British Rail

British Railways
British Rail

Industry	Land and sea transport
Fate	Privatised
Successor(s)	National Rail
Founded	1948
Defunct	2001
Headquarters	London, United Kingdom
Parent	British Transport Commission (1948-1962), British Railways Board (1962-2001)

British Railways (BR), which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was the operator of most of the rail transport in Great Britain between 1948 and 1997. It was formed from the nationalisation of the "Big Four" British railway companies and lasted until the gradual privatisation of British Rail, in stages between 1994 and 1997. Originally a trading brand of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Commission, it became an independent statutory corporation in 1962: the British Railways Board.

The period of nationalisation saw sweeping changes in the national railway network. A process of dieselisation and electrification took place, and in 1968 steam locomotion had been entirely replaced by diesel and electric power, except for one narrow-gauge tourist line. Passengers replaced freight as the main source of business, and one third of the network was closed by the Beeching Axe of the 1960s.

The British Rail "double arrow" logo is formed of two interlocked arrows showing the direction of travel on a double track railway and was nicknamed "the arrow of indecision".^[1] It is now employed as a generic symbol on street signs in Great Britain denoting railway stations, and as part of the Association of Train Operating Companies' jointly-managed National Rail brand is still being printed on railway tickets.^[2]

History

Nationalisation in 1948

The rail transport system in Great Britain developed during the 19th century. After the grouping of 1923 under the Railways Act 1921 there were four large railway companies, each dominating its own geographic area: the Great Western Railway (GWR), the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) and the Southern Railway (SR). During World War I the railways were under state control, which continued until 1921. Complete nationalisation had been considered, and the Railways Act 1921^[3] is sometimes considered as a precursor to that, but the concept was rejected; nationalisation was subsequently carried out after World War II, under the Transport Act 1947. This Act made provision for the nationalisation of the network, as part of a policy of nationalising public services by Clement Attlee's Labour Government. British Railways came into existence as the business name of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Commission (BTC) on 1 January 1948 when it took over the assets of the Big Four.^[4]

There were also joint railways between the big four and a few light railways to consider (see list of constituents of British Railways). Excluded from nationalisation were industrial lines like the Oxfordshire Ironstone Railway. Narrow-gauge railways, like the Ffestiniog Railway were also excluded, apart from three already owned by a company that was itself nationalised. The London Underground — publicly owned since 1933 — was also nationalised, becoming the London Transport Executive of the British Transport Commission. The Bicester Military Railway was already run by the government. The electric Liverpool Overhead Railway was also excluded from nationalisation.

The Railway Executive was conscious that some lines on the (then very dense) network were unprofitable and hard to justify socially, and a programme of closures began almost immediately after nationalisation. However, the general financial position of BR became gradually poorer, until an operating loss was recorded in 1955. The Executive itself had been abolished in 1953 by the Conservative government, and control of BR transferred directly to the parent Commission. Other changes to the British Transport Commission at the same time included the return of road haulage to the private sector.

Regions

British Railways was divided into regions as follows:

• Southern Region of British Railways
• Western Region of British Railways
• London Midland Region of British Railways
• Eastern Region of British Railways
• North Eastern Region of British Railways
• Scottish Region of British Railways

The North Eastern Region was merged with the Eastern Region in 1967. In the 1980s, the regions were abolished and replaced by "business sectors", a process known as sectorisation.

1955 Modernisation Plan

The report latterly known as the "Modernisation Plan"^[5] was published in January 1955. It was intended to bring the railway system into the 20th century. A government White Paper produced in 1956 stated that modernisation would help eliminate BR's financial deficit by 1962, but the figures in both this and the original plan were produced for political reasons and not based on detailed analysis.^[6] The aim was to increase speed, reliability, safety, and line capacity through a series of measures that would make services more attractive to passengers and freight operators, thus recovering traffic lost to the roads. Important areas included:

• Electrification of principal main lines, in the Eastern Region, Kent, Birmingham Liverpool/Manchester and Central Scotland
• Large-scale dieselisation to replace steam locomotives
• New passenger and freight rolling stock
• Resignalling and track renewal
• Modern marshalling yards
• The closure of an unspecified, but relatively small, number of lines

