Breton people

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Bretons
Bretons (French)
Bretoned/Breizhiz (Breton)

Some notable Bretons:
1st row:  • Nominoe: First Duke, Tad ar Vro • St Yves: Erwann, patron of Brittany
2nd row:  • René Laennec • Jacques Cartier • Anne of Brittany
3rd row: • François-René de Chateaubriand • Robert Surcouf • Jules Verne
4th row:  • J. M. G. Le Clézio • Alan Stivell • Eric Tabarly
Regions with significant populations
 Brittany 3,120,288[1] · [note 1]
1,246,798[2] · [note 2]
Rest of France,[note 3] French Overseas Territories[note 4] unknown
 Canada (predominantly  Quebec) 14,290[3]
 United States unknown
Languages
French, Breton, Gallo
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic
Related ethnic groups
Celts (Britons, Cornish, Welsh, English, Gaels, Irish, Manx, Scots),[4] French[4]

The Bretons are an ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. They trace much of their heritage to groups of Brittonic speakers who emigrated from southwestern Great Britain, including Cornwall, in waves from the 3rd to 9th century (most heavily from 450 to 600) into the Armorican peninsula, which was subsequently named Brittany after them.[5]

The main traditional language of Brittany is Breton (Brezhoneg), spoken in Lower Brittany (i.e. the western part of the peninsula). Today Breton is spoken by approximately 365,000 people, of whom about 240,000 speak it fluently.[6] Another minority language of Brittany is Gallo; Gallo is spoken only in Upper Brittany, where Breton has never been strong. As one of the Brythonic languages, Breton is related closely to Cornish and more distantly to Welsh, while the Gallo language is a Romance language of the langue d'oïl group. Currently most Bretons' native language is French.

Brittany and its people are counted as one of the six Celtic nations. Ethnically, along with the Cornish and Welsh, the Bretons are the last vestiges of the ancient Britons. The actual number of ethnic Bretons in Brittany and France as a whole is difficult to assess as the French government does not collect statistics on ethnic identity. The population of Brittany, as of a January 2007 estimate, was 4,365,500.[7] It is said that in 1914 over 1 million people spoke Breton west of the boundary between Breton and Gallo-speaking regions – roughly 90% of the population of the western half of Brittany. In 1945 it was about 75%, and today, in all of Brittany the most optimistic estimate would be that 20% of Bretons can speak Breton. Brittany has a population of roughly 4 million, including the department of Loire-Atlantique which the Vichy government separated from "official" Brittany in 1941. Three-quarters of the estimated 200,000 to 250,000 Breton speakers using Breton as an everyday language today are over the age of 65.

A strong historical emigration has created a Breton diaspora within the French borders and in the overseas departments and territories of France; it is mainly established in the Paris area, where more than 1 million people claim Breton heritage. Many Breton families have also emigrated to the Americas, predominantly to Canada (mostly Québec and the Maritimes) and the United States. Some of the first white settlers to permanently settle the French West Indies i.e. Guadeloupe and Martinique were from the region of Brittany where you can still see remnants of there culture alive to this day. The only places outside of Brittany that still retain significant Breton customs are in Ile-de-France mainly Le Quartier du Montparnasse and in Îles des Saintes where a group of Breton families settled there in the mid 1600s.

History

Main article: History of Brittany

Historical origins of the Bretons

The Brythonic community around the 6th century. The sea was a communication medium rather than a barrier

In the late 4th century, large numbers of British auxiliary troops in the Roman army may have been stationed in Armorica. The 9th-century Historia Brittonum states that the emperor Magnus Maximus, who withdrew Roman forces from Britain, settled his troops in the province. Nennius and Gildas mention a second wave of Britons settling in Armorica in the following century to escape the invading Anglo-Saxons and Scoti. Modern archaeology also supports a two-wave migration.[8]

It is generally accepted that the Brythonic speakers who arrived gave the region its current name as well as the Breton language, Brezhoneg, a sister language to Welsh and Cornish.

There are numerous records of Celtic Christian missionaries migrating from Britain during the second wave of Breton colonisation, especially the legendary seven founder-saints of Brittany as well as Saint Gildas. As in Cornwall, many Breton towns are named after these early saints. The Irish Saint Colombanus was also active in Brittany and is commemorated accordingly at Saint-Columban in Carnac.

In the Early Middle Ages, Brittany was divided into three kingdoms — Domnonia, Cornouaille (Kernev), and Bro Waroc'h (Broërec) — which eventually were incorporated into the Duchy of Brittany. The first two kingdoms seem to derive their names from the homelands of the migrating tribes in Britain, Cornwall (Kernow) and Devon (Dumnonia). Bro Waroc'h ("land of Waroch") derives from the name of one of the first known Breton rulers, who dominated the region of Vannes (Gwened). The rulers of Domnonée, such as Conomor, sought to expand their territory, claiming overlordship over all Bretons, though there was constant tension between local lords.[citation needed]

Bretons were the most prominent of the non-Norman forces in the Norman invasion of England. A number of Breton families were of the highest rank in the new society and were tied to the Normans by marriage.[9] The Scottish Clan Stewart and the royal House of Stuart have Breton origins. Alan of Penthièvre, also known as Alan the Red, was both a cousin and knight in the retinue of William the Conqueror. Following his service at Hastings, he was rewarded with large estates in Yorkshire. At the time of his death, he was by far the richest noble in England. His manorial holding at Richmond ensured a Breton presence in northern England. The Earldom of Richmond later became an appanage of the Dukes of Brittany.

