint-Ciers-de-Canesse Saint-Ciers-sur-Gironde Saint-Côme Saint-Denis-de-Pile Sainte-Colombe Sainte-Croix-du-Mont Sainte-Eulalie Sainte-Florence Sainte-Foy-la-Grande Sainte-Foy-la-Longue Sainte-Gemme Sainte-Hélène Saint-Émilion Sainte-Radegonde Saint-Estèphe Sainte-Terre Saint-Étienne-de-Lisse Saint-Exupéry Saint-Félix-de-Foncaude Saint-Ferme Saint-Genès-de-Blaye Saint-Genès-de-Castillon Saint-Genès-de-Fronsac Saint-Genès-de-Lombaud Saint-Genis-du-Bois Saint-Germain-de-Grave Saint-Germain-de-la-Rivière Saint-Germain-d'Esteuil Saint-Germain-du-Puch Saint-Gervais Saint-Girons-d'Aiguevives Saint-Hilaire-de-la-Noaille Saint-Hilaire-du-Bois Saint-Hippolyte Saint-Jean-de-Blaignac Saint-Jean-d'Illac Saint-Julien-Beychevelle Saint-Laurent-d'Arce Saint-Laurent-des-Combes Saint-Laurent-du-Bois Saint-Laurent-du-Plan Saint-Laurent-Médoc Saint-Léger-de-Balson Saint-Léon Saint-Loubert Saint-Loubès Saint-Louis-de-Montferrand Saint-Macaire Saint-Magne Saint-Magne-de-Castillon Saint-Maixant Saint-Mariens Saint-Martial Saint-Martin-de-Laye Saint-Martin-de-Lerm Saint-Martin-de-Sescas Saint-Martin-du-Bois Saint-Martin-du-Puy Saint-Martin-Lacaussade Saint-Médard-de-Guizières Saint-Médard-d'Eyrans Saint-Médard-en-Jalles Saint-Michel-de-Castelnau Saint-Michel-de-Fronsac Saint-Michel-de-Lapujade Saint-Michel-de-Rieufret Saint-Morillon Saint-Palais Saint-Pardon-de-Conques Saint-Paul Saint-Pey-d'Armens Saint-Pey-de-Castets Saint-Philippe-d'Aiguille Saint-Philippe-du-Seignal Saint-Pierre-d'Aurillac Saint-Pierre-de-Bat Saint-Pierre-de-Mons Saint-Quentin-de-Baron Saint-Quentin-de-Caplong Saint-Romain-la-Virvée Saint-Sauveur Saint-Sauveur-de-Puynormand Saint-Savin Saint-Selve Saint-Seurin-de-Bourg Saint-Seurin-de-Cadourne Saint-Seurin-de-Cursac Saint-Seurin-sur-l'Isle Saint-Sève Saint-Sulpice-de-Faleyrens Saint-Sulpice-de-Guilleragues Saint-Sulpice-de-Pommiers Saint-Sulpice-et-Cameyrac Saint-Symphorien Saint-Trojan Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Saint-Vincent-de-Pertignas Saint-Vivien-de-Blaye Saint-Vivien-de-Médoc Saint-Vivien-de-Monségur Saint-Yzan-de-Soudiac Saint-Yzans-de-Médoc Salaunes Salignac Sallebœuf Salles Les Salles-de-Castillon Samonac Saucats Saugon Saumos Sauternes La Sauve Sauveterre-de-Guyenne Sauviac Savignac Savignac-de-l'Isle Semens Sendets Sigalens Sillas Soulac-sur-Mer Soulignac Soussac Soussans Tabanac Le Taillan-Médoc Taillecavat Talais Talence Targon Tarnès Tauriac Tayac Le Teich Le Temple La Teste-de-Buch Teuillac Tizac-de-Curton Tizac-de-Lapouyade Toulenne Le Tourne Tresses Le Tuzan Uzeste Valeyrac Vayres Vendays-Montalivet Vensac Vérac Verdelais Le Verdon-sur-Mer Vertheuil Vignonet Villandraut Villegouge Villenave-de-Rions Villenave-d'Ornon Villeneuve Virelade Virsac Yvrac

