Brazilian National Anthem

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Hino Nacional Brasileiro
English: Brazilian National Anthem
National anthem of
 Brazil
Lyrics Osório Duque-Estrada, 1909
Music Francisco Manuel da Silva, 1831
Adopted 1831 during the Empire of Brazil and 1890 in the Federative Republic of Brazil (then named Republic of the United States of Brazil).

Music sample
Hino Nacional Brasileiro (Instrumental)
Vocal
Recording by the Coral BDMG and Orquestra Sinfônica da Polícia Militar do Estado de Minas Gerais
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The Brazilian national anthem (Portuguese: Hino Nacional Brasileiro) was composed by Francisco Manuel da Silva in 1831 and had been given at least two sets of unofficial lyrics before a 1922 decree by President Epitácio Pessoa gave the anthem its definitive, official lyrics, by Joaquim Osório Duque-Estrada, after several changes were made to his proposal, written in 1909.

The anthem's lyrics have been described as Parnassian in style and Romantic in content.[1]

History

The melody of the Brazilian national anthem was composed by Francisco Manuel da Silva and was presented to the public for the first time in April 1831.[2] On 7 April 1831, the first Brazilian Emperor, Pedro I, abdicated the Crown and days later left for Europe, leaving behind the then-five-year-old Emperor Pedro II.

From the proclamation of the independence of Brazil in 1822 until the 1831 abdication, an anthem that had been composed by Pedro I himself, celebrating the country's independence (and that now continues to be an official patriotic song, the Independence Anthem), was used as the National Anthem. In the immediate aftermath of the abdication of Pedro I, the Anthem composed by him fell in popularity.

Francisco Manuel da Silva then seized this opportunity to present his composition, and the Anthem written by him was played in public for the first time on April 13, 1831.[3] On that same day, the ship carrying the former Emperor left the port of Rio de Janeiro. The date of April 13 now appears in official calendars as the Day of the Brazilian National Anthem.

As to the actual date of composition of the music presented in April 1831, there is controversy among historians. Some hold that Francisco Manuel da Silva composed the music in the last four months of 1822 to commemorate Brazil's independence (declared on 7 September 1822), others hold that the hymn was written in early 1823 and others consider the evidence of composition dating back to 1822 or 1823 unreliable, and hold that the Anthem presented on 13 April 1831 was written in 1831, and not before.[4] In any event, the Anthem remained in obscurity until it was played in public on 13 April 1831. In style, the music resembles early Romantic Italian music such as that of Gioachino Rossini.

Initially, the music composed by Francisco Manuel da Silva was given lyrics by Appeals Judge Ovídio Saraiva de Carvalho e Silva not as a National Anthem, but as a hymn commemorating the abdication of Pedro I and the accession of Pedro II to the Throne. It was known during this early period as "April 7 Hymn".[5] The lyrics by Ovídio Saraiva soon fell out of use, given that they were considered poor, and even offensive towards the Portuguese. The music, however, continued enjoying sustained popularity, and by 1837 it was played, without lyrics, in all public ceremonies.[6]

Although no statute was passed during the imperial period to declare Francisco Manuel da Silva's musical composition as the National Anthem, no formal enactment was considered necessary for the adoption of a National Anthem. A National Anthem was seen as resulting from praxis or tradition. Thus, by 1837, when it was played in all official solemnities, Francisco Manuel da Silva's composition was already the Brazilian National Anthem.