Modern Breton identity

The modern flag of Brittany: Gwenn Ha Du (White and Black)

Many people throughout France claim Breton ethnicity, including a few French celebrities such as Malik Zidi,[10] Patrick Poivre d'Arvor, Yoann Gourcuff, and Nolwenn Leroy.

Breton diaspora

The Breton diaspora includes many French Canadians and French Americans along with other French immigrants in other parts of the Americas. Some of the more notable examples include Jack Kerouac, Celine Dion, and Augusto Pinochet.[citation needed]

Culture

Religion

The Breton people are predominantly Roman Catholic, with minorities of Protestant Reformed and non-religious people. Brittany was one of the most staunchly Roman Catholic regions in all of France. Attendance at Sunday mass dropped during the 1970s and the 1980s but other religious practices such as pilgrimages have experienced a revival. This includes the Tro Breizh which takes place in the shrines of the seven founding saints of Breton Christianity. The Christian tradition is widely respected by both believers and nonbelievers, who see it as a symbol of Breton heritage and culture.

Sculpted calvaries can be found in many villages.

Breton religious tradition places great emphasis on the "Seven Founder Saints":

Pardons

A Pardon is the patron saint's feast day of the parish. It often begins with a procession followed by mass in honour of the saint. Pardons are often accompanied by small village fairs. The three most famous pardons are:

  • Sainte-Anne d'Auray/Santez-Anna-Wened
  • Tréguier/Landreger, in honour of St Yves
  • Locronan/Lokorn, in honour of St Ronan, with a troménie (a procession, 12 km-long) and numerous people in traditional costumes

Tro Breizh

There is an ancient pilgrimage called the Tro Breizh (tour of Brittany) which involves pilgrims walking around Brittany from the grave of one of the Seven Founder Saints to another. Nowadays pilgrims complete the circuit over the course of several years. In 2002, the Tro Breizh included a special pilgrimage to Wales, symbolically making the reverse journey of the Welshmen Saint Paul Aurelian, Saint Brioc, and Saint Sampson. According to Breton religious tradition, whoever does not make the pilgrimage at least once in his lifetime will be condemned to make it after his death, advancing only by the length of his coffin each seven years.[11]

Folklore and traditional belief

Some pagan customs from the old pre-Christian tradition remain the folklore of Brittany. The most powerful folk figure is the Ankou or the "Reaper of Death".[citation needed]

Language

Regional statistics of Breton speakers, in 2004.
Main article: Breton language

The Breton language is a very important part of Breton identity. Breton itself is a Brythonic Celtic language closely related to Cornish and a bit more distantly to Welsh.[12] The Breton language as such is part of the Insular Celtic language group. In eastern Brittany, a regional langue d'oïl named Gallo developed; it shares certain points of vocabulary, idiom, and pronunciation with Breton. Neither language has official status under French law; however, some still use Breton as an everyday language (particularly those of the older generation) and bilingual road signs are common in the west of Brittany. From 1880 to the mid-20th century, Breton was banned from the French school system and children were punished for speaking it in a similar way to the application of the Welsh Not in Wales during the 19th and 20th centuries. The situation changed in 1951 with the Deixonne Law allowing Breton language and culture to be taught 1–3 hours a week in the public school system on the proviso that a teacher was both able and prepared to do so. In modern times a number of schools and colleges have emerged with the aim of providing Breton-medium education or bilingual Breton/French education.[6]

There are four main Breton dialects: Gwenedeg (Vannetais), Kerneveg (Cornouaille), Leoneg (Leon) and Tregerieg (Trégor), which have varying degrees of mutual intelligibility. In 1908 a standard orthography was devised. The fourth dialect, Gwenedeg, was not included in this reform, but was included in the later orthographic reform of 1941.[6]

Breton-language media

Newspapers, magazines and online journals available in Breton include Al Lanv,[13] based in Quimper, Al Liamm,[14] Louarnig-Rouzig, and Bremañ.

There are a number of radio stations with broadcasts in the Breton language, namely Arvorig FM, France Bleu Armorique, France Bleu Breizh-Izel, Radio Bro Gwened, Radio Kerne, and Radio Kreiz Breizh.