v t e Prefectures of Departments of France Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain) Laon (Aisne) Moulins (Allier) Digne-les-Bains (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) Gap (Hautes-Alpes) Nice (Alpes-Maritimes) Privas (Ardèche) Charleville-Mézières (Ardennes) Foix (Ariège) Troyes (Aube) Carcassonne (Aude) Rodez (Aveyron) Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône) Caen (Calvados) Aurillac (Cantal) Angoulême (Charente) La Rochelle (Charente-Maritime) Bourges (Cher) Tulle (Corrèze) Ajaccio (Corse-du-Sud) Bastia (Haute-Corse) Dijon (Côte-d'Or) Saint-Brieuc (Côtes-d'Armor) Guéret (Creuse) Périgueux (Dordogne) Besançon (Doubs) Valence (Drôme) Évreux (Eure) Chartres (Eure-et-Loir) Quimper (Finistère) Nîmes (Gard) Toulouse (Haute-Garonne) Auch (Gers) Bordeaux (Gironde) Montpellier (Hérault) Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine) Châteauroux (Indre) Tours (Indre-et-Loire) Grenoble (Isère) Lons-le-Saunier (Jura) Mont-de-Marsan (Landes) Blois (Loir-et-Cher) Saint-Étienne (Loire) Le Puy-en-Velay (Haute-Loire) Nantes (Loire-Atlantique) Orléans (Loiret) Cahors (Lot) Agen (Lot-et-Garonne) Mende (Lozère) Angers (Maine-et-Loire) Saint-Lô (Manche) Châlons-en-Champagne (Marne) Chaumont (Haute-Marne) Laval (Mayenne) Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle) Bar-le-Duc (Meuse) Vannes (Morbihan) Metz (Moselle) Nevers (Nièvre) Lille (Nord) Beauvais (Oise) Alençon (Orne) Arras (Pas-de-Calais) Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme) Pau (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées) Perpignan (Pyrénées-Orientales) Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin) Colmar (Haut-Rhin) Lyon (Rhône) Vesoul (Haute-Saône) Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire) Le Mans (Sarthe) Chambéry (Savoie) Annecy (Haute-Savoie) Paris (Paris) Rouen (Seine-Maritime) Melun (Seine-et-Marne) Versailles (Yvelines) Niort (Deux-Sèvres) Amiens (Somme) Albi (Tarn) Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne) Toulon (Var) Avignon (Vaucluse) La Roche-sur-Yon (Vendée) Poitiers (Vienne) Limoges (Haute-Vienne) Épinal (Vosges) Auxerre (Yonne) Belfort (Territoire de Belfort) Évry (Essonne) Nanterre (Hauts-de-Seine) Bobigny (Seine-Saint-Denis) Créteil (Val-de-Marne) Cergy, Pontoise (Val-d'Oise) Overseas departments Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe) Fort-de-France (Martinique) Cayenne (French Guiana) Saint-Denis (Réunion) Mamoudzou (Mayotte)

v t e Prefectures of the regions of France Metropolitan France Strasbourg (Alsace) Bordeaux (Aquitaine) Clermont-Ferrand (Auvergne) Dijon (Burgundy) Rennes (Brittany) Orléans (Centre) Châlons-en-Champagne (Champagne-Ardenne) Ajaccio (Corsica) Besançon (Franche-Comté) Paris (Île-de-France) Montpellier (Languedoc-Roussillon) Limoges (Limousin) Metz (Lorraine) Toulouse (Midi-Pyrénées) Lille (Nord-Pas de Calais) Caen (Lower Normandy) Rouen (Upper Normandy) Nantes (Pays de la Loire) Amiens (Picardy) Poitiers (Poitou-Charentes) Marseille (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) Lyon (Rhône-Alpes) Overseas regions Cayenne (French Guiana) Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe) Fort-de-France (Martinique) Mamoudzou (Mayotte) Saint-Denis (Réunion)