A new set of lyrics was proposed in 1841, to commemorate the coming of age and Coronation of Emperor Pedro II; those lyrics, popular but also considered poor, were soon abandoned too, this time by order of Emperor Pedro II, who specified that in public ceremonies the Anthem should be played with no lyrics. Emperor Pedro II directed that Francisco Manuel da Silva's composition, as the National Anthem of the Empire of Brazil, should be played, without lyrics, on all occasions when the monarch presented himself in public, and in solemnities of military or civilian nature; the composition was also played abroad in diplomatic events relating to Brazil or when the Brazilian Emperor was present.[7]

During the Empire of Brazil era, the American composer and pianist Louis Moreau Gottschalk, then residing in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, composed two nationalistic works of classical music based on the Brazilian National Anthem that achieved great popularity during the imperial period: the Brazilian Solemn March ("Marcha Solene Brasileira", in the modern Portuguese spelling or "Marcha Solemne Brazileira", in the original spelling in force at the time of composition [8]) and the Great Triumphal Fantasy on the Brazilian National Anthem ("Grande Fantasia Triunfal sobre o Hino Nacional Brasileiro"). The former was dedicated to Emperor Pedro II, and the latter was dedicated to his heiress presumptive, the Princess Imperial Isabel, comtesse d'Eu. Those works are in the vein of similar compositions written at the time in other Nations, such as Charles Gounod's Fantasy on the Russian National Anthem. The Grand Triumphal Fantasy, long forgotten, resurfaced in popularity in 1985, at the dawn of Brazil's New Republic, during the country's re-democratization process, when it was played to accompany the funeral cortège of President Tancredo Neves.

After the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889, the new rulers made a competition in order to choose a new anthem, and the competition was won by Leopoldo Miguez. After protests against the adoption of the proposed new anthem, however, the Head of the Provisional Government, Deodoro da Fonseca, formalized Francisco Manuel da Silva's composition as the National Anthem, while Miguez's composition was deemed the Anthem of the Proclamation of the Republic. Dedoro himself was said to prefer the old anthem to the new composition that became the Anthem of the Proclamation of the Republic. The Decree of the Provisional Government (Decree 171 of 1890) confirming Francisco Manuel da Silva's music, that had served as the National Anthem of the Empire of Brazil, as the National Anthem of the new Republic, was issued on 20 January 1890.

In the early days of the new Federal Republic, the National Anthem continued without official lyrics, but several lyrics were proposed, and some were even adopted by different states of Brazil. The lack of uniform, official lyrics would only be terminated in 1922, during the celebrations of the first centennial of the Proclamation of Independence, when an adapted version of Joaquim Osório Duque Estrada's lyrics, first proposed in 1909, were deemed official.

The official lyrics of the Brazilian National Anthem were proclaimed by decree of President Epitácio Pessoa (Decree 15.761 of 1922), issued on 6 September 1922, at the height of the celebrations of the Independence Centennial. This presidential decree was issued in execution of a legislative decree adopted by Congress on 21 August 1922.

The National Anthem is considered by the current Constitution of Brazil, adopted in 1988, one of the four national symbols of the country, along with the Flag, the Coat of Arms and the National Seal. The legal norms currently in force concerning the National Anthem are contained in a statute passed in 1971 (Law 5.700 of 1 September 1971), regulating the national symbols.

The music of the National Anthem was originally intended to be played by symphonic orchestras; for the playing of the National Anthem by bands, the march composed by Antão Fernandes is included in the instrumentation. This adaptation, long in use, was made official by the 1971 statute regulating national symbols. This same statute also confirmed as official the traditional vocal adaptation of the lyrics of the National Anthem, in F major, composed by Alberto Nepomuceno.

Lyrics

The song consists of two consecutive stanzas. The adoption in 1922 of lyrics containing two stanzas thus created the present situation of the music of the anthem being played twice so as to allow for the singing of both stanzas.

Brazilian law stipulates that the music needs to be played only once in instrumental renditions of the anthem without vocal accompaniment (thus, in instrumental renditions without vocal accompaniment, the playing of the music twice is optional), but both stanzas must be sung in vocal performances.

The second stanza is often dropped when played at sporting events, but most renditions of the Brazilian National Anthem for sporting events are instrumental and not vocal.

In the lyrics, the opening line's mention of the Ipiranga river refers to the stream near (and now part of) the city of São Paulo where Prince Dom Pedro, the future Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil, declared Brazilian independence from Portugal.[9]

Portuguese lyricsEnglish translation
First stanza

Ouviram do Ipiranga as margens plácidas
De um povo heroico o brado retumbante,
E o sol da Liberdade, em raios fúlgidos,
Brilhou no céu da Pátria nesse instante.