The government appeared to endorse the 1955 programme (costing £1.2 billion), but did so largely for political reasons.^[6] This included the withdrawal of steam traction and its replacement by diesel (and some electric) locomotives. Not all the modernisations would be effective at reducing costs. The dieselisation program gave contracts primarily to British suppliers, who had limited experience of diesel locomotive manufacture, and rushed commissioning based on an expectation of rapid electrification resulted in numbers of locomotives with poor designs, and a lack of standardisation.^[7] At the same time containerised freight was being developed.^[7] The marshalling yard building programme was a failure; being based on a belief in the continued viability of wagon load traffic in the face of increasingly effective road competition, and lacking effective forward planning or realistic assessments of future freight.^[7]

The Beeching report

During the late 1950s, railway finances continued to worsen, and in 1959 the government stepped in, limiting the amount the BTC could spend without ministerial authority. A White Paper proposing reorganisation was published in the following year, and a new structure was brought into effect by the Transport Act 1962.^[8] This abolished the Commission and replaced it by a number of separate Boards. These included a British Railways Board, which took over on 1 January 1963.

Following semi-secret discussions on railway finances by the government-appointed Stedeford Committee in 1961, one of its members, Dr Richard Beeching, was offered the post of chairing the BTC while it lasted, and then becoming the first Chairman of the British Railways Board.^[9]

A major traffic census in April 1961, which lasted one week, was used in the compilation of a report on the future of the network. This report—The Reshaping of British Railways—was published by the BRB in March 1963.^[10][11] The proposals, which became known as the "Beeching Axe", were dramatic. A third of all passenger services and more than 4,000 of the 7,000 stations would close. Beeching, who is thought to have been the author of most of the report, set out some dire figures. One third of the network was carrying just 1% of the traffic. Of the 18,000 passenger coaches, 6,000 were said to be used only 18 times a year or less. Although maintaining them cost between £3m and £4m a year, they earned only about £0.5m.^[12]

Most of the closures were carried out between 1963 and 1970 (including some which were not listed in the report) while other suggested closures were not carried out. The closures were heavily criticised at the time,^[13] and continue to be controversial.^[14] A small number of stations and lines closed under the Beeching programme have been reopened, with further reopenings proposed.^[15]

A second Beeching report, "The Development of the Major Trunk Routes", followed in 1965.^[16] This did not recommend closures as such, but outlined a "network for development". The fate of the rest of the network was not discussed in the report.

Post-Beeching

The basis for calculating passenger fares changed in 1964. In future, fares on some routes—such as rural, holiday and commuter services—would be set at a higher level than on other routes; previously, fares had been calculated using a simple rate for the distance travelled, which at the time was 3d per mile second class, and 4½d per mile first class^[17] (equivalent to £0.21 and £0.32 respectively, as of 2014^{[ 1]}).

Passenger levels decreased steadily from the late 1950s to late 1970s,^[18] but experienced a renaissance with the introduction of the high-speed InterCity 125 trains in the late 1970s and early 1980s.^[19] Network improvements included completing electrification of the Great Eastern Main Line from London to Norwich between 1976 and 1986 and the East Coast Main Line from London to Edinburgh between 1985 and 1990. A main line route closure during this period of relative network stability was the 1500V DC-electrified Woodhead Line between Manchester and Sheffield: passenger service ceased in 1970 and goods in 1981.

A further British Rail report, from a committee chaired by Sir David Serpell, was published in 1983. The Serpell Report made no recommendations as such, but did set out various options for the network including, at their most extreme, a skeletal system of less than 2000 route km. This report was not welcomed, and the government decided to quietly leave it on the shelf. Meanwhile, BR was gradually re-organised, with the regional structure finally being abolished and replaced with business-led sectors. This process, known as "sectorisation", led to far greater customer focus, but was cut short in 1994 with the splitting up of BR for privatisation.

Upon sectorisation in 1982, three passenger sectors were created: InterCity, operating principal express services; London & South East (renamed Network SouthEast in 1986) operating commuter services in the London area; and Provincial (renamed Regional Railways in 1989) responsible for all other passenger services.^[20] In the metropolitan counties local services were managed by the Passenger Transport Executives. Provincial was the most subsidised (per passenger km) of the three sectors; upon formation, its costs were four times its revenue.^[20]

British Rail Investment

British Rail rebuilt London Liverpool Street in 1991, opened by H.M. Queen Elizabeth II. British Rail constructed a new station at Stansted Airport in 1991. British Rail re-opened the line to Aberdare in 1988 and the Maesteg Line in 1992. Electrified the line to King's Lynn in 1992.