Television programmes in Breton are also available on France 3 Breizh, France 3 Iroise, TV Breizh and TV Rennes. There are also a number of Breton language weekly and monthly magazines available to Breton speakers.[6]

Music

A fest-noz in the Pays Gallo in September 2007 as part of the Mill Góll festival

Fest-noz

A fest-noz is a traditional festival (essentially a dance) in Brittany. Many festoù-noz are held outside Brittany, taking regional Breton culture outside Brittany. Although the traditional dances of the fest-noz are old, some dating back to the Middle Ages, the fest-noz tradition is itself more recent, dating back to the 1950s. Fest-Noz was officially registered on Wednesday, December 5, 2012 by Unesco on the "Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity."

Traditional dance

There are many traditional Breton dances, the most well-known being gavottes, an dro, the hanter dro, and the plinn. During the fest-noz, most dances are practised in a chain or in a circle (holding a finger), however there are also dances in pairs and "choreographed" dances" with sequences and figures.

Traditional Breton music

Two main types of Breton music are a choral a cappella tradition called kan ha diskan, and music involving instruments, including purely instrumental music. Traditional instruments include the bombarde (similar to an oboe) and the Breton bagpipes (binioù kozh). Other instruments often found are the diatonic accordion, the clarinet, and occasionally violin as well as the hurdy-gurdy. After the Second World War, Scottish bagpipes (and binioù bras) became commonplace in Brittany through the bagadoù (Breton pipe bands) and thus often replaced the binioù-kozh. The basic clarinet (treujenn-gaol) had all but disappeared but has regained popularity over the past few years.

Modern Breton music

Nowadays groups with many different styles of music may be found, ranging from rock to jazz such as Red Cardell, ethno-rock, Diwall and Skeduz as well as punk. Some modern fest-noz groups also use electronic keyboards and synthesisers, for example Strobinell, Sonerien Du, Les Baragouineurs, and Plantec.

Breton cuisine

Chouchenn

Breton cuisine contains many elements from the wider French culinary tradition. Local specialities include:

  • Chouchenn – a type of Breton mead
  • Chistr – cider
  • Fars forn (far breton) – a kind of sweet suet pudding with prunes
  • Kouign-amann – mean butter pastry
  • Krampouezh (crêpes or galettes) – thin pancakes made either from wheat or buckwheat flour; usually eaten as a main course
  • Lambig – apple eau de vie

Symbols of Brittany

Traditional Breton symbols and/or symbols of Brittany include the national anthem Bro Gozh ma Zadoù based on the Welsh Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau. The traditional motto of the former Dukes of Brittany is Kentoc'h mervel eget bezañ saotret in Breton, or Potius mori quam fœdari in Latin. The "national day" is observed on 19 May, the Feast of Saint Erwann (Saint Yves). The ermine is an important symbol of Brittany reflected in the ancient blazons of the Duchy of Brittany and also in the chivalric order, L’Ordre de l’Hermine (The Order of the Ermine).

See also

Images of Brittany

Notes

  1. ↑ Legal population of the administrative region of Brittany in 2007
  2. ↑ Legal population of Loire-Atlantique in 2007
  3. ↑ predominantly Île-de-France
  4. ↑ predominantlyGuadeloupe and Martinique (mainly Les Saintes, La Désirade, Saint Barthélemy and Saint Pierre and Miquelon)

References

  1. ↑ Population by region of France in 2007 - Insee
  2. ↑ Legal population of Loire-Atlantique in 2007 - Insee
  3. ↑ 2011 National Household Survey; includes 4,770 people of single and 9,525 of mixed Breton origin.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ed. Wade Davis and K. David Harrision (2007). Book of Peoples of the World. National Geographic Society. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-4262-0238-4. 
  5. ↑ Koch, John (2005). Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia. ABL-CIO. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0. Retrieved September 29, 2012. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Omniglot.com
  7. ↑ Breizh.net Television for the Defense]
  8. ↑ Léon Fleuriot, Les origines de la Bretagne: l’émigration, Paris, Payot, 1980.
  9. ↑ Keats-Rohan 1991, The Bretons and Normans of England 1066-1154
  10. ↑ ifrance.com
  11. ↑ Bretagne: poems (in French), by Amand Guérin, published by P. Masgana, 1842: page 238.
  12. ↑ Britannica.com
  13. ↑ Allanv.microopen.org
  14. ↑ Alliamm.com
  • Léon Fleuriot, Les origines de la Bretagne, Bibliothèque historique Payot, 1980, Paris, (ISBN 2-228-12711-6)
  • Christian Y. M. Kerboul, Les royaumes brittoniques au Très Haut Moyen Âge, Éditions du Pontig/Coop Breizh, Sautron – Spézet, 1997,(ISBN 2-84346-030-1)
  • Morvan Lebesque, Comment peut-on être Breton ? Essai sur la démocratie française, Éditions du Seuil, coll. « Points », Paris, 1983,(ISBN 2-02-006697-1)
  • Myles Dillon, Nora Kershaw Chadwick, Christian-J. Guyonvarc'h and Françoise Le Roux, Les Royaumes celtiques, Éditions Armeline, Crozon, 2001, (ISBN 2-910878-13-9).

External links

Breizh.net – a non-profit association dedicated to the promotion of Brittany and the Breton language on the Internet Breizh.net

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