Se o penhor dessa igualdade
Conseguimos conquistar com braço forte,
Em teu seio, ó Liberdade,
Desafia o nosso peito a própria morte!

Ó Pátria amada,
Idolatrada,
Salve! Salve!

Brasil, um sonho intenso, um raio vívido,
De amor e de esperança à terra desce,
Se em teu formoso céu, risonho e límpido,
A imagem do Cruzeiro resplandece.

Gigante pela própria natureza,
És belo, és forte, impávido colosso,
E o teu futuro espelha essa grandeza.

Terra adorada
Entre outras mil
És tu, Brasil,
Ó Pátria amada!

Dos filhos deste solo
És mãe gentil,
Pátria amada,
Brasil!

The placid banks of Ipiranga heard
The blaring shout of a heroic folk
And the sun of Liberty in shining rays
Shone in homeland's sky at this instant.

If the pledge of this equality
We could conquer with strong arm,
In thy bosom, O freedom,
Our chest defy death itself!

O beloved,
Idolized homeland,
Hail, hail!

Brazil, an intense dream, a vivid ray
Of love and hope descends to earth
If in thy comely, smiling and limpid sky
The image of the (Southern) Cross blazes.

Giant by thine own nature,
Thou art beautiful, thou art strong, an impavid colossus,
And thy future mirrors thy greatness.

Adored Land
Amongst a thousand others
Art thou, Brazil,
O beloved homeland!

Of the sons of this ground
Thou art kind mother,
Beloved homeland,
Brazil!

Second stanza

Deitado eternamente em berço esplêndido,
Ao som do mar e à luz do céu profundo,
Fulguras, ó Brasil, florão da América,
Iluminado ao sol do Novo Mundo!

Do que a terra mais garrida
Teus risonhos, lindos campos têm mais flores,
"Nossos bosques têm mais vida",
"Nossa vida" no teu seio "mais amores". (*)

Ó Pátria amada,
Idolatrada,
Salve! Salve!

Brasil, de amor eterno seja símbolo
O lábaro que ostentas estrelado,
E diga o verde-louro dessa flâmula
- Paz no futuro e glória no passado.

Mas se ergues da justiça a clava forte,
Verás que um filho teu não foge à luta,
Nem teme, quem te adora, a própria morte.

Terra adorada
Entre outras mil
És tu, Brasil,
Ó Pátria amada!

Dos filhos deste solo
És mãe gentil,
Pátria amada,
Brasil!

Eternally lying down on splendid cradle,
At the sound of the sea and the light of the deep sky,
Thou flarest, O Brazil, crocket of America,
Illuminated by the sun of New World!

Than the showiest land,
Thy smiling, pretty prairies have more flowers
"Our grooves have more life",
"Our life" in thy bosom "more loves". (*)

O beloved,
Idolized homeland,
Hail, hail!

Brazil, of eternal love be a symbol
The starred labarum which thou displayst
And say the laurel-green of thy pennant
'Peace in the future and glory in the past.'

But if thou raisest the strong cludge of Justice,
Thou wilt see that a son of thine doesn't flee from battle,
Nor fears who loves thee by its own death.

Beloved Land,
Amongst a thousand others
Art thou, Brazil,
O beloved homeland!

Of the sons of this ground
Thou art gentle mother,
Beloved homeland,
Brazil!

(*) The passages in quotation marks were extracted from Gonçalves Dias' poem "Canção do exílio".

Meaning

This is the meaning of the terms used in the lyrics of the Hymn:

Placid shores - "Plácida" means peaceful, calm.

Ipiranga - is the stream along which D. Pedro I proclaimed the independence.

Blaring shout - "Brado" means a shout or cry, and "retumbante" which causes strong echo, which blares.

Pledge - Used metaphorically (figuratively). "penhor dessa igualdade" is the guarantee, the security that no freedom.