Privatisation of British Rail

Between 1994 and 1997, British Rail was privatised.^[21] Ownership of the track and infrastructure passed to Railtrack on 1 April 1994; afterwards passenger operations were franchised to individual private-sector operators (originally there were 25 franchises); and the freight services sold outright (six companies were set up, but five of these were sold to the same buyer).^[22]

The Waterloo and City line had been part of BR Network SouthEast and was not included in the privatisation. It was transferred to London Underground in December 1994. The remaining obligations of British Rail not mentioned above were transferred to BRB (Residuary) Ltd.

Network

The former BR network, with the trunk routes of the West Coast Main Line, East Coast Main Line, Great Western Main Line and Midland Main Line, remains mostly unchanged since privatisation. Several lines have reopened and more are proposed, particularly in Scotland and Wales where the control of railway passenger services is devolved from central government. However, in England passenger trains have returned to Mansfield, Corby, Chandlers Ford, the reopened line to Aylesbury Vale Parkway and there are numerous other proposals to restore services, such as Oxford-Milton Keynes/Aylesbury, Lewes-Uckfield, Bristol-Portishead and Plymouth-Tavistock. In London, Tyne and Wear, Greater Manchester, the West Midlands and Nottingham urban light-rail systems have taken over the routes of some former BR routes.

In Wales, the Welsh Assembly Government successfully supported the re-opening to passenger services, of the Vale of Glamorgan Line between Barry and Bridgend in 2005. In 2008 the Ebbw Valley Railway reopened between Ebbw Vale Parkway and Cardiff, with services to Newport scheduled to commence by 2011. (The Barry-Bridgend route was included in the closures proposed in the Beeching report of March 1963 and its services were duly withdrawn in June 1964, but Ebbw Vale had already been closed to passengers before the report was published.)

In Scotland the Scottish Government have reinstated the lines between Hamilton and Larkhall, Stirling and Alloa, and Airdrie to Bathgate. The biggest line reinstatement project is the former Waverley railway Edinburgh to Borders line.^[23]

Preserved Railway Lines

Preserved lines, or Heritage railways, have reopened some lines previously closed by British Rail. These range from picturesque rural branch lines like the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway to sections of mainline such as the Great Central Railway. Many have links to the National Rail network, both station interchange, for instance the Severn Valley Railway between Kidderminster and Kidderminster Town, and physical rail connections like the Watercress Line at Alton.

Although most are operated solely as leisure amenities some also provide educational resources, and a few have ambitions to restore commercial services over routes abandoned by the nationalised industry.

Ships

British Railways operated a number of ships from its formation in 1948 on a variety of routes. Many ships were acquired on nationalisation, and others were built for operation by British Railways or its later subsidiary, Sealink. Those ships capable of carrying rail vehicles were classed under TOPS as Class 99.

Successor companies

Under the process of British Rail's privatisation, operations were split into more than 100 companies. The ownership and operation of the infrastructure of the railway system was taken over by Railtrack. The Telecomms infrastructure and British Rail Telecommunications was sold to Racal, which in turn was sold to Global Crossing and merged with Thales Group. The rolling stock was transferred to three private ROSCOs (rolling stock companies). Passenger services were divided into 25 operating companies, which were let on a franchise basis for a set number of years, whilst freight services were sold off completely. Dozens of smaller engineering and maintenance companies were also created and sold off.

British Rail's passenger services came to an end upon the franchising of ScotRail; the final train that the company operated was a Railfreight Distribution freight train in Autumn 1997. The British Railways Board continued in existence as a corporation until early 2001, when it was replaced with the Strategic Rail Authority.