Image of the Cruise shines - The "Cruzeiro" is the constellation of the Southern Cross (Crux) that shines about southern hemisphere

Impavid colossus - "Colosso" is the name of a statue of enormous dimensions. "Impávido" being "fearless" is to be relaxed, calm.

Kind mother - The "mãe gentil" is the homeland. A country that loves and defends the "sons" (Brazilians) as any mother.

Flare - "Fulgurar" is the verb "flare" that means "to shine, to be illuminated".

Crocket - "Florão" is an ornament in the shape of flower used in the vaults of magnificent buildings. Brazil would be the most important and showy crocket of America.

Showiest' - "Garrida" means "showy" and calls attention to the beauty.

Labarum - Alias flag. "Labarum" was an old standard used by the Romans.

Strong cludge - "Clava" is a big stick, used in hand-to-hand, a cludge or a club. In verse, means mobilizing an army, go to war.

Tupi lyrics

These are unofficial Tupi language.

First stanza:
Embeyba Ypiranga sui, pitúua,
Ocendu kirimbáua sacemossú
Cuaracy picirungára, cendyua,
Retama yuakaupé, berabussú.

Cepy quá iauessáua sui ramé,
Itayiuá irumo, iraporepy,
Mumutara sáua, ne pyá upé,
I manossáua oiko iané cepy.

Iassalssú ndê,
Oh moetéua
Auê, Auê!

Brasil ker pi upé, cuaracyáua,
Caissú í saarússáua sui ouié,
Marecê, ne yuakaupé, poranga.
Ocenipuca Curussa iepé!

Turussú reikô, ara rupí, teen,
Ndê poranga, i santáua, ticikyié
Ndê cury quá mbaé-ussú omeen.

Yby moetéua,
Ndê remundú,
Reikô Brasil,
Ndê, iyaissú!

Mira quá yuy sui sy catú,
Ndê, ixaissú, Brasil!

Second stanza:
Ienotyua catú pupé reicô,
Memê, paráteapú, quá ara upé,
Ndê recendy, potyr America sui.
I Cuaracy omucendy iané!

Inti orecó purangáua pyré
Ndê nhu soryssára omeen potyra pyré,
ìCicué pyré orecó iané caaussúî.
Iané cicué, ìndê pyá upé, saissú pyréî.

Iassalsú ndê,
Oh moetéua
Auê, Auê!

Brasil, ndê pana iacy-tatá-uára
Toicô rangáua quá caissú retê,
I quá-pana iakyra-tauá tonhee
Cuire catuana, ieorobiára kuecê.

Supí tacape repuama remé
Ne mira apgáua omaramunhã,
Iamoetê ndê, inti iacekyé.

Yby moetéua,
Ndê remundú,
Reicô Brasil,
Ndê, iyaissú!

Mira quá yuy sui sy catú,
Ndê, ixaissú,
Brasil!

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Você entende o Hino Nacional Brasileiro? - Só Português (in Portuguese)
  2. ↑ http://www.clerioborges.com.br/hinonacional.html#0002
  3. ↑ http://www.clerioborges.com.br/hinonacional.html#0002
  4. ↑ http://www.miniweb.com.br/cidadania/hinos/historia/hist_hino_nacional.html
  5. ↑ http://www.clerioborges.com.br/hinonacional.html
  6. ↑ http://www.clerioborges.com.br/hinonacional.html
  7. ↑ http://www.clerioborges.com.br/hinonacional.html
  8. ↑ Because the spelling of Brazil with a "z" became obsolete in the Old Republic due to changes in the orthography of the Portuguese language, and the country's name has since then been spelled with an "s" in Portuguese - Brasil - sometimes the title of that composition is rendered as "Marcha Solemne Brasileira", the adjective "Solemne" retaining the 19th century spelling, while the adjective "Brasileira" is rendered in the modern spelling to avoid writing the country's name with a "z".
  9. ↑ http://nationalanthems.me/brazil-hino-nacional-brasileiro/

See also

External links

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