Since privatisation, the structure of the rail industry and number of companies has changed a number of times as franchises have been relet and the areas covered by franchises restructured. Franchise-based companies that took over passenger rail services include:

• Midland Mainline—superseded in 2007 by East Midlands Trains
• Great North Eastern Railway—superseded in 2007 by National Express East Coast, which has since been brought back full circle into public ownership with the creation of the new government controlled East Coast operator.
• Virgin Trains (West Coast)
• Virgin CrossCountry—superseded in 2007 by CrossCountry
• ScotRail operated by National Express—superseded in 2004 by First ScotRail (now branded as ScotRail—Scotland's Railway)
• Great Western Trains—from 1998: First Great Western
• Wales and West—became Wessex Trains and Wales and Borders (including the Cardiff Railway Company services operated as Valley Lines) in 2001, after being split into two separate franchises, and now run by First Great Western and Arriva Trains Wales
• Arriva Trains Northern originally Northern Spirit, succeeded in 2004 by First TransPennine Express and Northern Rail
• First North Western originally North Western Trains, succeeded in 2004 by First TransPennine Express and Northern Rail
• Anglia Railways, Great Eastern (later First Great Eastern), and the West Anglia section of WAGN were all merged to become ONE later renamed National Express East Anglia, superseded in 2012 by Abellio's Greater Anglia
• Thameslink and Great Northern Section of WAGN grouped together to form First Capital Connect as part of the Thameslink Great Northern Franchise
• LTS later renamed c2c
• Connex South Eastern became South Eastern Trains, then Southeastern
• Connex South Central became South Central and later renamed Southern
• Merseyrail Electrics superseded by Arriva Trains Merseyside and now Merseyrail
• South West Trains
• Central Trains—divided in 2007 between London Midland, CrossCountry and East Midlands Trains
• London Underground for the short underground Waterloo & City line
• Silverlink Trains—divided in 2007 between London Overground and London Midland

See also

History

• History of rail transport in Great Britain
• Privatisation of British Rail

Divisions, brands and liveries

• Sealink BR's sea division
• British Rail Telecommunications
• British Rail brand names
• British Rail corporate liveries
• BRB (Residuary) Ltd.

Classification and numbering schemes

• British Carriage and Wagon Numbering and Classification
• British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification

Rolling stock

• List of British Rail classes
• Steam locomotives of British Railways
• List of British Railways steam locomotives as of 31 December 1967

Metros

• London Underground, Glasgow Subway, Tyne and Wear Metro, Liverpool Overhead Railway

Other

• British Transport Police
• British Rail flying saucer
• British Rail sandwich
• Rail Europe
• Deutsche Bahn
• Nederlandse Spoorwegen
• SNCF
• Keolis

References

Further reading

• Brady, Robert A. (1950). Crisis in Britain. Plans and Achievements of the Labour Government. University of California Press. , on nationalization 1945-50, pp 236–83

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to British Railways and British Rail.

• British Railways Board history
• BRB (Residuary) Ltd.

v t e British Rail History 1955 Modernisation Plan Beeching cuts Privatisation of British Rail Legislation Transport Act 1947 Transport Act 1962 Railways Act 1993 Transport Act 2000 Management British Transport Commission British Railways Board BRB (Residuary) Limited Regions Eastern London Midland North Eastern Scottish Southern Western Services, sectors and subsidiaries Passenger InterCity Network SouthEast Regional Railways ScotRail Freight Railfreight Rail Express Systems Railfreight Distribution Speedlink Freightliner Trainload Freight Red Star Parcels Other British Rail Engineering British Rail Research Division British Rail Telecommunications British Transport Hotels Sealink Travellers Fare See also Category:British Rail

v t e National railway companies of Europe List of railway companies Rail transport by country Railway companies by country Albania HSH Armenia HYU1 Austria ÖBB Azerbaijan ADY1 Belarus BŽD/BČ Belgium NMBS/SNCB Bosnia ŽFBH2 and ŽRS3 Bulgaria BDŽ Croatia HŽ Czech Republic ČD Denmark DSB Estonia EVR Finland VR France SNCF Georgia SR1 Germany DB Greece TrainOSE Hungary MÁV Ireland IÉ Italy FSI Kazakhstan KTŽ1 Kosovo HK/KŽ4 Latvia LDZ Lithuania LG Luxembourg CFL Macedonia MŽ Moldova CFM Montenegro ŽPCG Netherlands NS Norway NSB Poland PKP Portugal CP Romania CFR Russia RŽD1 Serbia ŽS Slovakia ŽSSK Slovenia SŽ Spain RENFE Sweden SJAB Switzerland SBB/CFF/FFS Turkey TCDD1 Ukraine UZ United Kingdom BR5 / NR6 / NIR7 1Country partly in Asia 2For the Federation BH 3For Srpska 4State with limited recognition 51948-2000 6Created in 1999, owned by ATOC 7 For Northern Ireland